Suchergebnisse

The two great powers — China and Russia — are important actors in the modern international system, and the foreign policies and bilateral cooperation of the two countries are key factors influencing the development of the international system. In the meantime, the development of bilateral relations is inevitably influenced by changes in the international order. Earlier studies focused on the impact of Sino-Russian cooperation on the international system but ignored the important role of the influence of the regional international order on cooperation between the two powers. This article intends to examine the trends in the evolution of the international order in East Asia in recent years and its role in the formation of Chinese-Russian regional cooperation. It is important to note that the author defines the components of international order as the hierarchy of power, the main ideology, and the institutional structure. In recent years, changes in the hierarchy of power in the East Asian international order are reflected in the emergence of a complex bipolarity between China and the United States. The evolution of the dominant ideology is reflected in the emergence of norms of political and economic integration in areas of great power competition and in the development of cooperation in the field of environmental policy in areas of great power partnership. The transformation of institutional mechanisms is expressed in the emergence of competitive institutions of multilateral cooperation. The evolution of these elements of the East Asian international order has a key impact on Sino-Russian relations. Taking into account the influence of these trends, the author sees the building of partnerships between China and Russia in the areas of regional security, finance and high technology, ecology, as well as interaction between the two countries through the creation of a multilateral cooperation platform, which will increase the level of bilateral strategic partnership.

Abstract
Urbanization produces similar environmental changes across cities relative to their neighboring rural environments. However, there may be high environmental heterogeneity across an urban–rural gradient. Previous research in Minneapolis, MN, USA, found mixed evidence that urban and rural plant populations of common ragweed have locally adapted and that urban populations exhibit greater among-population divergence in ecologically-important traits. To investigate whether there are parallel patterns of urban–rural trait divergence across different urban areas, we examined trait variation across an urban–rural gradient in a second city, St. Louis, MO, USA. We used growth chamber and greenhouse common environments to investigate variation in six traits within and among 16 populations of common ragweed (eight from each urban and rural area). Urban and rural plants diverged significantly in three of five traits, with rural plants having lower percent germination, greater height and lower leaf dissection index. We also found greater variance in plant height among urban compared to rural populations, potentially driven by heterogeneity in human management practices on urban populations. Patterns of urban-rural trait divergence (e.g. in flowering time) differ substantially from those found previously in the reciprocal transplant experiment in Minneapolis, contradicting the hypothesis of parallel evolution across different metropolitan areas. The results of this study suggest that there is considerable population variation in ecologically-important traits, but that urban populations do not consistently differ from neighboring rural populations.

Antiphon was a significant figure in Athenian public life and social thought of the last half of the 5th century B.C. The article raises a question whether his opinions in ethical and especially political sphere changed. with the course of time. In his late career, Antiphonte acted as a staunch opponent of democracy, and in 411 BC he is known to have co-leaded an oligarchic coup in Athens and the resulting regime of the Four Hundred (for which he was executed after the overthrow of this government). The author proceeds from the following chronology of Antiphon's work: "Tetralogies" and "On the truth" – 440s B.C., "On the concord" – 430s or 420s B.C., forensic speeches – 410s B.C. There are the following conclusions. In the field of ethics, Antiphon in his early treatise "On the truth" expressed some non-traditional opinions, which were even chocking for their cynicism, but in his later works he held more conservative views. As to his political position, it was never really democratic. Antiphon was and remained an opponent of democracy and proponent of oligarchy; it is possible that he gradually changed from a more moderate oligarch to a more radical one.

Materials that possess nontrivial topology and magnetism is known to exhibit exotic quantum phenomena such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Here, we fabricate a novel magnetic topological heterostructure Mn4Bi2Te7/Bi2Te3 where multiple magnetic layers are inserted into the topmost quintuple layer of the original topological insulator Bi2Te3. A massive Dirac cone (DC) with a gap of 40–75 meV at 16 K is observed. By tracing the temperature evolution, this gap is shown to gradually decrease with increasing temperature and a blunt transition from a massive to a massless DC occurs around 200–250 K. Structural analysis shows that the samples also contain MnBi2Te4/Bi2Te3. Magnetic measurements show that there are two distinct Mn components in the system that corresponds to the two heterostructures; MnBi2Te4/Bi2Te3 is paramagnetic at 6 K while Mn4Bi2Te7/Bi2Te3 is ferromagnetic with a negative hysteresis (critical temperature ~20 K). This novel heterostructure is potentially important for future device applications. ; T.H. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18H03877, the Murata Science Foundation (No. H30-084), the Asahi Glass Foundation, Tokyo Tech. Challenging Research Award, and the Iketani Science and Technology Foundation (No. 0321083-A). M.K. was supported by the Spintronics Research Network of Japan (Spin-RNJ). The ARPES measurements were performed under the UVSOR proposal Nos. 29-837, 30-571, 30-860 and the SARPES measurements were performed under the HiSOR proposal No. 16BG001. The XMCD measurements were performed at JAEA beamline BL-23SU in SPring-8 (Proposal No. 2018B3843) and also at PF-KEK (PF PAC No. 17P006). The work at SPring-8 was performed under the Shared Use Program of JAEA Facilities (Proposal No. 2018B-E21) with the approval of Nanotechnology Platform project supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Proposal No. A-18-AE-0039). The support by Tomsk State University competitiveness improvement program (No. 8.1.01.2018), the Saint Petersburg State University (Project ID 51126254), the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-12-00169) and the Government research assignment for ISPMS SB RAS, project No. III.23.2.9 is gratefully acknowledged. M.M.O. acknowledges the support by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Grant No. PID2019-103910GB-I00). ; Peer reviewed

This paper describes the co-evolution of East and West German innovation networks after the German reunification in 1990 by analyzing publication data from 1972 to 2014. This study uses the following four benchmark models to interpret and classify German innovation networks: the random graph model, the small-world model, the Barabási-Albert model, and the evolutionary model. By comparing the network characteristics of empirical networks with the characteristics of these four benchmark models, we can increase our understanding of the particularities of German innovation networks, such as development over time as well as structural changes (i.e., new nodes or increasing/decreasing network density). We first confirm that a structural change in East-West networks occurred in the early 2000s in terms of the number of link between the two. Second, we show that regions with few collaborators dominated the properties of German innovation networks. Lastly, the change in network cliquishness, which reflects the tendency to build cohesive subgroups, and path length, which is a strong indicator of the speed of knowledge transfer in a network, compared with the four benchmark models show that East and West German regions tended to connect to new regions located in their surroundings, instead of entering distant regions. Our findings support the German federal government's continuous efforts to build networks between East and West German regions.

This paper describes the co-evolution of East and West German innovation networks after the German reunification in 1990 by analyzing publication data from 1972 to 2014. This study uses the following four benchmark models to interpret and classify German innovation networks: the random graph model, the small-world model, the Barabási-Albert model, and the evolutionary model. By comparing the network characteristics of empirical networks with the characteristics of these four benchmark models, we can increase our understanding of the particularities of German innovation networks, such as development over time as well as structural changes (i.e., new nodes or increasing/decreasing network density). We first confirm that a structural change in East-West networks occurred in the early 2000s in terms of the number of link between the two. Second, we show that regions with few collaborators dominated the properties of German innovation networks. Lastly, the change in network cliquishness, which reflects the tendency to build cohesive subgroups, and path length, which is a strong indicator of the speed of knowledge transfer in a network, compared with the four benchmark models show that East and West German regions tended to connect to new regions located in their surroundings, instead of entering distant regions. Our findings support the German federal government's continuous efforts to build networks between East and West German regions.

The book contains a collection of papers presented at four special sessions of the 5th International Conference on Mathematical Modelling, held at the University of California, Berkeley in July 1985. The main theme of the volume is the application of dynamical systems theory and related mathematical approaches to fundamental problems of competitive behaviour, industrial restructuring and economic development. The volume assembles some recent advances in modelling which treat these economic problems from a dynamic viewpoint. Sections of the book are devoted to (1) competition and technological evolution, (2) industrial fluctuations and cycles, (3) accumulation and maintenance of capital, (4) location and spatial dynamics. Some of the contributions spring from ambitions to modify or reform basic elements of established economic theory. Approaches and concepts introduced in the models are inspired by the development of recent contributions in physics, chemistry and theoretical biology. However, the problems addressed are deeply rooted in economics with a particular focus on technological change, business cycles and economic development. The ideas of Joseph Schumpeter are a common source of inspiration for many of the authors. In the Schumpeterian spirit, all chapters are preoccupied with dynamic analysis of market economies and competition. The reader will find many new ideas and new models which may help to shape a new pathway for the theory of economic dynamics and related analyses

Natural selection is the main mechanism that drives the evolution of species, including human societies. Under natural selection, human species responds through genetic and cultural adaptations to internal and external selection pressures for survival and reproductive success. However, this theory is ineffective in explaining human societal evolution in the Holocene and a cultural selection argument has been made to remedy the theory. The present article provides a critique of the cultural selection argument and proposes an alternative conception that treats human self-selection as an emergent mechanism of human societal evolution characterized by a new type of selection pressure and a separate fitness criterion. Specifically, the evolution of human societies is divided into two major periods, each driven by a different mode of selection: natural selection acting on genes and cultures for survival and reproductive success prior to the Neolithic Revolution, and human self-selection acting on cultures – and potentially genes as well – for thrival and prosperous living after the Neolithic Revolution. The conditions for the transition from the first mode of selection to the second and the implications of this transition for social research are also discussed.

Over seventy-five years after the impassioned debate be- tween William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow echoed through a hot Tennessee courtroom, the controversial confrontation over science, religion, law, and education can still be heard in legislative halls, courtrooms, schools, and homes across the nation. The now infamous "Scopes Monkey Trial" of 19253 brought the debate between religious fundamentalism and modern day scientific theory to the forefront and sparked twenty state legislatures to consider measures to prohibit the teaching of evolution in public schools. Nearly a century later, the dispute rages on. Twenty states considered anti-evolution measures in both the 1920s and the 1990s. Whether the incorporation of certain religiously motivated theories of the earth's origin into public schools violates the fundamental separation between church and state is a question that continues to plague this country today. Since Charles Darwin first introduced the concept of evolution in his 1859 book The Origin of Species, Christian fundamentalists have rejected this scientific theory, contending that it conflicts with a literal reading of the Bible and its teachings that all living species were created by divine power. This Biblical-based tenet regarding the earth's origin is commonly known as "creationism," and its followers, "creationists," have developed various strategies that endeavor to remove the teaching of evolution from public schools and incorporate creationism into science curricula." Despite Supreme Court jurisprudence that laws banning and criminalizing the teaching of evolution, and laws mandating the teaching of creationism, violate the Establishment Clause, creationists continue to develop new tactics to voice their opinions and beliefs. Currently, Christian fundamentalists are using three strategies designed to remove evolution and, in certain instances, incorporate creationist theory into public school curricula. One strategy is to attempt to remove evolution from state science curricula, ...

This paper analyses how the urban development of austerity has affected urbangovernance in Spain. Since democracy was restored in Spain in the 1970s, local authorities andregional governments have played a key role in the development of the Spanish welfare system. Inthe 1990s there was an increase in urban enterprise in the major cities, with the development ofnew megaprojects and public–private partnerships. As a result of the 2008 economic crisis, highunemployment and increasing social inequality has occurred alongside a programme of institutionaland legal reforms carried out by the Spanish government and the European Union. These reformsinvolve budget cuts and an attempt to recentralise welfare policy at the expense of regional andlocal government, while further entrenching neoliberal urban policies. In response to this situation,the 2015 local elections saw new coalitions taking shape on the councils of major cities, bringingtogether the social response in recent years. Through a description of the general evolution and acomparison between the country's two major cities, Madrid and Barcelona, we explore both thesimilarities and the variations in urban governance in Spain. ; Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la gobernanza urbana en España desdelos 1970 hasta la actualidad teniendo en cuenta tanto su evolución general como las diferenciasentre las ciudades. Desde la restauración de la democracia los municipios, conjuntamentecon los gobiernos autonómicos, han sido un pilar para el desarrollo del sistemade bienestar español. En los años 1990 se produjo un aumento del empresarialismourbano en las principales ciudades a través del desarrollo de nuevos megaproyectos ypartenariados público-privados. Como resultado de la crisis económica en 2008 se iniciaronun conjunto de reformas institucionales llevadas a cabo por el Estado español y laUnión Europea. Estas reformas implicaron recortes presupuestarios y un intento de recentralizaciónde las políticas de bienestar a costa del papel de los gobiernos regionales ylocales a la vez que una profundización de las políticas de neoliberalismo urbano. Enrespuesta a la situación anterior, en las elecciones locales de 2015 acceden a los ayuntamientosde grandes ciudades nuevas coaliciones que aglutinan la contestación social delos últimos años. A través de una descripción de la evolución general y la comparación delas dos principales ciudades españolas, Madrid y Barcelona, exploramos tanto las similitudescomo las variaciones de la gobernanza urbana en España.

Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la gobernanza urbana en España desdelos 1970 hasta la actualidad teniendo en cuenta tanto su evolución general como las diferenciasentre las ciudades. Desde la restauración de la democracia los municipios, conjuntamentecon los gobiernos autonómicos, han sido un pilar para el desarrollo del sistemade bienestar español. En los años 1990 se produjo un aumento del empresarialismourbano en las principales ciudades a través del desarrollo de nuevos megaproyectos ypartenariados público-privados. Como resultado de la crisis económica en 2008 se iniciaronun conjunto de reformas institucionales llevadas a cabo por el Estado español y laUnión Europea. Estas reformas implicaron recortes presupuestarios y un intento de recentralizaciónde las políticas de bienestar a costa del papel de los gobiernos regionales ylocales a la vez que una profundización de las políticas de neoliberalismo urbano. Enrespuesta a la situación anterior, en las elecciones locales de 2015 acceden a los ayuntamientosde grandes ciudades nuevas coaliciones que aglutinan la contestación social delos últimos años. A través de una descripción de la evolución general y la comparación delas dos principales ciudades españolas, Madrid y Barcelona, exploramos tanto las similitudescomo las variaciones de la gobernanza urbana en España. ; This paper analyses how the urban development of austerity has affected urbangovernance in Spain. Since democracy was restored in Spain in the 1970s, local authorities andregional governments have played a key role in the development of the Spanish welfare system. Inthe 1990s there was an increase in urban enterprise in the major cities, with the development ofnew megaprojects and public–private partnerships. As a result of the 2008 economic crisis, highunemployment and increasing social inequality has occurred alongside a programme of institutionaland legal reforms carried out by the Spanish government and the European Union. These reformsinvolve budget cuts and an attempt to recentralise welfare policy at the expense of regional andlocal government, while further entrenching neoliberal urban policies. In response to this situation,the 2015 local elections saw new coalitions taking shape on the councils of major cities, bringingtogether the social response in recent years. Through a description of the general evolution and acomparison between the country's two major cities, Madrid and Barcelona, we explore both thesimilarities and the variations in urban governance in Spain.