Suchergebnisse

This is the final version. Available on open access from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record ; Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. ; Phytoplankton biomass, through its proxy, Chlorophyll a, has been assessed at synoptic temporal and spatial scales with satellite remote sensing (RS) for over two decades. Also, RS algorithms to monitor relative size classes abundance are widely used; however, differentiating functional types from RS, as well as the assessment of phytoplankton structure, in terms of carbon remains a challenge. Hence, the main motivation of this work it to discuss the links between size classes and phytoplankton groups, in order to foster the capability of assessing phytoplankton community structure and phytoplankton size fractionated carbon budgets. To accomplish our goal, we used data (on nutrients, photosynthetic pigments concentration and cell numbers per taxa) collected in surface samples along a transect on the Atlantic Ocean, during the 25th Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise (AMT25) between 50° N and 50° S, from nutrient-rich high latitudes to the oligotrophic gyres. We compared phytoplankton size classes from two methodological approaches: (i) using the concentration of diagnostic photosynthetic pigments, and assessing the abundance of the three size classes, micro-, nano-, and picoplankton, and (ii) identifying and enumerating phytoplankton taxa by microscopy or by flow cytometry, converting into carbon, and dividing the community into five size classes, according to their cell carbon content. The distribution of phytoplankton community in the different oceanographic regions is presented in terms of size classes, taxonomic groups and functional types, and discussed in relation to the environmental oceanographic conditions. The distribution of seven functional types along the transect showed the dominance of picoautotrophs in the Atlantic gyres and high biomass of diatoms and autotrophic dinoflagellates (ADinos) in higher northern and southern latitudes, where larger cells constituted the major component of the biomass. Total carbon ranged from 65 to 4 mg carbon m–3, at latitudes 45° S and 27° N, respectively. The pigment and cell carbon approaches gave good consistency for picoplankton and microplankton size classes, but nanoplankton size class was overestimated by the pigment-based approach. The limitation of enumerating methods to accurately resolve cells between 5 and 10 μm might be cause of this mismatch, and is highlighted as a knowledge gap. Finally, the three-component model of Brewin et al. was fitted to the Chlorophyll a (Chla) data and, for the first time, to the carbon data, to extract the biomass of three size classes of phytoplankton. The general pattern of the model fitted to the carbon data was in accordance with the fits to Chla data. The ratio of the parameter representing the asymptotic maximum biomass gave reasonable values for Carbon:Chla ratios, with an overall median of 112, but with higher values for picoplankton (170) than for combined pico-nanoplankton (36). The approach may be useful for inferring size-fractionated carbon from Earth Observation. ; UK Research and Innovation ; FCT ; European Union Horizon 2020 ; FCT – Fundação IP

This article is contribution number 120 of Tara Oceans.-- 15 pages, 4 figures, supplementary materials https://www.science.org/doi/suppl/10.1126/sciadv.abg1921/suppl_file/sciadv.abg1921_SM.pdf.-- Data and materials availability: Data described here are available at the EBI under the project identifiers PRJEB402 and PRJEB7988 and at PANGAEA (96). All data (raw abundance matrices and interactome graphML files) needed to evaluate the conclusions of the paper are available in the Supplementary Materials. A web server for exploring and searching the global ocean interactome is available at https://saas.ls2n.fr/Tara-Oceans-interactome/ ; Marine plankton form complex communities of interacting organisms at the base of the food web, which sustain oceanic biogeochemical cycles and help regulate climate. Although global surveys are starting to reveal ecological drivers underlying planktonic community structure and predicted climate change responses, it is unclear how community-scale species interactions will be affected by climate change. Here, we leveraged Tara Oceans sampling to infer a global ocean cross-domain plankton co-occurrence network—the community interactome—and used niche modeling to assess its vulnerabilities to environmental change. Globally, this revealed a plankton interactome self-organized latitudinally into marine biomes (Trades, Westerlies, Polar) and more connected poleward. Integrated niche modeling revealed biome-specific community interactome responses to environmental change and forecasted the most affected lineages for each community. These results provide baseline approaches to assess community structure and organismal interactions under climate scenarios while identifying plausible plankton bioindicators for ocean monitoring of climate change ; We further thank the commitment of the following sponsors: CNRS (in particular Groupement de Recherche GDR3280 and the Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans-GOSEE), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genoscope/CEA, the French Ministry of Research, the French Government "Investissements d'Avenir" programmes OCEANOMICS (ANR-11-BTBR-0008), FRANCE GENOMIQUE (ANR-10-INBS-09-08), MEMO LIFE (ANR-10-LABX-54), PSL* Research University (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), ETH and the Helmut Horten Foundation, MEXT/JSPS/KAKENHI (projects 16H06429, 16K21723, 16H06437, and 18H02279), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project MAGGY-CTM2017-87736-R), ERC Advanced Award Diatomic (grant agreement 835067 to CB), the CNRS MITI through the interdisciplinary program Modélisation du Vivant (GOBITMAP grant to SC), and the H2020 European Commission project AtlantECO (award number 862923). […]. E.D. is supported by the RFI ATLANSTIC2020 grant (PROBIOSTIC grant to DE). M.Bu. received financial support from the French Facility for Global Environment (FFEM) as part of the "Ocean Plankton, Climate and Development" project. P.C.J. was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP (PhD grant 2017/26786-1). H.S. is supported by a Brazilian Research Council (CNPq) productivity grant (process 309514/2017-7) and FAPESP (grant 2014/14139-3). […] Additional funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council (NSERC) Canada Discovery program is gratefully acknowledged. ; With the institutional support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Keberadaan Teknologi Informasi (TI) bagi organisasi dewasa ini sangat penting. Pada awalnya penerapan TI diperlukan sebagai alat bantu (support) agar organisasi dapat lebih maju dan berkembang. Akan tetapi seiring dengan perkembangannya, TI ternyata dapat digunakan sebagai pendorong inovasi strategis organisasi. Perubahan peran TI ini dapat dicapai dengan didukung oleh pendekatan kepemimpinan TI yang tepat. Studi ini mencoba menganalisis peran dan pendekatan kepemimpinan TI di Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) serta solusi yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kuadran strategic. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi dokumen, serta wawancara dengan pejabat terkait di Pusat Manajemen Informasi (PMI), BPPT. Metode yang dipakai untpuk mengetahui peranan TI dalam arah strategis perusahaan adalah IT Strategic Impact Grid yang dikembangkan oleh McFarland dan tim. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh bahwa peran dan kepemimpinan TI di BPPT berada pada kuadran factory dan membutuhkan penguatan di beberapa aspek untuk menjadi kuadran strategic. Penelitian ini menghasilkan beberapa rekomendasi yang yang dapat digunakan untuk peningkatan pengelolaan TI BPPT. Keywords: peran teknologi informasi, kepemimpinan teknologi informasi, IT Strategic Impact Grid References Lynda M. Applegate, Robert D. Austin dan Deborah L. Soule. (2009). Corporate Information Strategy and Management. New York : McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Auffret, J.-P., Estevez, E., Marcovecchio, I., & Janowski, T. (2010). Developing a GCIO System: Enabling Good Government Through e-Leadership. In the proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference on Digital Government Research DGO 2010 Puebla Mexico 17 20 May 2010, 82–88. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00024-M. Jamali, M. A., Voghouei, H., & Md Nor, N. G. (2014). Information technology and survival of firms: A review of economic literature. NETNOMICS: Economic Research and Electronic Networking, 15(2), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-014-9089-9. Hardgrave, B. C., Langford, S., Waller, M., & Miller, R. (2008). CIO Leadership Profile. MIS Quarterly Executive, 7(4), 613–624. Chatterjee, D., Richardson, V. J., & Zmud, R. W. (2001). Positions Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article?: EFFECTS OF ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEWLY CREATED CIO POSITIONS, 1, 25(1), 43–70. Shawosh, M. (2018). Information Systems Strategic Leadership in the Last Decade: New Advancements and Blue Ocean Opportunities. Southern Association for Information Systems Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA March 23rd–24th, 2018, 1–8. Nolan, R., & McFarlan, F. W. (2005). Information Technology and the Board of Directors Information Technology and the Board of Directors. Harvard Business Review. Everard, A., & Dudek, P. (2014). Critical Success Factors Driving IT's Contribution to Business : Evidence from CIOs. Mwais, 1–5. Diambil dari http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2014/19. Hedman, J & Kalling, T. (2002). IT and Business Models : Concepts and Theories. Copenhagen. CBS Press. Hoving, R. (2007). Information Technology Leadership Challenges – Past, Present, and Future. Taylor and Francis Group. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10580530701221049. Hickman, L & Arkede, M. (2017). Effective leadership development in information technology: building transformational and emergent leaders. Emerald Publishing Limited. It was presented at the 12th Annual Conference of the Midwest United States Association for Information Systems (Springfield, Illinois). Sankaran K., Ahmed M. (2017) Leadership and Information Technology. In: Marques J., Dhiman S. (eds) Leadership Today. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham

Although the use of RGB photometry has exploded in the last decades due to the advent of high-quality and inexpensive digital cameras equipped with Bayer-like colour filter systems, there is surprisingly no catalogue of bright stars that can be used for calibration purposes. Since due to their excessive brightness, accurate enough spectrophotometric measurements of bright stars typically cannot be performed with modern large telescopes, we have employed historical 13-colour medium-narrow-band photometric data, gathered with quite reliable photomultipliers, to fit the spectrum of 1346 bright stars using stellar atmosphere models. This not only constitutes a useful compilation of bright spectrophotometric standards well spread in the celestial sphere, the UCM library of spectrophotometric spectra, but allows the generation of a catalogue of reference RGB magnitudes, with typical random uncertainties ∼0.01 mag. For that purpose, we have defined a new set of spectral sensitivity curves, computed as the median of 28 sets of empirical sensitivity curves from the literature, that can be used to establish a standard RGB photometric system. Conversions between RGB magnitudes computed with any of these sets of empirical RGB curves and those determined with the new standard photometric system are provided. Even though particular RGB measurements from single cameras are not expected to provide extremely accurate photometric data, the repeatability and multiplicity of observations will allow access to a large amount of exploitable data in many astronomical fields, such as the detailed monitoring of light pollution and its impact on the night sky brightness, or the study of meteors, Solar system bodies, variable stars, and transient objects. In addition, the RGB magnitudes presented here make the sky an accessible and free laboratory for the calibration of the cameras themselves. © 2021 The Author(s). ; The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad under grant RTI2018-096188-B-I00, which is partly funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), S2018/NMT-4291 (TEC2SPACE-CM), and ACTION, a project funded by the European Union H2020-SwafS-2018-1-824603. SB acknowledges Xunta de Galicia for financial support under grant ED431B 2020/29. The participation of ASdM was (partially) supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant no. NE/P01156X/1). This work has been possible thanks to the extensive use of IPython and Jupyter notebooks (Pérez & Granger 2007). This research made use of ASTROPY, a community-developed core PYTHON package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018), NUMPY (Harris et al. 2020), SCIPY (Virtanen et al. 2020), and MATPLOTLIB (Hunter 2007). This research has made use of the Simbad data base and the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France (DOI:10.26093/cds/vizier). The original description of the VizieR service was published in A&AS, 143, 23. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

The demands and practicalities of researching in conflict contexts are multifaceted and unpredictable. This task is increasingly shouldered by local researchers on the ground and there is much to learn from the ways they perceive and navigate the research environment. Global inequalities and power dynamics generally place southern researchers at the forefront of research projects under relatively higher risks than their colleagues and employers in the Global North. Sometimes they gain comparatively little from the research outputs and until recently their experiences have remained mostly hidden. In general, their contributions have been significantly under-reported.1 This report focuses on the work of the Bridge Network, whose seven members were responsible for gathering interviews and observations for the Conflict Research Programme (CRP) in South Sudan. We formed the network in November 2017 and have researched from within our own communities in five case study locations: Gogrial, Malakal, Leer, Nimule, and Abyei. Since 2017, we have been researching the logics of governance in South Sudan, a violent and turbulent political arena. Our research has explored not only the transactional politics of the 'political marketplace', but also how authority is changing, as well as civic authority and actions.2 The research was implemented under the broad CRP concepts of public authority, civicness, and the Political Marketplace Framework. We have conducted several interviews with a broad mix of South Sudanese, highlighting their stories, experiences, and views. It should be 1 Mwambari, D. (2019). Local Positionality in the Production of Knowledge in Northern Uganda. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1609406919864845. 2 The research was co-designed by Rachel Ibreck, Naomi Pendle, Hannah Logan, and The Bridge Network members. The tax research was designed by Matthew Benson. The team met annually for joint analysis between 2017-2020, including with Flora McCrone, Jimmy Awany, and Matthew Benson in January 2020. noted that due to ongoing active conflict, access to certain locations was challenging, such that the themes and volume of data were not collected systematically across the five locations. This publication reflects on our struggles and showcases our achievements. In what follows, we firstly reflect on the research process and secondly present some of our research findings, including a series of original interviews. The report includes extracts from conversations between members of the Bridge Network and CRP researchers between 2018 and 2020. The discussions were in part aimed at providing the necessary support to the members to ensure their safety, address logistical and ethical challenges, and to document their lessons and experiences for other scholars to learn from. Our conversations reveal some of the difficulties encountered, but also demonstrate the possibilities and skills of a diverse research team working in a conflict zone. We provide new insights into the demands of research in South Sudan and highlight the specific dilemmas involved in being not only a participant observer, but also a member of the community under 'observation', whose lives and families were personally affected by many of the issues we were documenting during a critical time of war and political uncertainty. The report is structured along common themes that arose from the discussions.

This is the final version. Available on open access from Copernicus Publications via the DOI in this record ; Code availability; The source code used to produce the core LUH2 datasets and the LUH2-GCB datasets, along with the sources and citations of necessary inputs, are archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3954113 (Chini et al., 2020a). ; Data availability: The data produced in this study are archived and publicly available at the NASA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center: https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1851 (Chini et al, 2020b). ; Land-use change has been the dominant source of anthropogenic carbon emissions for most of the historical period and is currently one of the largest and most uncertain components of the global carbon cycle. Advancing the scientific understanding on this topic requires that the best data be used as input to state-of-The-Art models in well-organized scientific assessments. The Land-Use Harmonization 2 dataset (LUH2), previously developed and used as input for simulations of the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), has been updated annually to provide required input to land models in the annual Global Carbon Budget (GCB) assessments. Here we discuss the methodology for producing these annual LUH2-GCB updates and extensions which incorporate annual wood harvest data updates from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for dataset years after 2015 and the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) gridded cropland and grazing area data updates (based on annual FAO cropland and grazing area data updates) for dataset years after 2012, along with extrapolations to the current year due to a lag of 1 or more years in the FAO data releases. The resulting updated LUH2-GCB datasets have provided global, annual gridded land-use and land-use-change data relating to agricultural expansion, deforestation, wood harvesting, shifting cultivation, regrowth and afforestation, crop rotations, and pasture management and are used by both bookkeeping models and dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) for the GCB. For GCB 2019, a more significant update to LUH2 was produced, LUH2-GCB2019 (10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1851, Chini et al., 2020b), to take advantage of new data inputs that corrected cropland and grazing areas in the globally important region of Brazil as far back as 1950. From 1951 to 2012 the LUH2-GCB2019 dataset begins to diverge from the version of LUH2 used for the World Climate Research Programme's CMIP6, with peak differences in Brazil in the year 2000 for grazing land (difference of 100g000gkm2) and in the year 2009 for cropland (difference of 77g000gkm2), along with significant sub-national reorganization of agricultural land-use patterns within Brazil. The LUH2-GCB2019 dataset provides the base for future LUH2-GCB updates, including the recent LUH2-GCB2020 dataset, and presents a starting point for operationalizing the creation of these datasets to reduce time lags due to the multiple input dataset and model latencies. ; NASA ; US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research ; European Union Horizon 2020

The institutional design of public consultation prevailing in Mexico represents a considerable regulatory advance on the subject. However, the complex requirements, limited consultation matters, and the legislative branch's interest in privileging the political decision over the consultation request obstruct its operationalization and restrict citizens' participation in public affairs of the country. Then, the only way for it to occur continues to be the exercise of voting rights for representative democracy. This academic contribution analyzes the Mexican institutional design of public consultation to identify those aspects that obstruct its practice. It reviews the conception of public consultation and the regulatory experiences of Latin American countries, such as Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, in regulating this citizen participation process. As a result, it provides elements that contribute to strengthening public consultation as a direct democracy mechanism in Mexico. ; El diseño institucional de consulta popular que prima en México representa un considerable avance normativo en la materia. Sin embargo, la complejidad de requisitos, la restricción en las materias de consulta y el interés del poder legislativo por privilegiar la decisión política sobre la petición de consulta dificultan su operacionalización y restringen la participación de la ciudadanía en los asuntos públicos del país, puesto que la única vía para que esta se dé continúa siendo el ejercicio del voto para efectos de la democracia representativa. En ese sentido, esta contribución académica analiza el diseño institucional mexicano de la consulta popular a fin de identificar aquellos aspectos que dificultan su ejercicio. Para ello, se parte de la revisión de la concepción del fenómeno de consulta popular y de las experiencias normativas que países latinoamericanos como Uruguay, Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú han configurado para regular este mecanismo de participación ciudadana. Ello permitirá aportar elementos que contribuyan al fortalecimiento de la consulta popular como mecanismo de democracia directa en México. Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Enoc Francisco Morán Torres, "La consulta popular en México. Una propuesta para el fortalecimiento de su diseño institucional a partir de experiencias normativas latinoamericanas", en Díkaion 29, 2 (2020), xx. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/dika.2020.29.2.7 ; O desenho institucional de consulta popular que ocorre no México representa um considerável avanço regulatória na matéria. Contudo, este, a partir da complexidade de requisitos, da restrição nas matérias de consulta e do poder legislativo por privilegiar a decisão política sobre a petição de consulta dificultam sua operacionalização e restringem a participação da cidadania nos assuntos públicos do país, visto que a única via para isso aconteça continua sendo o exercício do voto para efeitos da democracia representativa. Nesse sentido, esta contribuição acadêmica analisa o desenho institucional mexicano da consulta popular a fim de identificar os aspectos que dificultam seu exercício. Para isso, parte-se da revisão da concepção do fenômeno de consulta popular e das experiências regulatórias que países latino-americanos como Argentina, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e Uruguai vêm configurando para regularizar esse mecanismo de participação cidadã. Isso permitirá contribuir com elementos para fortalecer a consulta popular como mecanismo de democracia direta no México.

AGYEMAN, J. et al. Trends and Directions in Environmental Justice: From Inequity to Everyday Life, Community, and Just Sustainabilities. Annual Review of Environmental Resources, v. 41, p. 6.1-6.20, 2016.BOYLE, A. Human rights and the environment: where next? The European Journal of International Law, v. 23, n. 3, p. 613-642, 2012.CRUTZEN, P. J.; STOERMER, E. F. The 'Anthropocene'. Global Change Newsletter, v. 41, p. 17-18, 2000.DRYZEK, J. S.; NORGAARD, R. B.; SCHLOSBERG, D. Climate-Challenged Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.GONÇALVES, A.; GUERRA, J. Experimentar ciência e cidadania: o caso EuroLifeNet. Atas do VI Congresso Português de Sociologia: Mundos Sociais: Saberes e Práticas. Lisboa: Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia, 2008.GUERRA, J.; LOURENÇO, L. C. The 2030 Agenda: trends of transition toward sustainability. In: DELICADO, A.; DOMINGOS, N.; SOUSA, L. (org.). The Diverse Worlds of Sustainability. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2018. p. 53-85.GUDOWSKYA, N.; ROSA, A. Bridging epistemologies – Identifying uniqueness of lay and expert knowledge for agenda setting. Futures, v. 109, p. 24-38, 2019.GUIVANT, J. S. O Legado de Ulrich Beck. Ambiente & Sociedade, v. 19, n. 1, p. 229-240, 2016.HOLANDA, S. B. Raízes do Brasil. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 2006.IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Genebra: IPCC, 2014.IPCC. Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Genebra: World Meteorological Organization, 2018.KAISER J. Ecologists on a mission to save the world. Science, v. 287, p. 1188-1192, 2000.LIKENS, G. E. The role of science in decision making: does evidence-based science drive environmental policy? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 8, n. 6, p. e1-e9, 2010.LIMA, S. et al. Produção e consumo de produtos orgânicos no mundo e no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2020.PIKETTY, T.; SAEZ, E. Inequality in the long run. Science, v. 344, n. 6186, p. 838-843, 2014.PNUD. Relatório de Desenvolvimento Humano 2011 – Sustentabilidade e Equidade: um Futuro Melhor para Todos. Lisboa: IPAD/PNUD, 2011.REGANOLD, J.; WACHTER, J. Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century. Nature Plants, v. 2, Article 15221, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/NPLANTS.2015.221.TAYLOR, D. Is Environmental Health a Basic Human Right? Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 112, n. 17, p. A1006-A1009, 2004.UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015. Genebra: ONU, 2015.UNCHE. Report of the United Nations Conference of the Human Environment. Stockholm: United Nations Publication, 5-16 June 1972.

This is the final version. Available on open access from the European Geosciences Union via the DOI in this record ; Code and data availability. The benchmarking code is archived at https://zenodo.org/record/3879161#.Xtq-py-z2fU (last access: 5 June 2020) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3879161, Kelley, 2020), which also contains the code to produce the figures presented here. The FireMIP model output is archived at https://zenodo.org/record/3555562#.Xell3C2ZOcY (last access: 22 November 2019) (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3555562, Hantson et al., 2019). Data availability for each reference dataset is provided in Table A1. ; Global fire-vegetation models are widely used to assess impacts of environmental change on fire regimes and the carbon cycle and to infer relationships between climate, land use and fire. However, differences in model structure and parameterizations, in both the vegetation and fire components of these models, could influence overall model performance, and to date there has been limited evaluation of how well different models represent various aspects of fire regimes. The Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) is coordinating the evaluation of state-of-the-art global fire models, in order to improve projections of fire characteristics and fire impacts on ecosystems and human societies in the context of global environmental change. Here we perform a systematic evaluation of historical simulations made by nine FireMIP models to quantify their ability to reproduce a range of fire and vegetation benchmarks. The FireMIP models simulate a wide range in global annual total burnt area (39–536 Mha) and global annual fire carbon emission (0.91–4.75 Pg C yr−1) for modern conditions (2002–2012), but most of the range in burnt area is within observational uncertainty (345–468 Mha). Benchmarking scores indicate that seven out of nine FireMIP models are able to represent the spatial pattern in burnt area. The models also reproduce the seasonality in burnt area reasonably well but struggle to simulate fire season length and are largely unable to represent interannual variations in burnt area. However, models that represent cropland fires see improved simulation of fire seasonality in the Northern Hemisphere. The three FireMIP models which explicitly simulate individual fires are able to reproduce the spatial pattern in number of fires, but fire sizes are too small in key regions, and this results in an underestimation of burnt area. The correct representation of spatial and seasonal patterns in vegetation appears to correlate with a better representation of burnt area. The two older fire models included in the FireMIP ensemble (LPJ–GUESS–GlobFIRM, MC2) clearly perform less well globally than other models, but it is difficult to distinguish between the remaining ensemble members; some of these models are better at representing certain aspects of the fire regime; none clearly outperforms all other models across the full range of variables assessed. ; European Union FP7 ; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) ; European Research Council (ERC) ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Strategic Research Area MERGE (ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system) ; Lund University Centre for Studies of Carbon Cycle and Climate Interactions (LUCCI)

Indonesia is committed to guarantee the right to education for all citizens without exception. The commitment of Indonesia to Education for All (EFA) leads to the fulfillment of inclusive education policies. The people of Indonesia tend to understand inclusive education as education for people with disabilities. On the other hand, inclusive education has a broader meaning, which does not refer only to special education. Furthermore, it also covers education with special services. The essence of inclusive education is to remove barriers that limit all marginalized learners, to respect diversity and needs, to create patterns of education without discrimination, and ultimately to achieve quality education. People's understanding leads to questions about inclusive education in legal context, as well as the rules of inclusive education in Indonesia. This paper contains a qualitative study with a historical-doctrinal approach. The study aims to explain the right to inclusive education listed in the rules and regulations in Indonesia and their problems. From the normative point of view, the rules on inclusive education are regulated in the Law Number 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities and the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 70 of 2009. Furthermore, the rules of inclusive education can also be found in several other regulations implicitly. Most of the rules have stipulated provisions that include the right to education. Therefore, the Government appears to be progressively realizing the respect, protection, and fulfillment of the right to education, including inclusive education, for all people of Indonesia.Aturan Hukum Hak atas Pendidikan Inklusif di Indonesia AbstrakIndonesia berkomitmen menjamin hak atas pendidikan bagi seluruh warganya tanpa terkecuali. Komitmen Indonesia terhadap Pendidikan untuk Semua atau Education for All (EFA) membawa pada komitmen dalam pemenuhan kebijakan pendidikan inklusif. Masyarakat Indonesia memiliki kecenderungan memahami pendidikan inklusif sebatas pada pendidikan bagi penyandang disabilitas. Di lain sisi, pendidikan inklusif memiliki makna luas tidak saja dalam konteks pendidikan khusus namun juga pendidikan layanan khusus Inti dari pendidikan inklusif adalah untuk menghilangkan hambatan yang membatasi semua peserta didik termarginalkan, menghormati keberagaman dan kebutuhan, sehingga dapat menciptakan pola pendidikan jauh dari diskriminasi, dan pada akhirnya dapat mencapai pendidikan yang berkualitas. Kecenderungan pemahaman masyarakat tersebut membawa pada pertanyaan mengenai pemahaman pendidikan inklusif dalam konteks hukum dan bagaimana aturan pendidikan inklusif di Indonesia. Tulisan ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan doktrinal historis. Tulisan ini bermaksud menjelaskan hak atas pendidikan inklusif yang tercantum dalam aturan-aturan hukum di Indonesia serta permasalahannya. Dari segi normatif, aturan tentang pendidikan inklusif diatur dalam Undang-undang nomor 8 tahun 2016 tentang Penyandang Disabilitas dan Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional nomor 70 tahun 2009. Namun, secara implisit aturan terkait pendidikan inklusif dalam konteks pendidikan layanan khusus juga dapat ditemukan di beberapa peraturan lain. Aturan-aturan tersebut sebagian besar telah mengatur ketentuan-ketentuan yang dapat mengimplementasikan indikator-indikator hak atas pendidikan. Dengan demikian, Pemerintah nampak secara progresif memenuhi penghormatan, perlindungan dan pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan pendidikan inklusif bagi semua. Kata Kunci: Hak Atas Pendidikan, Pendidikan Inklusif, Pendidikan untuk Semua (EFA)DOI: https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a9

DOI:10.1590/2179-8966/2020/46944ResumoEste artigo objetiva, em geral, caracterizar o regime jurídico da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados sob os conceitos apresentados pelo capitalismo de vigilância, tendo como objetivos específicos: (I) descrever a economia política da vigilância e o papel do titular de dados/ usuário de serviços digitais e (II) identificar a inserção da LGPD no contexto da exploração econômica dos dados pessoais por meio do instrumento do consentimento do titular. Resultados: (I) A LGPD pode ser considerada um suporte jurídico para a acumulação capitalista na era informacional, possibilitando a condição de um titular de direitos relativos aos dados que pode negociar os seus dados com as empresas capazes de lidar com o contexto do Big Data e extrair desses dados comportamentos a serem vendidos em um mercado de dados que vende previsões de consumo e de vida cotidiana; (II) O grande mecanismo econômico identificado com a exploração é a extração de mais-valia comportamental, que é o processo que extrai das experiências da vida cotidiana dos usuários dados relevantes que são transformados em mercadoria; (III) Da mesma forma que o trabalhador assalariado do capitalismo é aquele que tem parte de sua produção extraída como mais-valor pelo capitalista, na era digital, os usuários conectados ao serem considerados titulares de dados tem sua vida cotidiana transformada em dados rentáveis, expandindo os limites da acumulação capitalista. O método de procedimento utilizado é o dialético-materialista, com abordagem qualitativa e técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica com revisão da literatura em um estudo exploratório.Palavras-chave: Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados; Capitalismo de vigilância; Mais-valia comportamental. AbstractThis article aims, in general, to characterize the legal regime of the General Data Protection Act (LGPD) under the concepts presented by surveillance capitalism, having as specific objectives: (I) describe the political economy of surveillance and the role of the data owner / user of digital services and (II) identify the insertion of LGPD in the context of the economic exploitation of personal data through the instrument of consent of the holder. Results: (I) LGPD can be considered a legal support for capitalist accumulation in the information age, enabling the condition of a data rights holder who can negotiate his data with companies capable of dealing with the Big Data context and extract from these data behaviors to be sold in a data market that sells forecasts of consumption and daily life; (II) The great economic mechanism identified with exploitation is the extraction of behavioral surplus value, which is the process that extracts relevant data from the users' daily life experiences that are transformed into merchandise; (III) In the same way that capitalist salaried workers are those who have part of their production extracted as more-value by the capitalist, in the digital age, users connected to being considered data holders have their daily lives transformed into profitable data, expanding the limits of capitalist accumulation. The method of procedure used is the dialectical-materialist, with a qualitative and technical approach of bibliographic research with literature review.Keywords: General Data Protection Act; Surveillance capitalism; Behavioral added value.

ABSTRAKPraperadilan adalah wewenang Pengadilan Negeri untuk memeriksa dan memutus tentang sah atau tidaknya suatu penangkapan dan/atau penahanan atas permintaan tersangka atau keluarganya atau pihak lain atau kuasa tersangka; sah atau tidaknya penghentian penyidikan atau penghentian penuntutan atas permintaan demi tegaknya hukum dan keadilan; serta permintaan ganti kerugian atau rehabilitasi oleh tersangka atau keluarganya atau pihak lain atau kuasanya yang perkaranya tidak diajukan ke pengadilan. Dengan melihat fenomena hukum sebagaimana yang telah diuraikan pada latar belakang di atas maka Penulis tertarik untuk menjadikan pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah. Apa Saja Yang Harus Diperhatikan Dalam Melakukan Praperadilan. Pertama, Antisipasi Praperadilan dapat dilakukan mulai dari Proses Penyidikan yang dilakukan oleh Polisi sebagai Penyidik. Kedua, Hal Yang Perlu Diperhatikan Penyidik Sebagai Antisipasi Praperadilan Adalah mengenai Etika Penyidikan. Seorang penyidik dalam melaksanakan tugasnya memiliki koridor hukum yang harus dipatuhi, dan diatur secara formal apa dan bagaimana tata cara pelaksanaan, tugas-tugas dalam penyidikan. Artinya para penyidik terikat kepada peraturan-peraturan, perundang-undangan, dan ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Dalam pelaksanaan proses penyidikan, peluang-peluang untuk melakukan penyimpangan atau penyalahgunaan wewenang untuk tujuan tertentu bukan mustahil sangat dimungkinkan terjadi, karena itulah semua ahli kriminalistik menempatkan etika penyidikan sebagai bagian dari profesionalisme yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang penyidik.Kata kunci: antisipasi; mekanisme; pidana; praperadilan; sistem peradilan. ABSTRACTPretrial is the authority of the District Court to examine and decide on whether or not an arrest and/ or detention is valid is the request of a suspect or his family or other party or the power of a suspect; whether valid or not the termination of the investigation or termination of prosecution at the request of law and justice; and requests for compensation or rehabilitation by the suspect or his family or other parties or their proxies whose cases are not brought to trial. By looking at legal phenomena as described in the background above, the authors are interested in making the subject matter in this research. What should be take into account in conducting pretrial. First, anticipation of pretrial can be carried out starting from the investigation process carried out by the police as investigators. Investigation aims to find and collect evidence to make a crime clear, investigators are authorized to carry out seizures. Secondly, the Things to Look Out for Investigators as Anticipating Pretrial is concerning the Ethics of Investigation. An investigator in carrying out his duties has a legal corridor that must be obeyed and formally regulated and how the procedures for carrying out the tasks in the investigation. This means that investigators are bound to the regulations, legislation, and provisions that apply in carrying out their duties. In carrying out the investigation process, opportunities for deviating or misusing authority for a particular purpose are not impossible to occur, which is why all criminalist experts place the ethics of investigation as part of the professionalism that must be possessed by an investigator.Keywords: anticipation; mechanism; pretrial; system tort; trial. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v3n2.21

AbstractIssues related to teacher professionalism may differ among countries. In Indonesia, the problems of teacher professionalism are connected to pre-service education and the lack of continuous professional development. In Malaysia, the major issues are concerned with teaching and management skills of teachers. In New Zealand, teachers face major issues related to work overload and the feeling of poor payment. Using a qualitative approach, this conceptual research paper discusses the issues of teacher professionalism and how the government takes roles in the continuing professional development of teachers in Indonesia, Malaysia and New Zealand. The research data was collected from the existing literature containing descriptions and discussions on the research topic and then analyzed using content analysis. The major findings of the study include that these three counties have issued laws, legislation, and regulations regarding the teacher profession. Then, teachers in the three countries are required to have the teacher's standard competence embodied with a certificate. In addition, before entering the classroom, all New Zealand teachers must have a certificate of teaching eligibility, while in Malaysia and Indonesia, the teacher certification is executed when teachers are already in the service. Finally, compared to Indonesia and Malaysia, New Zealand has a complete plan for improving teacher professionalism. The study concludes that the three countries put serious effort into improving the teaching profession. Similar research with more country samples would enrich the understanding of ways in which teacher professional development is conducted, thus providing valuable lessons for future reflections.AbstrakMasalah terkait dengan profesionalisme guru mungkin berbeda di setiap negara. Di Indonesia, masalah profesionalisme guru terkait dengan pendidikan pra-jabatan dan kurangnya pengembangan profesional berkelanjutan. Di Malaysia masalah utama berkaitan dengan keterampilan mengajar dan manajemen guru. Di Selandia Baru, guru menghadapi masalah besar terkait dengan kelebihan beban kerja dan persepsi terhadap rendahnya gaji guru. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, artikel penelitian konseptual ini membahas masalah profesionalisme guru dan bagaimana pemerintah berperan dalam pengembangan profesional guru berkelanjutan di Indonesia, Malaysia dan Selandia Baru. Data penelitian dikumpulkan dari literatur yang berisi deskripsi dan diskusi tentang topik penelitian, dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis konten. Temuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa tiga negara ini telah mengeluarkan undang-undang, peraturan perundang-undangan, dan peraturan tentang profesi guru. Kemudian, guru di tiga negara harus memiliki kompetensi standar guru yang diwujudkan dengan sertifikat. Selain itu, sebelum memasuki ruang kelas, semua guru Selandia Baru harus memiliki sertifikat kelayakan mengajar, sementara di Malaysia dan Indonesia sertifikasi guru dilaksanakan ketika guru sudah berada dalam layanan. Akhirnya, dibandingkan dengan Indonesia dan Malaysia, Selandia Baru memiliki rencana yang lebih lengkap dalam meningkatkan profesionalisme guru. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketiga negara melakukan upaya serius dalam meningkatkan profesi guru. Penelitian serupa dengan lebih banyak sampel negara akan memperkaya pemahaman tentang cara-cara di mana pengembangan profesional guru dilakukan, sehingga memberikan pelajaran berharga untuk refleksi di masa depan.How to Cite: Kholis, N., Murwanti. (2019). Teacher Professionalism in Indonesia, Malaysia, and New Zealand. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 6(2), 179-195. doi:10.15408/tjems.v6i2. 11487.

Organisational resilience of business schools: exploring the possibilities of adaptation The organisational landscape of business schools in some countries is in a state of fragility, plagued by an ongoing relevance critique, increasing competition from non-traditional private providers, demographics which intensify the competition for typical undergraduate students, increasing pressure for greater economic and environmental responsibility, a need to respond to technological advances, and a different political posture to the financial support of universities (Stokes et al 2018). As such, within this morphing landscape, the organisational resilience of business schools has perhaps become more pertinent in modern times than in recent history. Indeed, the UK is said to be experiencing an unprecedented market shake out of business schools with at least three facing imminent closure. Within this practice setting, organisational resilience has been conceptualised as (1) the capacity of an organisation to 'bounce back' (to survive) after an adverse or traumatic event, (2) the capacity of an organisation to adapt to circumstances and events before they are experienced as adverse, as traumatic or as a crisis, and (3) the aggregated capacities of people to absorb crises and operationally adapt to new situations (Koronis and Ponis, 2018; Evans, Cregan, & Wall, 2019 forthcoming). With this in mind, the first part of this QIC therefore explores how we might re-organise university-based business schools in ways which develop the adaptive capacities which are seemingly pertinent to contemporary circumstances. At the same time, organisational re-configurations are likely to, whether intended or unintended, shape the pedagogic practices of business schools (Akrivou & Bradbury-Huang, 2015) as well as have the potential for wider consequential tensions in a neo-liberal marketplace which emphasises individualism (Wall and Jarvis 2015). For example, a business school that develops strong employer involvement in curricula design, delivery and assessment may have a wider network of positive ties to sustain itself during difficult times, but adopting team based assessment practices (which can inculcate the wider social impact awareness of students) can create student experience challenges. So the second part of this QIC is to explore how the changes which are created for organisational resilience might shape pedagogic practices, and in turn, the possible consequences of organising in such ways. References Akrivou, K., & Bradbury-Huang, H. (2015). Educating integrated catalysts: Transforming business schools toward ethics and sustainability. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14(2), 222-240. Evans, V., Cregan, K., & Wall, T. (2019 forthcoming) Organizational resilience, in Leal Filho, W. (ed) Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Good Health & Wellbeing, Springer, Cham Koronis, E., & Ponis, S. (2018). Better than before: the resilient organization in crisis mode. Journal of Business Strategy, 39(1), 32-42. Stokes, P., Smith, S., Wall, T., Moore, N., Rowland, C., Ward, T., & Cronshaw, S. (2018). Resilience and the (micro-)dynamics of organizational ambidexterity: Implications for strategic HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, , 1-36. doi:10.1080/09585192.2018.1474939 Wall, T. & Jarvis, M. (2015). Business schools as educational provocateurs of productivity via interrelated landscapes of practice. Leadership & Policy Series. The Chartered Association of Business Schools, London.

DOI 10.24917/20837275.9.4.4Celem artykułu jest ukazanie problematyki wizualizacji danych w kontekście komunikacyjnym. Infografika staje się dziś za sprawą dziennikarstwa danych i popularności mediów wizualnych narzędziem powszechnie stosowanym; nie do końca rozpoznane są jednak właściwości manipulacyjne projektowania graficznego, które przedstawiane jest odbiorcom jako ilustrujące, tłumaczące i wyjaśniające treści statystyczne oraz tekstowe w sposób systemowy, uporządkowany i wizualny, co konotuje prostotę i uniwersalność oraz obiektywizm. Autorka stara się wykazać, jak idealistyczne teorie z zakresu projektowania informacji rzutują na proces nadawczo-odbiorczy (z jednej strony dając przestrzeń na manipulację danymi, z drugiej – tworząc idealny obraz projektanta jako strażnika obiektywizmu i posiadacza kompetencji interpretatora, wyzwalają tym samym bezbronność odbiorców w dekodowaniu języka wizualizacji danych i pozbawiają ich czujności, należnej przekazom perswazyjnym). Tymczasem, przekaz graficzny ma charakter nie tylko edukacyjny, ale też często polityczny czy szerzej – ideologiczny. Analiza przekazów graficznych zamieszczonych w portalu Visualizing Palestine (wybranego ze względu na globalny zasięg i popularność, polaryzację polityczną odbiorców oraz nowatorski, partycypacyjny i społecznościowy charakter procesu projektowego), służy tu przedstawieniu technik wizualizacji jako interpretacji i manipulacji danymi, a także potwierdza moc dyskursywną infografiki jako narzędzi komunikacyjnych. Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na problem powszechnego braku kompetencji w zakresie dekodowania znaczeń zawartych w wizualizacjach danych (datavis) oraz celowej (lub nie) nonszalancji projektantów w kwestii podejścia do danych.The Dataspace: Between Information Design and Data Manipulation. The Analysis of Specificity of Infographic Messages Based on Case Study of Visualising PalestineThe goal of the paper is to present the issues concerning data visualisation in communication context. Infographics nowadays becomes – due to data journalism and popularity of visual media – a commonly used tool; but still little recognition is given towards manipulatory features of graphic design which is presented to its recipients as illustrating, translating and explaining statistical and textual content in systemic, ordered and visual way that connotes simplicity, universality and objectivity. The author tries to prove that idealistic information design theories impact the communication process (on one hand giving the space for data manipulation, on the other – creating an ideal image of a designer seen as a guard of objectivism and an owner of an interpreter's competences, thus they evoke recipients' vulnerability in decoding the language of data visualisation and deprive them of awareness, which they should devote to persuasive messages). Whereas graphic message is not only of an educational nature but also often of a political or – widely speaking – an ideological one. The goal of the analysis of infographics published at the Visualizing Palestine website (chosen for its global range and popularity, as well as for the political polarisation of its recipients and for innovative, participative and grassroot character of the design process) is to indicate the technics of visualisation as interpretation and also data manipulation, as well as to prove the discoursive potential of infographics as a communication tool. The paper aims at drawing attention to the common lack of competences in the range of decoding meanings of datavis and the nonchalance (whether conscious or not) of designers in their usage of data.