Suchergebnisse

This literature review aims to summarise current knowledge on a human rights-based approach (HRBA) to evaluation and improve the basis for further conceptual discussions on this approach. To this end, we reviewed strategies and (publicly available) guidelines of multilateral and bilateral development actors, relevant tools for human rights in monitoring and evaluation, research articles, and evaluation reports published between 2014 and 2021.

ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS IN ADDRESSING THE PHENOMENON OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IS THAT, DESPITE A PLETHORA OF SCHOLARLY WORK AND MORE THAN THIRTY YEARS OF INTER-GOVERNMENTAL DISCOURSE, THERE IS STILL NO COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM. EXISTING DEFINITIONS TEND TO FALL INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES, ACADEMIC AND POLITICAL. CONTEMPORARY ACADEMIC DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM ARE PRIMARILY DESIGNED TO FIT INCIDENTS INTO VARIOUS STATISTICAL MODELS. THEY ARE OFTEN LENGTHY, OVER-COMPLICATED AND DEFY COMMON USAGE. GOVERNMENTAL DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM TEND TO BE AMBIGUOUS TO ALLOW THE MOST POLITICALLY CONVENIENT INTERPRETATION OF EVENTS. THIS PAPER TAKES A PRAGMATIC LOOK AT THE ONGOING DEFINITIONAL DILEMMA IN THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM. DRAWING UPON BOTH SIDES OF THE DEFINITIONAL SPECTRUM, IT CHARTS A MIDDLE COURSE ARGUING FOR A MORE LUCID AND FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION OF TERRORISM BASED ON PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS WHICH DISTINGUISH INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM FROM OTHER TYPES OF VIOLENCE.

This paper reports the findings of a time series analysis exploring the fundamental determinants of the substantial rise in U.K. self‐employment over the period 1972–92. The key findings are that the self‐employed/wage‐employed income differential has a high and positive effect upon the proportion of the workforce in self‐employment, supporting alternative wage theories of labour market status, as does housing wealth, supporting credit‐rationing theories. Perhaps the most interesting feature concerns the relationship between unemployment and self‐employment. On this we find that it is the duration structure of unemployment that matters, not simply the stock of unemployed people. This evidence may imply that self‐employment is a last resort for certain individuals marginalized in the employed sector and facing lengthy spells of unemployment.