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The conducted analysis of the prospects of international environmental cooperation for the central regions of Ukraine showed that the most developed area of cooperation is green tourism, which is rapidly developing in the central regions. To a large extent, this is due to the natural conditions and the preserved archaism of local life that attracts tourists. On the other side, the support of green tourism by the government, improvement of the material condition of owners of green homesteads increases the interest of local communities in cooperation with international organizations.Using of international experience in the field of energy saving by local communities is being implemented by individual farms at the level of individual relationships with international organizations, but it has no massive component.Cooperation of the central regions of Ukraine with the international community is the most promising in the direction of forming a transnational ecological network. The main reserve for the formation of a regional ecological network is the lands of the water fund, degraded and unproductive agricultural landscapes. The allocation of lands for the water fund and its mapping must use plans and requires adequate financing. The threat to implementation of the regional program for the development of the ecological network and its coordination with transnational ecological corridors is the lack of financing and inconsistency of the resolution of the land ownership rights in the alienation of land to the nature reserve fund.The use of funding from international environmental funds in the central regions of Ukraine is limited due to the lack of experience in the participation of environmental NGOs in international ecological projects aimed at nature conservation, the lack of interest of local communities in land alienation in the nature reserve fund.

The conducted analysis of the prospects of international environmental cooperation for the central regions of Ukraine showed that the most developed area of cooperation is green tourism, which is rapidly developing in the central regions. To a large extent, this is due to the natural conditions and the preserved archaism of local life that attracts tourists. On the other side, the support of green tourism by the government, improvement of the material condition of owners of green homesteads increases the interest of local communities in cooperation with international organizations. Using of international experience in the field of energy saving by local communities is being implemented by individual farms at the level of individual relationships with international organizations, but it has no massive component. Cooperation of the central regions of Ukraine with the international community is the most promising in the direction of forming a transnational ecological network. The main reserve for the formation of a regional ecological network is the lands of the water fund, degraded and unproductive agricultural landscapes. The allocation of lands for the water fund and its mapping must use plans and requires adequate financing. The threat to implementation of the regional program for the development of the ecological network and its coordination with transnational ecological corridors is the lack of financing and inconsistency of the resolution of the land ownership rights in the alienation of land to the nature reserve fund. The use of funding from international environmental funds in the central regions of Ukraine is limited due to the lack of experience in the participation of environmental NGOs in international ecological projects aimed at nature conservation, the lack of interest of local communities in land alienation in the nature reserve fund.

Environmental factors impact on the enjoyment of human rights in a number of ways. However, the exact nature of the relationship between the environment and human rights in international human rights law remains unsettled, most notably in relation to the concept of a human right to a good environment. While the idea of a substantive right to an environment of a particular quality has received considerable support, it has yet to be adopted in any international legal instrument and remains the subject of much debate. This thesis interrogates the concept of a right to a good environment from a variety of perspectives to provide a comprehensive analysis of its suitability for inclusion in international human rights law. Given that climate change represents the biggest environmental challenge to have faced the international community, the thesis considers whether the right to a good environment is capable of providing new approaches for addressing the human rights implications of climate change. This thesis analyses the theoretical, legal, practical and political implications of the right to a good environment. It considers the theoretical foundations of human rights to assess whether the right is justifiable. It is concluded that a 'good environment' cannot be linked to human dignity, autonomy or interests without relying on rights which are already protected under existing law, such as the rights to health, food and water. It concludes that, without an independent justification, legal recognition of the right would risk undermining the existing human rights framework. The thesis also considers existing human rights approaches to environmental protection and to climate change in particular to determine whether a new right offers any significant practical benefits which might otherwise justify its recognition. The transnational, cumulative and ongoing impacts of climate change create significant challenges for enforcing human rights and it is argued that these effects would be even more problematic in relation to the right to a good environment. Because international legal recognition of new human rights depends on having the support of States, the thesis considers the current attitudes of States towards environmental human rights and human rights approaches to climate change. States are currently reluctant to acknowledge that they owe human rights obligations with respect to climate change and it is argued that they would be particularly unwilling to accept obligations under a new right to a good environment. Without the support of States, there is little likelihood that the right to a good environment would be adopted into international human rights law. The thesis concludes that continued proposals to recognise the right to a good environment in international law should be abandoned. The various theoretical, legal, practical and political considerations examined in the thesis indicate that it is not possible to settle on a definition of the right which would be both practically useful and independently justifiable. Further attention should instead be directed to clarifying the application of existing human rights law to environmental degradation, including the impacts of climate change.

Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Hintergründe um die Veröffentlichung eines programmatischen Aufsatzes Beckers im Vorfeld des Nürnberger Vereinstages Deutscher Arbeitervereine von 1868, auf dem der Anschluß an die Internationale Arbeiterassoziation (IAA) beschlossen wurde. Grundlage der Untersuchung sind der offizielle Tagungsbericht. Veröffentlichungen der zeitgenössischen Arbeiterpresse sowie der Briefwechsel zwischen Marx, Engels und Bebel. Der Aufsatz Beckers hatte auf der Tagung für Verwirrung gesorgt, da er verschiedentlich als das Programm der IAA angesehen worden war. Zahlreiche Gründe sprechen dafür, daß Liebknecht diese Verwirrung bewußt in Kauf nahm, als er den Aufsatz veröffentlichen ließ. Aus vermutlich taktischen Erwägungen gab er diesem Text den Vorzug gegenüber den von Marx verfaßten Statuten der IAA. Die Behauptung, daß die Arbeitervereine ihren Anschluß an die Internationale aufgrund unzureichender Informationen vollzogen hätten, wird aber als falsch zurückgewiesen. Ein vollständiger Abdruck des Aufsatzes von Becker befindet sich im Anhang des Beitrages. (ES)

International trade law and international environmental law have experienced a different evolution, characterized by the precedence of the international economic order on the development of environmental law.In this paper, relations between international trade and environment have been discussed within its implications at national and internal levels. It was shown that the absence of a firm balance between the two has affected climate change. For country as Oman who depends mainly on oil and gas sector, the issue of reducing CO2 emission need formulation of strict environmental and energy policies. The government can adopt and encourage the use of renewable energy as best alternatives for oil and gaz.

If we read political realism, social constructivism, and poststructuralism through their own lens, we might unveil antinomies which appear as unresolvable contradictions. More than once, the discovery of an antinomy has shaken the very founda-tions of an academic work. Whenever an academic work is revealed to contain antinomic statements, it requires explanation. It is as if a suspect accused of having committed a crime gives a contradictory alibi - perhaps the suspect speaks the truth, but she must make a clarification. Maybe, she even convinces us that the contradiction is no scientific crime at all. In the course of this investigation we are guided by two ambitions. At first, we read the theoretical works as testimonies or descriptions of both theorist and theory themselves. Secondly, we ask whether these self-images and self-descriptions can be stated in a consistent way, or if they fall into unresolvable antinomies. Hence, the underlying research question is plain: Do political realism, social constructivism, and poststructuralism harbour antinomic statements?

Defence date: 4 December 1992 ; Examining board: Prof. Helge Hveem (Univ. Oslo) ; Prof. Beate Kohler-Koch (Univ. Mannheim) ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone (EUI, supervisor) ; Prof. Ole Karup Pedersen (Univ. Copenhagen) ; Prof. Eugene B. Skolnikoff (MIT) ; Prof. Susan Strange (EUI, co-supervisor) ; First made available online: 4 July 2016