Suchergebnisse

Theories of crisis (de-)escalation often focus on conflict, stress, and information problems. However, crisis (de-)escalation may sometimes hinge on how de-escalation is interpreted by domestic audiences. In this article, I combine Putnam's two-level games model of diplomacy with Erving Goffman's concepts of interaction order and face to create a mechanism I call "diplomatic presentation." I show how diplomatic presentation can be instrumental for the crafting of diplomatic outcomes that states believe are in their mutual interest but that run the risk of being rejected by their domestic publics. Successful diplomatic presentation requires that states collude together to manage their performance, engage in teamwork, and control the impact of unsympathetic audiences. In evaluating this mechanism, I analyze the diplomacy surrounding the Iran Hostage Crisis. During this crisis, regime officials from the United States and Iran colluded in a theatrical "scenario," in which both sides adopted specific roles in order to satisfy the sentiments of US and Iranian publics. I show that complications regarding the presentation of this scenario explain escalation of the crisis better than prominent alternatives. This argument contributes to the growing literature on symbolic diplomacy in international relations, while also challenging common assumptions about the adversarial nature of crises.

Contiene: International Office of Medico-Military Documentacion - Meetings of the Medico-Legal Commission: Meeting of June 28, 1935, at Brussels ; Meeting of February 10-12, 1936, at Monaco - Medical Days in Brussels - Supplementary notes: The Eighth Congress ; Honors to Lieutenant General Derache and Lieutenant General Declercq - Contributors .-- Págs. 106-114

Unaccompanied migrant children are a specific group of children with specific problems and needs. After their arrival on the territory of the European Union, the responsibility and obligation for their care and protection rests with the country in whose territory they are located. The article examines both the achievements of the Bulgarian state in terms of fulfilling these commitments, as well as problematic aspects that remain unresolved, despite their crucial impact on reaching sustainable solutions for the development and well-being of every single unaccompanied child seeking international protection in Bulgaria.

Along with the economic globalization, the international accounting regulation bodies faced the need to issue internationally accepted global accounting standards. The effect was the issuance and the widespread of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). At European level, the IFRS gained legitimacy in 2002, when the European Parliament and Council have decided that all European publicly traded entities must prepare their consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS starting with January 1st, 2005. The regulation from 2002 on the application of the international standards in EU summarizes the benefits emerging from the adoption and use of IFRS, related to: a high degree of transparency and comparability of financial statements and, as consequence, an efficient functioning capital market. However, the achievement of these expected benefits is based on the assumption that the application of these standards contributes to the increase in the quality of accounting data reported in the financial statements. In this context, our main objective is to summarize, based on the research literature, the economic consequences that emerge from the publication of higher quality accounting data in accordance with IFRS.

Uluslararası sistemde temel örgütlenme birimi olarak kabul edilen ulus devlet sistemi Ortaçağ döneminde Avrupa'dan tüm dünyaya yayılarak gelen bir yapıya karşılık gelmektedir. Bu yapının 1648 Westphalia Antlaşmasından başlayarak bir dizi siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal gelişmeler sonucunda özellikle Fransız İhtilali sonrasında tüm dünyaya yayıldığı ve uluslararası politikada hakim siyasal örgütlenme biçimi olduğu kabul görmektedir. Modern devlet sistemi olarak adlandırılan bu yapıda tüm devletlerin sınırları belirli bir toprak parçası üzerinde vatandaşları üzerinde son sözü söyleme yetkisine sahip oldukları ve meşru güç kullanma tekelini elinde bulundurdukları genel kabul gören bir anlayıştır. Söz konusu bu modern devlet sistemi tüm devletlerin aynı özelliklere sahip olduğu veya olması gerektiği ön kabulüne dayanmaktadır. Tüm ulus devletlerin benzer gelişmeler neticesinde kurulduğunu öngören bu yaklaşım sistemde var olan tüm devletlerin bazı asgari standartlara sahip olduğunu ve standart kalıplar içinde var olduklarını ifade etmektedir. Bir başka deyişle modern ulus devlet modeli esasında tek tip ve standart bir devlet modeli öngörmektedir. Oysaki ulus devlet sistemi Avrupa dışındaki bölgelerde Avrupa'da yaşanan sürece benzer bir gelişim süreci göstermemiştir. Bu nedenle dünyanın birçok bölgesinde ortaya çıkan ulus devlet modelleri bir ulus devlette olması gereken şartları taşımadan ortaya çıkarak varlıklarını sürdürmektedirler. Özellikle Birleşmiş Milletler Sisteminin kurulmasının ardından bağımsızlıklarını kazanan birçok eski sömürge devleti bir ulus devlette olması gereken asgari standartlara sahip olmadan devletleşme sürecine girmişlerdir. Bu devletler hukuki olarak uluslararası toplum tarafından ulus devlet formunda kabul edilmiş olmalarına rağmen fiili olarak bir ulus devlette olması gereken özelliklere sahip olamadıkları için standart bir ulus devlette olması gereken işlevleri yerine getiremedikleri görülmektedir. Gelinen noktada bu tür devletler başarısız olarak adlandırılarak diğer devletlerden olumsuz olarak ayrışmaktadırlar. ii Bu durum bu devletlerin başarısız ve uluslararası sistemin hatalı veya bozuk parçaları olarak görülmelerine neden olmaktadır. Çünkü bu devletler vatandaşlarına diğer başarılı devletlerin sağladığı güvenlik, sağlık, eğitim gibi temel hizmetleri sağlayamadıkları gibi ülke içinde yaşadıkları silahlı çatışmalar nedeniyle gerek komşuları gerekse küresel sistem için kitlesel göçler, salgın hastalıklar, küresel terörizm gibi birçok soruna neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma uluslararası politikada başarısız devlet sorununa odaklanarak başarısız devletselliğe neden olan unsurları tartışmaya açmaktadır. Bu noktada çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu tez; başarısız devletselliğin başarısız devletlerin kendilerinden kaynaklanan bir sorun olmasının yanında bu durumun aynı zamanda küresel kapitalist sistem ve sömürge devletlerinin uyguladıkları yanlış politikalardan kaynaklanmasıdır. Bu açıdan çalışma öncelikli olarak modern ulus devletin oluşum süreci ve unsurlarını inceledikten sonra başarısız devletlerin temel özelliklerini ortaya koyarak bu duruma neden olan sebepleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca başarısız devletlerin neden olduğu uluslararası sorunlara dikkat çekerek bu sorunun çözümü için yeni yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç olduğunu vurgulamaya çalışmaktadır. ; The nation state system, which is accepted as the basic organization unit in the international system, corresponds to a structure that has spread from Europe to the whole world starting from in the middle ages. It is accepted that this structure has spread all over the world especially after the French Revolution as a result of a series of political, economic and social developments starting from the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. It is a dominant form of political organization in today's international politics. In this structure, which is called the modern state system, it is generally accepted that all states have the authority to say the last word on the territory of a certain territory and hold the monopoly of using legitimate power. This modern state system is based on the assumption that all states have or must have the same characteristics. This approach, which envisages that all nationstates are established as a result of similar developments; states that all the states in the system have some minimum standards and exist within standardized patterns. In other words, the modern nation-state model provides a uniform and standardized state model. However, the nation-state system has not shown a similar development process in the regions outside Europe. Therefore the nation-state models that emerged in many parts of the world continue to exist without having to meet the requirements of a nation-state. Especially after the establishment of the United Nations System, many former colonial states, which gained their independence, entered the process of state building process without having the minimum standards required in a nation state. Although these states were legally accepted by the international community in the form of nation-state, they cannot fulfill the functions they should have in a standardized nation-state because they do not actually have the characteristics that should be in a nation-state. At this point, such states are considered to be unsuccessful and they are negatively differentiated from other states. This causes these states to fail and be seen as faulty or damaged parts of the international system. Because these states do not provide basic services to their iv citizens like other successful states, such as security, health and education and also they cause many problems such as mass immigration, epidemics, global terrorism for both the neighbors and the global system due to the armed conflicts in the country. This study focuses on the problem of the failed state in international politics and discusses the factors causing failed statehood. At this point, the thesis of the study; Besides the fact that the failed statehood is a problem arising from the failed states themselves, this is also due to the false policies implemented by the global capitalist system and the colonial states. In this respect, the study primarily aims to examine the main features of the failed states after examining the formation process and elements of the modern nation-state and to examine the reasons that cause this situation. It also tries to emphasize the need for new approaches to solve this problem by drawing attention to the international problems caused by the failed states. Key Words: State, Nation State, Failed State, Modern State, Capitalist System, International Policy, Failed State, Colonialism, Patrimonialism.

One of the principal issues of interest to international lawyers in the International Tin Council cases decided by the English courts was whether member states of the International Tin Council (ITC) were secondarily or concurrently liable to third parties for the debts of the organization. This issue may arise when two or more states form an organization with legal personality that can perform functions with legal consequences. In the course of performing these functions, such an organization may incur liabilities to third parties. These third parties may be states, other organizations, individuals or legal persons. The states may be member states of the organization itself or other states, and the individuals and legal persons may be nationals of member states or not. The liabilities may emanate from transactions, such as international agreements between states and the organization, that take place at the international level and may be governed by international law; or they may stem from transactions governed by municipal law, whether between the organization and states, individuals or legal persons. Such liabilities may be contractual, quasi-contractual or delictual.

Renewable raw materials are becoming increasingly important as an alternative resource base in industrial networks. Consequently, research for methods improving the efficient use of renewable resources in production processes with by-products is crucial. The aim is cascade utilization, thus the multiple utilization of a raw material before its conversion into energy. The International Conference on Resource Efficiency in Interorganizational Networks (ResEff) brings together interdisciplinary researchers developing strategies and solution concepts for efficient resource utilization. It is therefore a platform for scientific exchange both between experts as well as interdisciplinary groups from agricultural and forestry science, mathematical optimization, operations research, marketing, business informatics, production and logistics. The following facets of the challenging topic of resource efficiency in interorganizational networks are covered: Materials, technologies, planning of production and value-added networks for renewable resources as well as governance, coordination and sale of products from renewable resources.

Abstract
Strategic litigation, a form of litigation brought with the goal to stimulate structural change, is a growing practice in international courts. Although there has been increased scholarly attention on these trends, it has yet to consider the impact arising from strategic litigation before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This article outlines a basic structure to evaluate the impact of ICJ strategic litigation. It does so generally and through a case study into the campaign by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to restore Rohingya rights and secure accountability for crimes committed against this population through the claim that Myanmar has violated the Genocide Convention. This article identifies the OIC's campaign goals and how the ICJ case initiated by The Gambia furthered that campaign and evaluates the impact of this case in advancing Rohingya rights.

The paper deals with the issues of combating terrorism. The authors draw a distinction between the concepts of "international crime" and "crime of an international character". Particular attention is paid to the lack of a universal definition of the category of "terrorism's" problem and its reasons. A new vision of the solution to the problem mentioned above has been offered. The paper also analyzes the international regulatory legal acts regulating the struggle against terrorism and their impact on the formation of national legislation in the designated area.