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Sierpińska Lidia, Zielińska Katarzyna. Zachowania zdrowotne chorych z marskością wątroby = Health behaviours of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):316-332. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3749115http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3762https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/743709 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 19.08.2016. Zachowania zdrowotne chorych z marskością wątrobyHealth behaviours of patients with cirrhosis of the liver Lidia Sierpińska1, Katarzyna Zielińska2 11 Wojskowy Szpital Kliniczny z Polikliniką SP ZOZ w Lublinie1 Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Independent Public Health Care Unit, Lublin 2Studenckie Koło Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Biznesu i Przedsiębiorczości w Ostrowcu ŚwiętokrzyskimStudents' Scientific Circle, College of Business and Entrepreneurship, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski Adres do korespondencji:Dr n. med. Lidia Sierpińska1 Wojskowy Szpital Kliniczny z Polikliniką SP ZOZ, Al. Racławickie 23, 20-904 Lublin, Polandtel. 261183297; fax. 261183277e-mail: sierpinska1@wp.pl StreszczenieWprowadzenie. W ostatnich latach obserwuje się wzrost zachorowań na marskość wątroby. Zdaniem specjalistów postępujący proces zwłóknienia komórek wątroby zależy, między innymi, od antyzdrowotnych zachowań.Cel. Rozpoznanie poziomu zachowań zdrowotnych u pacjentów z marskością wątroby.Materiał i metoda. Badaniami objęto 102 dorosłych chorych - 64 mężczyzn i 38 kobiet w wieku 23 – 68 lat, hospitalizowanych w oddziale wewnętrznym, chirurgicznym; leczonych ambulatoryjnie oraz przebywających w zakładzie leczniczo-opiekuńczym. Badania przeprowadzono od stycznia do kwietnia 2016 roku. Metodą badawczą był sondaż diagnostyczny, zaś narzędziem – autorski kwestionariusz ankiety oraz standardowy Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych (IZZ) wg Juczyńskiego.Wyniki. W badanej grupie u 39,2% chorych wskaźnik zachowań zdrowotnych (IZZ) był przeciętny (5-6 sten), u 31,4% był wysoki (7–10 sten), u 29,5% respondentów był niski (1-4 sten). Dominującym zachowaniem zdrowotnym w badanej grupie było pozytywne nastawienie psychiczne (głównie u kobiet – p<0,01), a najniższy wskaźnik dotyczył codziennych praktyk zdrowotnych (głównie u mężczyzn – p<0,02).Wnioski. Ogólny wskaźnik zachowań zdrowotnych pacjentów z marskością wątroby był przeciętny, a dominującą kategorią było pozytywne nastawienie psychiczne, zaś najniższe wyniki dotyczyły codziennych praktyk zdrowotnych. Konieczne jest rozpowszechnianie edukacji zdrowotnej wśród chorych z marskością wątroby odnośnie codziennych praktyk zdrowotnych oraz prawidłowych nawyków żywieniowych. Edukacją zdrowotną należy objąć szczególnie mężczyzn z niższym wykształceniem, mieszkających na wsi, w wieku powyżej 50 roku życia. Słowa kluczowe: marskość wątroby, zachowania zdrowotne. SummaryIntroduction. In recent years an increase has been observed in morbidity due to cirrhosis of the liver. According to the specialists, the advancing process of fibrosis of hepatic cells depends, among others, on anti-health behaviours.Objective. Diagnosis of the level of health behaviours in patients with liver cirrhosis.Materials and method. The study included 102 adult patients - 64 males and 38 females, aged 23 – 68, hospitalized in the internal surgical ward, who received ambulatory treatment or stayed in a health care facility. The study was conducted during the period from January – April 2016. The research method was a diagnostic survey, while the instrument – a questionnaire designed by the author, and the standard Health Behaviour Inventory, according to Juczyński.Results. In the examined group, in 39.2% of patients the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) was mediocre (5-6 stens), in 31.4% the result was high (7–10 stens), and in 29.5% of respondents - low (1-4 stens). The dominant health behaviour in the group examined was a positive psychol0ogical attitude (mainly among women – p<0.01), whereas the lowest indicator concerned daily health practices (mainly in males – p<0.02).Conclusions. The general indicator of health behaviours of patients with cirrhosis of the liver was mediocre, and the dominant category was a positive psychological attitude, while the lowest results were obtained with respect to daily health practices. It is necessary to spread health education among patients with cirrhosis of the liver, concerning daily health practices and correct nutritional habits. Health education should be especially addressed to males with a lower education level, living in rural areas, and aged over 50. Key words: cirrhosis of the liver, health behaviours.

Source: DOI:10.1080/00233609.2016.1207701 ; The article explores the construction of Sami national heritage taking works from a touring exhibition, Gierdu, as the object for exploration. The exhibition opened in 2009 displaying 27 artworks from the art collection at RiddoDuottarMuseat in Karasjok in Norway. The exploration is contextualised as an understanding of heritage, tradition and modernity as dynamic concepts dealing with how we interpret and validate the past in the present. Artworks, both categorised as duodji, and dáidda are on display in Gierdu. In the early years of the Sami ethno-political movement, duodji was considered authentic Sami, while dáidda was considered non-Sami. In recent years, both Sami and other scholars have questioned the difference, claiming the relation between tradition and modernity as appropriations, dialogues and encounters rather than oppositions. Through a reading of a selection of works from the exhibition, several appropriations are found. One appropriation is how duodji is institutionalised in the art museum. Another is how Western, modernist art is included in a Sami collection of art. A third appropriation is how contemporary art practices as assemblage reintroduces magic and ritual to the gallery, from which such distractions previously were removed. The most important construction of heritage in Gierdu is the reconstruction of a space important for duodji – operating between the sacred and the profane. The reconstructed space has the same, dynamic qualities, but instead of a space between the sacred and the profane, art in the reconstructed space operates between tradition and modernity. This article will explore the construction of Sami national heritage by analysing works from the touring exhibition Gierdu. The 27 artworks on display in Gierdu all belong to the RiddoDuottarMuseat's (RDM's) collections, comprising 1200 artworks acquired since the early 1970s.11. RDM is an abbreviation of RiddoDuottarMuseat/The Sami Museum Collections. View all notes The collections, previously called The Sami Collections, are housed in Karasjok and was the first Sami cultural institution established in Norway. It opened in 1972 in a modernist building partly designed and decorated by the late Sami artist Iver Jåks (1932–2007). The establishment of one's own cultural institutions has been part of indigenous people's self-determination; to claim the position of subject has been a strategy to counteract the previous objectification in museums and art galleries.22. More about the relation between indigenous people and Western museums and art institutions, see James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art, Cambridge, MA, 1988, pp. 215–254. View all notes In the Norwegian part of Sápmi, both political and cultural Sami institutions have evolved in response to the cultural revitalisation the last 40 years.33. Paul Pedersen and Asle Høgmo, Sápmi slår tilbake: Samiske revitaliserings- og moderniseringsprosesser i siste generasjon, Kárášjohka, 2012, p. 19. View all notes Initially, The Sami Collections was mainly a museum of Sami cultural history, but one that also collected art. A committee of Sami artists has selected the acquisitions, and artists from all over Sápmi are represented. The art collection, funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Sami Parliament, is one of many examples of the institutional affirmation that have taken place. In Sami, the title Gierdu means "connection" or "circle", which relates to the traditional Sami understanding of time as cyclic rather than linear. The subtitle of the project, "Movements in the Sami Art World", addresses the project's goal to show movements in Sami art, and the dynamics and diversity in contemporary Sami art practices.44. Eva Skotnes Vikjord and Irene Snarby (Eds.), Gierdu: Bevegelser i samisk kunstverden/Sirdimat sámi duodje- ja dáiddamáilmmis, Bodø, 2009, p. 7.In addition to the touring exhibition, Gierdu consisted of seminars, a catalogue, and a website http://gierdu.no (12.05.2016). View all notes RDM cooperated with SKINN (Se Kunst i Nord-Norge) to curate Gierdu, which opened in 2009.55. SKINN is an abbreviation of a publicly funded organisation mediating art in northern Norway (Se Kunst I Nord-Norge). View all notes The objects for exploring the construction of Sami cultural heritage will be works that were on display in Gierdu, not the entire collection. The exploration divides the works into two categories: First "Duodji and tradition", then "Dáidda – The contemporary art practices". The motivation for this division is the fact that it still prevails both in the definition of Sami art provided by Sami Artists' Union and in RDM's description of the art collection.66. The distinction appears in the Sami Artists' Union's definition of Sami art. See Synnøve Persen (Ed.), Sámi Dáiddárleksikona/Samisk Kunstnerleksikon, Alta, 1993, pp. 8–9 and at the RDM webpage http://rdm.no/norsk/samisk_kunst/ (12.05.2016). The distinction also appears in numerous texts about Sami art. See Hanna H. Hansen, Fortellinger om samisk samtidskunst, Karasjok, 2007, p. 13f. View all notes Consequently, the exploration will in addition reconsider this division. Descriptions and analyses of the selected works will serve to elucidate my argument about the existence of twinning, appropriation, dialogues and encounters between tradition and modernity on various levels in Sami cultural heritage.

Sierpińska Lidia, Zielińska Katarzyna. Zachowania zdrowotne chorych z marskością wątroby = Health behaviours of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):316-332. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3749115http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3762https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/743709 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 19.08.2016. Zachowania zdrowotne chorych z marskością wątrobyHealth behaviours of patients with cirrhosis of the liver Lidia Sierpińska1, Katarzyna Zielińska2 11 Wojskowy Szpital Kliniczny z Polikliniką SP ZOZ w Lublinie1 Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Independent Public Health Care Unit, Lublin 2Studenckie Koło Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Biznesu i Przedsiębiorczości w Ostrowcu ŚwiętokrzyskimStudents' Scientific Circle, College of Business and Entrepreneurship, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski Adres do korespondencji:Dr n. med. Lidia Sierpińska1 Wojskowy Szpital Kliniczny z Polikliniką SP ZOZ, Al. Racławickie 23, 20-904 Lublin, Polandtel. 261183297; fax. 261183277e-mail: sierpinska1@wp.pl StreszczenieWprowadzenie. W ostatnich latach obserwuje się wzrost zachorowań na marskość wątroby. Zdaniem specjalistów postępujący proces zwłóknienia komórek wątroby zależy, między innymi, od antyzdrowotnych zachowań.Cel. Rozpoznanie poziomu zachowań zdrowotnych u pacjentów z marskością wątroby.Materiał i metoda. Badaniami objęto 102 dorosłych chorych - 64 mężczyzn i 38 kobiet w wieku 23 – 68 lat, hospitalizowanych w oddziale wewnętrznym, chirurgicznym; leczonych ambulatoryjnie oraz przebywających w zakładzie leczniczo-opiekuńczym. Badania przeprowadzono od stycznia do kwietnia 2016 roku. Metodą badawczą był sondaż diagnostyczny, zaś narzędziem – autorski kwestionariusz ankiety oraz standardowy Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych (IZZ) wg Juczyńskiego.Wyniki. W badanej grupie u 39,2% chorych wskaźnik zachowań zdrowotnych (IZZ) był przeciętny (5-6 sten), u 31,4% był wysoki (7–10 sten), u 29,5% respondentów był niski (1-4 sten). Dominującym zachowaniem zdrowotnym w badanej grupie było pozytywne nastawienie psychiczne (głównie u kobiet – p<0,01), a najniższy wskaźnik dotyczył codziennych praktyk zdrowotnych (głównie u mężczyzn – p<0,02).Wnioski. Ogólny wskaźnik zachowań zdrowotnych pacjentów z marskością wątroby był przeciętny, a dominującą kategorią było pozytywne nastawienie psychiczne, zaś najniższe wyniki dotyczyły codziennych praktyk zdrowotnych. Konieczne jest rozpowszechnianie edukacji zdrowotnej wśród chorych z marskością wątroby odnośnie codziennych praktyk zdrowotnych oraz prawidłowych nawyków żywieniowych. Edukacją zdrowotną należy objąć szczególnie mężczyzn z niższym wykształceniem, mieszkających na wsi, w wieku powyżej 50 roku życia. Słowa kluczowe: marskość wątroby, zachowania zdrowotne. SummaryIntroduction. In recent years an increase has been observed in morbidity due to cirrhosis of the liver. According to the specialists, the advancing process of fibrosis of hepatic cells depends, among others, on anti-health behaviours.Objective. Diagnosis of the level of health behaviours in patients with liver cirrhosis.Materials and method. The study included 102 adult patients - 64 males and 38 females, aged 23 – 68, hospitalized in the internal surgical ward, who received ambulatory treatment or stayed in a health care facility. The study was conducted during the period from January – April 2016. The research method was a diagnostic survey, while the instrument – a questionnaire designed by the author, and the standard Health Behaviour Inventory, according to Juczyński.Results. In the examined group, in 39.2% of patients the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) was mediocre (5-6 stens), in 31.4% the result was high (7–10 stens), and in 29.5% of respondents - low (1-4 stens). The dominant health behaviour in the group examined was a positive psychol0ogical attitude (mainly among women – p<0.01), whereas the lowest indicator concerned daily health practices (mainly in males – p<0.02).Conclusions. The general indicator of health behaviours of patients with cirrhosis of the liver was mediocre, and the dominant category was a positive psychological attitude, while the lowest results were obtained with respect to daily health practices. It is necessary to spread health education among patients with cirrhosis of the liver, concerning daily health practices and correct nutritional habits. Health education should be especially addressed to males with a lower education level, living in rural areas, and aged over 50. Key words: cirrhosis of the liver, health behaviours.

This article reviews the findings of a study on social responsibility, particularly that of universities in the twenty-first century. It underscores the importance of the university-business-state relationship as a strategy to encourage the development of research and innovation through an association between education, business and government sectors geared towards generating competitive capacity for the advancement of science, technology and production processes aimed at increasing productivity in a way that will contribute to the advancement of society. The article is divided into five parts. In the first, social responsibility is conceptualized as a key element in the business-society relationship. The second part outlines the university's responsibility to society and points out that, in addition to training professionals, it is the university's mission to create and recreate knowledge relevant to the region. In the third section, the responsibility of companies is analyzed in light of their capacity as organizations that acquire processes for innovation and competitiveness through their relationship with academia. In the fourth section, the responsibility of the university in processes of change in relation to the productive sector is identified; and, in the firth, the establishment of university-business-state relations is described as a strategy to create scenarios of trust between the three sectors. The study concludes that the social responsibility of universities in the XXI century is assumed from the standpoint of the relevance of their core functions to the social context. Therefore, universities should integrate with the economic, political, social, cultural and environmental areas of society by playing a significant role in the development of the region and the country. ; Este artículo de revisión es el resultado de investigación sobre la responsabilidad social (RS), particularmente la que debe cumplir la universidad del siglo XXI. Evidencia la importancia de la relación universidad-empresa-Estado como estrategia para propiciar el desarrollo de investigación e innovación, mediante la interrelación de los sectores educativo, empresarial y gubernamental, a partir de la cual se propende por la generación de capacidad competitiva para el avance de la ciencia, la tecnología y los procesos productivos, encaminados a incrementar la productividad para impactar el avance de la sociedad. Se estructura en cinco partes: en la primera se conceptualiza sobre la responsabilidad social como elemento fundamental en la relación empresa-sociedad; en la segunda se presenta la responsabilidad de la universidad frente a la sociedad, y se puntualiza que, además de formar profesionales, tiene la misión de crear y recrear conocimiento pertinente para la región; en la tercera se analiza la responsabilidad de la empresa, como organización que asume procesos de innovación y competitividad desde la relación con la academia; en la cuarta se identifica la responsabilidad de la universidad frente a procesos de cambio en relación con el sector productivo; y en quinto lugar se describe el establecimiento de las relaciones universidad-empresa-Estado como estrategia para instaurar escenarios de confianza entre los tres sectores. El estudio concluye que la responsabilidad social de la universidad en el siglo XXI se asume desde la pertinencia de sus funciones sustantivas con el contexto social; por consiguiente, debe integrarse a los ámbitos económico, político, social, cultural y ambiental, participando significativa en el desarrollo de la región y el país. DOI:10.5294/edu.2015.18.1.6 ; Este artigo de revisão é o resultado de pesquisa sobre a responsabilidade social, particularmente a que deve cumprir a universidade do século XXI. Evidencia a importancia da relação universidade-empresa-Estado como estratégia para propiciar o desenvolvimento de pesquisa e inovação, mediante a inter-relação dos setores educativo, empresarial e governamental, a partir da qual se propende pela geração de capacidade competitiva para o avanço da ciência, da tecnologia e dos processos produtivos, que visam aumentar a produtividade para impactar o avanço da sociedade. É dividido em cinco partes: na primeira, conceitualiza-se sobre a responsabilidade social como elemento fundamental na relação empresa-sociedade; na segunda, apresenta-se a responsabilidade da universidade perante a sociedade, e assinala-se que, além de formar profissionais, tem a missão de criar e recriar conhecimento pertinente para a região; na terceira, analisa-se a responsabilidade da empresa como organização que assume processos de inovação e competitividade a partir da relação com a academia; na quarta, identifica-se a responsabilidade da universidade diante de processos de mudança com relação ao setor produtivo; em quinto lugar, descreve-se o estabelecimento das relações universidade-empresa-Estado como estratégia para instaurar cenários de confiança entre os três setores. O estudo conclui que a responsabilidade social da universidade no século XXI assume-se a partir da pertinência de suas funções substantivas com o contexto social; portanto, deve ser integrada aos ámbitos econômico, político, social, cultural e ambiental, participando deforma significativa no desenvolvimento da região e do país.

The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions introduced in 2020 in many countries on economic activity and gainful employment have in many cases, reduced the incomes of individual households. As a result, the actual ability to meet credit obligations has declined, particularly for those who have lost their jobs or livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant challenge for economies, national authorities, and entrepreneurs, including borrowers. This article aims to analyse the legal regulations in Poland, and Vietnam, introducing instruments to support borrowers, consumers, and entrepreneurs, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors will present the legal basis for the instruments to support borrowers provided in the studied countries, indicate their legal nature, forms, and conditions of using them. They also compare legal solutions introduced in connection with the pandemic aimed at mitigating its adverse effects on borrowers in Poland, and Vietnam, to indicate whether cultural differences and differences in legal systems, as well as individual approaches to the domestic credit market, affected the choice of legal instruments for supporting borrowers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, or not. ; Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska: edyta.rutkowska-tomaszewska@uwr.edu.pl ; Marta Stanisławska: mmstanislawska@gmail.com ; Hien Thuc Trinh: hientt@uel.edu.vn ; Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska is Associate Professor and the University of Wroclaw and the Head of the Department of Finance Management at the Institute of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics, University of Wroclaw, Poland. ; Marta Stanisławska is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economy and Finance, Faculty of Technical and Economic Sciences, Witelon State University of Applied Sciences in Legnica, Poland. ; Hien Trinh, PhD in Law, Lecturer in the Institute of International and Comparative Law, University of Economics and Law, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ; Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska - University of Wroclaw, Poland ; Marta Stanisławska - Witelon State University of Applied Sciences in Legnica, Poland ; Hien Thuc Trinh - University of Economics and Law, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Access to commercial finance for SMEs with the support of public institutions, https://alebank.pl/dostep-mmsp-do-fi nansowania-komercyjnego-ze-wsparciem-instytucji-publicznych/?id=376412&catid=22872&cat2id=25928. ; Acharya V.V., Engle III R.F., Steffen S., Why did bank stocks crash during COVID-19?, "National Bureau of Economic Research" 2021, https://www.nber.org/papers/w28559. ; Aji B.S., Warka M., Kongres E., Credit Dispute Resolution through Banking Mediation during Covid-19 Pandemic Situation, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1823. ; Baicu. 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BACKGROUND: There are few accounts of evidence-based interventions for depression and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in primary care in low-income countries. The Friendship Bench Project is a collaborative care mental health intervention in primary care in Harare for CMDs which began as a pilot in 2006. CASE PRESENTATION: We employed a mixture of quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate the project's acceptability and implementation, 4-8 years after the initial pilot study. We carried out basic descriptive analyses of routine data on attendance collected between 2010 and 2014. We also conducted five focus group discussions (FGDs) with LHWs in 2013 and 12 in-depth interviews, six with staff and six with patients, to explore experiences of the intervention, which we analysed using grounded theory. Results show that the intervention appears highly acceptable as evidenced by a consistent number of visits between 2010 and 2014 (mean 505 per year, SD 132); by the finding that the same team of female community LHWs employed as government health promoters continue to deliver assessment and problem-solving therapy, and the perceived positive benefits expressed by those interviewed. Clients described feeling 'relieved and relaxed' after therapy, and having their 'mind opened', and LHWs describing satisfaction from being agents of change. Characteristics of the LHWs (status in the community, maturity, trustworthiness), and of the intervention (use of locally validated symptom screen, perceived relevance of problem-solving therapy) and continuity of the LHW team appeared crucial. Challenges to implementation included the LHWs ongoing need for weekly supervision despite years of experience; the supervisors need for supervision for herself; training needs in managing suicidal and hostile clients; poor documentation; lack of follow-up of depressed clients; and poor access to antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: This case study shows that a collaborative care intervention for CMDs is positively received by patients, rewarding for LHWs to deliver, and can be sustained over time at low cost. Next steps include evaluation of the impact of the intervention through a randomised trial, and testing of a technological platform for supporting supervision and monitoring clients' attendance.

Background: The prevalence of male obesity is increasing but few men take part in weight loss programmes. We assessed the effect of a weight loss and healthy living programme on weight loss in football (soccer) fans. Methods: We did a two-group, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial of 747 male football fans aged 35-65 years with a body-mass index (BMI) of 28 kg/m2 or higher from 13 Scottish professional football clubs. Participants were randomly assigned with SAS (version 9·2, block size 2-9) in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by club, to a weight loss programme delivered by community coaching staff in 12 sessions held every week. The intervention group started a weight loss programme within 3 weeks, and the comparison group were put on a 12 month waiting list. All participants received a weight management booklet. Primary outcome was mean difference in weight loss between groups at 12 months, expressed as absolute weight and a percentage of their baseline weight. Primary outcome assessment was masked. Analyses were based on intention to treat. The trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN32677491. Findings: 374 men were allocated to the intervention group and 374 to the comparison group. 333 (89%) of the intervention group and 355 (95%) of the comparison group completed 12 month assessments. At 12 months the mean difference in weight loss between groups, adjusted for baseline weight and club, was 4·94 kg (95% CI 3·95-5·94) and percentage weight loss, similarly adjusted, was 4·36% (3·64-5·08), both in favour of the intervention (p<0·0001). Eight serious adverse events were reported, five in the intervention group (lost consciousness due to drugs for pre-existing angina, gallbladder removal, hospital admission with suspected heart attack, ruptured gut, and ruptured Achilles tendon) and three in the comparison group (transient ischaemic attack, and two deaths). Of these, two adverse events were reported as related to participation in the programme (gallbladder removal and ruptured Achilles tendon). Interpretation: The FFIT programme can help a large proportion of men to lose a clinically important amount of weight; it offers one effective strategy to challenge male obesity. Funding: Scottish Government and The UK Football Pools funded delivery of the programme through a grant to the Scottish Premier League Trust. The National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research Programme funded the assessment (09/3010/06). © 2014 Hunt et al.

Microenterprises that produce dairy products face problems of unfair competition, unfavorable government regulations, and under-utilization of milk derivatives. This work focuses its objective on analyzing and developing strategic marketing for the strengthening of dairy production; For this, the contributions of marketing and its relationship with dairy production are enunciated and the marketing strategies of applied products are analyzed. Through a qualitative approach, with quantitative data, in the light of a descriptive, cross-sectional method, the methodological process is developed, through which results are obtained that show the need to propose product strategies and take advantage of serum waste milk. In this sense, the elaboration of products derived from whey is proposed for their subsequent commercialization. As a conclusion, small economy companies cannot afford investments of more than 800,000.00 USD; therefore, they require alternatives such as associativity. 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Hoyos Ballesteros, "Plan de marketing : diseño, implementación y control," p. 203, 2013. ; Las microempresas que elaboran productos lácteos afrontan problemas de competencia desleal, reglamentos gubernamentales desfavorables y bajo aprovechamiento de derivados de la leche. Este trabajo, centra su objetivo en analizar y desarrollar marketing estratégico para el fortalecimiento de la producción láctea; para ello, se enuncian los aportes del marketing y su relación con la producción láctea y se analizan las estrategias de marketing de productos aplicados. Mediante un enfoque cualitativo, con datos cuantitativos, a la luz de un método descriptivo, de corte trasversal, se desarrolla el proceso metodológico, mediante el cual, se obtienen resultados que muestran la necesidad de plantear estrategias de producto y, aprovechar el desperdicio de suero de leche. En este sentido, se plantea la elaboración de productos derivados del suero para su posterior comercialización. Como conclusión, las empresas de economías pequeñas no pueden permitirse inversiones de más 800.000.00 USD; por lo que, requieren alternativas como la asociatividad. Palabras clave: marketing estratégico, estrategias de productos, lácteos, suero de leche. Referencias [1]M. L. Castells et al., Valorización del lactosuero. 2017. [2]G. y P. Dirección de Innovación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de la Secretaría de Gobierno de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable, en articulación con la Dirección Nacional Láctea del Ministerio de Agricultura, "Recuperación y valorización de lactosuero en PYMES de la cuenca láctea argentina , a través," 2019. [3]T. Vallet Bellmunt et al., Principios del Marketing Estrategico. 2015. [4]P. Kotler, "Marketing_4.0_ESP," p. 112, 2014. [5]R. Hoyos Ballesteros, "R. Hoyos Ballesteros, Plan de marketing: diseño, implementación y control.,"2013. https://elibro.puce.elogim.com/es/ereader/puce/69263?page=13 (accessed Mar. 10, 2021). [6]C. Lamb, J. Hair, and C. 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Available: https://e152f73b-81b4-4206-a6ee-8b984b6a13b0.filesusr.com/ugd/6cc8de_513a9bb8db76451a9a74586d7902bb3b.pdf. [11]Magap, "Acuerdo ministerial 394. Regular y controlar el precio del litro de leche cruda pagado en finca y/o centro de acopio al productor y promover la calidad e inocuidad de la leche cruda.," Minist. Agric. Ganad. y Pesca del Ecuador, no. 111, p. 10, 2013, [Online]. Available: www.magap.gob.ec. [12]J. P. Grijalva Cobo, "La industria lechera en Ecuador: un modelo de desarrollo," Retos, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 6, 2011, doi:10.17163/ret.n1.2011.08. [13]Acuerdo-ministerial-177_"sostenibilidad_cadena_láctea".pdf. [14]Procesamiento de suero | Manual de procesamiento de lácteos. https://dairyprocessinghandbook.tetrapak.com/chapter/whey-processing (accessed Apr. 07, 2021). [15]P. Dianela, "Procesamiento del lactosuero: elaboración de lactosa y aprovechamiento de proteínas," Tecnol. Láctea Latinoam. No, vol. 87, p. 44, 2015. [16]Énfasis Alimentación, "suero-polvo-desproteinizado-la-estrella-la-panaderia," 2020. [17] B. Jonson, "Los productos de suero de leche de Estados Unidos en botanas y aderezos," U.S. Dairy Export Counc., pp. 1–8, 2010. [18]J. Keeton, "Aplicaciones de Productos de Suero y Lactosa en Carnes Procesadas," Mundo Lácteo y Cárnico, pp. 18–25, 2008. [19]N. Hosp et al., "Nutrición Hospitalaria Trabajo Original Correspondencia." [20]E. Sequera, C. Farfán, and W. Zambrano, "Analisis del perfil de deseabilidad del valor nutricional de un alimento en barra a base de ajonjolí, maní y suero lácteo en polvo," rev. Científica mangifera, pp. 103–115, 2019. [21]"Obtención de hidrolizados proteicos bajos en fenilalanina a partir de suero dulce de leche y chachafruto (Erythrina edulis Triana)."https://www.alanrevista.org/ediciones/2019/1/art-4/ (accessed May 02, 2021). [22] ean Cano, "Ecuador compró más suero de leche en polvo," 30 sep. 2019, Sep. 2019. [23]"agricultura-suero-polvo-leche-calidad." 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Agar kinerja suatu SKPD dapat baik tentu dalam menyusun Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran SKPD kebutuhan akan informasi mutlak diperlukan oleh para user untuk menjadikan perencanaannya berkualitas yang tentu saja akan berpengaruh kepada kinerja dari SKPD tersebut, kebutuhan informasi tersebut dapat berupa informasi keuangan maupun informasi non keuangan.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemanfaatan informasi Laporan Keuangan SKPD dalam menyusun RKA-SKPD terhadap kinerja perencanaan di SKPD.Jenis data pada penelitian ini adalah data primer.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, penelitian dilakukan menggunakan analisis regresi berganda.Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa dari semua elemen dalam Laporan Keuangan SKPD Pemerintah Kabupaten Sekadau dalam pemanfaatan Laporan Keuangan SKPD dalam menyusun RKA-SKPD dimana pemanfaatan LRA dan Neraca dala­­­­­­­m menyusun RKA-SKPD berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap Kinerja Perencanaan di SKPD dengan nilai sig. 0,029 dan 0,031 atau < 0,05 sementara LPE,LO, Arus Kas dan CALK tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kinerja Perencanaan di SKPD. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan secara simultan atas komponen-komponen dalam laporan keuangan SKPD juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja perencanaan dimananilai F hitung adalah 10,731 < 2,960. Kata Kunci : Laporan Realisasi Anggaran, RKA-SKPD,Kinerja Perencanaan.DAFTAR PUSTAKA Agustijanti Diah. 2016. "Studi Eksplorasi Pemanfaatan Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Untuk Pengambilan Keputusan Ekonomi Pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Klaten", Universitas Gajah Mada, Fakultas Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Universitas Gadjah Mada,Yogyakarta, 2016. Ghozali, Imam. 2013. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariat Dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbitan Universitas Diponegoro. Hidayati Sri, Basuki Prayitno,Pancawati Sri "Pengaruh Partisipasi Anggaran, Pemahaman Penyusun Rencana Kerja Anggaran (RKA) Dan Asimetri Informasi Terhadap Efektifitas Anggaran Skpd Di Pemerintah Kota Mataram",Jurnal InFestasi Vol. 11, No.1, Hal. 93 – 111, Juni 2015. Kaho Melki.S. 2015."Analisis Manfaat Informasi Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Bagi Pengguna Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah (LKPD) Dalam Pengambilan Keputusan(Studi Kasus Pada Pemerintah Kota Kupang)", Fakultas EkonomiUniversitas Katolik Widya Mandira, Kupang, 2015. L.Yudhiansyah "Efektivitas Penyusunan Rencana Kerja Anggaran (RKA) Pada Kantor Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah", e-Jurnal Katalogis, Volume 3 Nomor 12, hlm 157-162, Desember 2015. Mardiasmo. 2006. Perwujudan Transparasi dan Akuntabilitas Publik Melalui Akuntasi Sektor Publik: Suatu Sarana Good Governance. Jurnal Akuntansi Pemerintah, Vol. 2 No. 1, Hal. 1-17. Diakses tanggal 15 November melalui http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2010/06/pewujudan-transparansi-dan-akuntabilitas-publik-melalui-akuntansi-sektor-publik/ Nastiti Rizkiyani, Lutfi Achmad. 2013. "Analisis Proses Penyusunan Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Sekretariat Presiden Tahun 2013", Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia", Jakarta, 2013. Paulsson, G, 2006. Accrual Accounting in the Public Sector: Experiences From the Central Government in Sweden- Financial Accountability & Management [WWW Document]. Diakses pada 15 November 2018 melalui http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0267-4424.2006.00392.x/abstract Peran Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Pengambilan Kebijakan Desentralisasi Fiskal, Artikel diakses tanggal 20 November 2018, dari https://bpkad.bekasikota.go.id/2017/04/27/peran-laporan-keuangan-pemerintah-daerah-dalam-pengambilan-kebijakan-desentralisasi-fiskal/ Peraturan Bupati Sekadau Nomor 34 Tahun 2014 tentang Kebijakan Akuntansi Pemerintah Kabupaten Sekadau. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Sekadau Nomor 2 Tahun 2010 tentang Pokok-Pokok Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah (Lembaran Daerah Kabupaten Sekadau Tahun 2010 Nomor 2). 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Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 86 Tahun 2017TentangTata Cara Perencanaan, Pengendalian Dan EvaluasiPembangunan Daerah, Tata Cara Evaluasi Rancangan PeraturanDaerah Tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang DaerahDan RencanaPembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah, SertaTata Cara Perubahan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka PanjangDaerah, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah, DanRencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah. Risalawati Fitri, Sudarno "Pemanfaatan Laporan Posisi Keuangan Oleh Pengguna Dalam Pengambilan Keputusan(Studi Empiris Pada Instansi Pemerintahan Di Jawa Tengah)", Diponegoro Journal Of Accounting, Volume 3, Nomor 2, , Halaman 1, 2014. Sugiyono. 2010. Metode Penelitian Bisnis (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D). Bandung: ALFABETA. Sujoko Arif, Nurkholis, Saraswita Erwin "Penggunaan Informasi Finansial dan Kinerja Nonfinansial dalam Pengalokasian Anggaran Dekonsentrasi dan Tugas Pembantuan, Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, Vol. 18, No. 2, November 2016. 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According to the "Water strategy" accepted by the Government of Russian Federation in 2009, risks of the negative influence of natural water on the environment mostly are related with the peak flood runoff. The water deficit is not in the list of risks. The water deficit has begun to increase during the past decades even in humid zones mainly due to the climate change. Therefore, there is a necessity to assess reasons and trends of water regimes and water resources changes for different territories. The twofold of the runoff distribution in the different chains of the river network displayed for the modern decades. The low flows in the lower river chains (so-called "the large rivers") increased substantially since 1987-1990. The same situation was in "the small rivers" until 2000's, but low flows there became decrease later (however, it is still more than it was during 1950-1970's). The favorable conditions of the water leakage keeping for the long period had led to the disturbance of the water balance components, when water leakage in rivers became exceed their feeding, and water has "outflow" from the basins of small rivers. Nonsynchronous changes of the water regimes of river net chains of different order can't be explained by "global approaches" to the climate changes. Therefore, there is a different suggested way to solve this problem, related to nonlinear reaction of the river basins water system to the climate long-term variations, when one quasi-stationary conditions (definite relative stable period of climate conditions) change to another. It is useful to add to "The water strategy" more detailed hydrological basis. It should include all aspects of the standard and special hydrological network development, problems of the scientific study hydrological processes, spatial-temporary nonuniformity of the different order river basins water turnover reaction on the climate change. ; Объектом настоящего исследования являются разномасштабные эффекты влияния изменения климата на гидрологический режим. Существующие подходы к оценке влияния климата на водные ресурсы и гидрологический режим основаны на глобальных данных или данных гидрометеорологического мониторинга регионального уровня. В соответствии с таким сложившимся подходом разрабатываются и адаптационные стратегии как на секторальном (в секторах экономики), так и на региональном уровне. Вместе с тем, реакция водного режима территорий на происходящее изменение климата, и, в первую очередь, температуры воздуха, неоднозначна для водных объектов различных масштабов. Например, на малых реках северо-запада Российской Федерации и в бассейне верхней Волги начиная с 1995-2000 г. наблюдается снижение минимального стока, в том числе зимой. Пересыхают родники, снижаются уровни грунтовых вод, деградирует первичная гидрографическая сеть. Одновременно с этим наблюдаются значительный сток в межень на крупных реках, идет активизация процессов подтоплений территорий, экзогенных процессов. Такое несинхронное изменение водности в разных звеньях гидрографической сети речных бассейнов не может быть объяснено на основе общих соображений влияния климата на сток. Соответственно, не могут быть разработаны и оптимальные адаптивные мероприятия к происходящим изменениям в водном режиме территорий. Нестационарность и нелинейность процессов формирования стока в переходный климатический период вносят большую неопределенность в гидрологическое обоснование проектирования и эксплуатации объектов водохозяйственного комплекса, сельского хозяйства, гидроэнергетики и так далее Поэтому нужен более дифференцированный подход к оценке изменений в водном режиме территорий, связанных с нелинейной реакцией водной системы речных бассейнов на климатические изменения при переходе от одного квазистационарного состояния к другому. Литература Арефьева Е.В., Мухин В.И., Мирмович Э.Г. Подтопление, как потенциальный источник чрезвычайных ситуаций // Технологии гражданской безопасности. 2007. Том 4. № 4. С.69-72. Жигунов A.B, Семакова Т.А., Шабунин Д.А. Массовое усыхание лесов на Северо-Западе России // Материалы научной конференции «Лесобиологические исследования на Северо-Западе таежной зоны России: итоги и перспективы», посвященной 50-летию Института леса Карельского научного центра РАН (г. Петрозаводск, 3-5 октября 2007 года). Петрозаводск: КарНЦ РАН, 2007. C. 42-52 Иванова Н.Н., Ларионов Г.А. Динамика протяженности малых рек: факторы и количественные оценки // Причины и механизмы пересыхания малых рек / Под ред. А.П.Дедкова, Г.П.Бутакова. Казань: изд-во Казан.ун-та, 1996. С. 37-42 Разумов В.В., Разумова Н.В., Молчанов Э.Н. Подтопление земель в Сибирском регионе России // Геориск. 2015. № 4. С. 22-36. Рожков А.А., Козак В.Т. Устойчивость лесов. М.: Агропромиздат, 1988. 232 с. Сурина Е.А. К вопросу об усыхании ельников в междуречье Северной Двины и Пинеги в условиях глобального потепления климата // Материалы Всероссийской конференции: IV Мелеховские научные чтения, посвященные 105-летию со дня рождения Мелехова И.С. «Проблемы лесоведения и лесоводства» (г. Архангельск, 10-12 ноября 2010 г.). Архангельск: Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет, 2010. С. 188-191. Grigoriev V.Yu., Frolova N.L. Terrestrial water storage change of European Russia and its impact on water balance. // Geography, Environment, Sustainability. 2018. Vol. 11. No. 1. P. 38-50. DOI:10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-1-38-50 Zhuravin S.A., Markov M.L. Development of studies in small research basins in Russia and the most recent tasks. // Proceedings of the Workshop «Status and Perspectives of Hydrology in Small Basins» (Goslar-Hahnenklee, Germany, 30 March–2 April 2009). / eds. by A. Herrmann, S.Schumann. IAHS Publ. 336. 2010. P. 219-224.

RESUMEN: El excesivo uso de la prisión preventiva por parte de los órganos jurisdiccionales, supone una limitación a la libertad personal de un individuo que se presume inocente, sin tener en cuenta la existencia de otras medidas que pueden garantizar la finalidad perseguida en el proceso, razón por la cual, se abordó esta temática, a fin de demostrar la aplicación mayoritaria de la prisión preventiva por parte de los jueces de la unidad judicial de garantías penales del cantón Santo Domingo, para lo cual, se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos de la investigación (Analítico-Sintético, Histórico-Lógico, Inductivo-Deductivo, Análisis documental y el Método de expertos entre otros), que permitió un acercamiento doctrinal así como su tratamiento en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano. Se concluye de acuerdo al discurso científico abordado, que existe una aplicación preferente y mayoritaria de la prisión preventiva, frente a otras medidas cautelares de las establecidas en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal por parte de los jueces de la Unidad Judicial de Garantías Penales de la ciudad de Santo Domingo. PALABRAS CLAVE: Embarazadas, adolescentes, vulvovaginitis, Candidiasis Vulvovaginal. ABSTRACT The excessive use of pretrial detention by the judges, implies a limitation on the personal freedom of an individual who is presumed innocent, without considering the existence of other measures that can guarantee the objective pursued in the process, for which reason, this issue was addressed in order to demonstrate the majority application of pretrial detention by judicial unit judges of penal guarantees the Santo Domingo canton, for which, theoretical and empirical research methods were used (Analytical-synthetic, historical-logical, inductive-deductive, documentary analysis and the method of experts among others), which allowed a doctrinal approach as well as its treatment the Ecuadorian legal system. It is concluded according to the scientific discourse addressed, that there is a preferential and majority application of the pretrial detention, against other precautionary measures previously established in the Integral Penal Code by the judges of the Judicial Unit of Penal Guarantees the Santo Domingo canton. KEYWORDS: Pretrial Detention, Precautionary Measure, Last reason REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. (25 de 6 de 2018). Naciones Unidas. Recuperado el 22 de noviembre de 2018, de Naciones Unidas: http://www.un.org/es/universal-declaration-human-rights/ Asamblea Nacional. (2008). Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador. Quito: Corporacion de Estudios y Publicaciones. Recuperado el 7 de diciembre de 2018 Asamblea Nacional. (21 de 9 de 2009). Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2018, de LEXISFINDER: https://www.oas.org/juridico/PDFs/mesicic4_ecu_org2.pdf Asamblea Nacional. (3 de febrero de 2014). Recuperado el 23 de noviembre de 2018, de LEXISFINDER: https://www.defensa.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2018/03/COIP_feb2018.pdf Batista Hernández, N., Montalvo Villalva, I., & Intriago Alcívar, G. C. (2016). Responsabilidad social, pobreza, derecho ambiental y naturaleza. Revista Magazine de las Ciencias. ISSN: 2528-8091, 1- 6. Batista Hernández, N., Ordoñez Guerrero, R., & Avilés Quiñonez, W. (2016). Universidad y Planificación Estratégica en el Ecuador. Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación. ISSN: 2224-2643, 1-10. Benítez García, J. M., Estupiñan Ricardo, J., & Montalvo Villalva, I. (2016). Acciones didácticas para la autorrealización física integral de los estudiantes de carreras agropecuarias. Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación. ISSN: 2224-2643, 1-10. Bovino, A. (28 de Septiembre de 2015). No hay Derecho. Recuperado el 10 de diciembre de 2018, de No hay Derecho: http://nohuboderecho.blogspot.com/2015/09/el-encarcelamiento-preventivo-es.html?m=0 Cañizares, E. R. (8 de Agosto de 2012). Derecho Ecuador. Recuperado el 10 de diciembre de 2018, de Derecho Ecuador: https://www.derechoecuador.com/aplicacion-del-principio-de-proporcionalidad Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (17 de 1 de 2014). Recuperado el 22 de noviembre de 2018, de OEA: http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2014/001.asp Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. (24 de 8 de 2018). cidh.org. Recuperado el 26 de noviembre de 2018, de www.cidh.org: https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/2016/ecad12208es.pdf Delitos contra el derecho a la propiedad, 23281-2018-01389 (Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas 13 de 9 de 2018). Recuperado el 7 de dicembre de 2018 Democracia Participativa. (2016). net. Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2018, de democraciaparticipativa.net: https://democraciaparticipativa.net/documentos-data-a-referenda/documentos-en-espanol/documentos-sobre-derechos-humanos/10371-declaracion-de-los-derechos-del-hombre-y-del-ciudadano-1789.html Jauchen, E. (2012). Tratado de Derecho Procesal Penal. Tomo II. Buenos Aires: Rubinzal-Culzoni. Recuperado el 10 de diciembre de 2018 López, W. (2014). La Prsión Preventiva en el Estado Constitucional. Quito: Editorial Jurídica del Ecuador. Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2018 Ollague, M. J. (febrero de 2014). edu.ec. Recuperado el 12 de diciembre de 2018, de ulver.edu.ec: http://repositorio.ulvr.edu.ec/bitstream/44000/485/1/T-ULVR-0435.pdf Real Academia de la Lengua Española. (25 de 8 de 2018). Enclave RAE. Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2018, de http://dle.rae.es/srv/fetch?id=UCpprON Reyes-Sinisterra, C. C. (27 de mayo de 2016). Las medidas cautelares anticipatorias e innominadas en el proceso arbitral en Colombia. Vniversitas, 389-422. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.vj132.mcai Wolters Kluwer. (26 de 8 de 2018). Guias Juridicas Wolters Kluwer. 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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Objectives:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> African American children are at higher risk of obesity than White children and African American women are more likely to undergo caesarean-section (CS) delivery than White women.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">CS is associated with childhood obesity, however, little is known whether this relationship varies by race.</span><span style="font-size: medium;">We examined if the association of CS with obesity at age 2 years varied by race.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Design: </span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Longitudinal birth cohort.</span><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Setting:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> Birth cohort conducted in a health care system in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan with follow-up at age 2 years.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Participants:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> 639 birth cohort participants; 367 children (57.4%) were born to African American mothers and 230 (36.0%) children were born via CS.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Main Outcome Measure: </span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Obesity defined as body mass index </span><strong></strong><span style="font-size: medium;">≥95</span>^{<span style="font-size: small;">th</span>}<span style="font-size: medium;"> percentile at age 2 years.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> Slightly more children of African American (n=37; 10.1%) than non-African American mothers (n=18; 6.6%) were obese (</span><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span><span style="font-size: medium;">=.12). There was evidence of effect modification between race and delivery mode with obesity at age 2 years (interaction<em> </em></span><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span><span style="font-size: medium;">=.020).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In children of African-American mothers, CS compared to vaginal birth was associated with a significantly higher odds of obesity (aOR=2.35 (95% CI: 1.16, 4.77), </span><em><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span></em><span style="font-size: medium;">=.017).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In contrast, delivery mode was not associated with obesity at age 2 years in children of non-African-American mothers (aOR=.47 (95% CI: .13, 1.71), </span><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span><span style="font-size: medium;">=.25).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusions:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> There is evidence for a race-specific effect of CS on obesity at age 2 years; potential underlying mechanisms may be racial differences in the developing gut microbiome or in epigenetic programming.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Future research is needed to determine if this racial difference persists into later childhood. <em>Ethn Dis.</em> 2016;26(1):61-68; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.61<br /></span></span></p><p> </p>

Inhaltsangabe: Einleitung: Seit der politischen Wende im ehemaligen Einflussbereich der Sowjetunion und der Auflösung des Rates für gegenseitige Hilfe (RGW) in den 80er Jahre sind die Staaten des östlichen Mitteleuropas sowie des östlichen und südöstlichen Europas, aber auch viele Staaten in Südostasien mit unterschiedlich ausgeprägtem Reformwillen bestrebt, die sozialistische Planwirtschaft zu überwinden und marktwirtschaftliche Strukturen aufzubauen. Dies gilt ebenfalls für Vietnam. Nach der Wiedervereinigung Süd- und Nordvietnams im Jahr 1975 wurde im ganzen Land die zentrale Planwirtschaft nach sowjetischem Vorbild eingeführt. Dieser Planwirtschaft hatte zusammen mit den Folgen des Krieges und mit den Auswirkungen der Außenpolitik Vietnams zur Wirtschaftskrise des Landes Anfang der 80er Jahre geführt: Geringe Produktivität, galoppierende Inflation, Armut, massive Arbeitslosigkeit, Hungersnot und Nullwachstum kennzeichneten die damalige Situation. So sah sich die vietnamesische Regierung gezwungen, einige Lockerungen in der Wirtschaft vorzunehmen (z.B. das Vertragssystem in der Landwirtschaft, die Erhöhung der Betriebsautonomie in der Industrie und Veränderungen in der Währungs-, Lohn-, und Preispolitik), um die Wirtschaftslage und damit die Lebensbedingungen der Bevölkerung zu verbessern. Obwohl es dadurch zu Produktions-, insbesondere zu Reisproduktionssteigerungen kam und die Wirtschaft sich etwas erholen konnte, verbesserte sich die gesamte wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation jedoch im Wesentlichen nicht. Vielmehr führten die Währungs- und Preispolitik mit den Verzerrungen der zentralen Planwirtschaft im Rahmen der Wirtschaftlockerungen zu einer noch tieferen Krise, so dass die vietnamesische Regierung zu einem Umsteuern keine Alternative sah. 1986 wurde die wirtschaftspolitische Reformpolitik (Erneuerungspolitik, auf Vietnamesisch 'Doi Moi') eingeleitet, mit der Vietnam den Transformationsprozess von einer sozialistischen Planwirtschaft zu einer freien Marktwirtschaft begonnen hat, der bis heute andauert. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die Transformation in Vietnam darzustellen. Dabei werden die wichtigsten Reformschritte bzw. -maßnahmen und deren Ergebnisse dargestellt sowie gegenwärtige Probleme aufgezeigt. Darüber hinaus werden für die zukünftige Entwicklung Vietnams – insbesondere unter dem Aspekt der internationalen Integration – wichtige Herausforderungen, erzielte wirtschaftliche Erfolge sowie bestehende Defizite aufgezeigt und analysiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten für Vietnam aufgezeigt. Dabei wird auf die Transformationswege näher eingegangen. Somit ist der Transformationsprozess ebenfalls Gegenstand der Untersuchung. Bei dieser Untersuchung geht es auch darum aufzuzeigen, ob die seit der Reformpolitik 1986 eingeleitete Transformation von Vietnam auch wirklich eine Transformation darstellt, oder ob es sich nur um eine unvollständige Transformation handelt. Gang der Untersuchung: Diese Arbeit ist in vier Teile (Kapitel 2, 3, 4 und 5) unterteilt. In dem ersten theoretischen Teil werden neben der Begriffsdefinition die Notwendigkeit der Transformation und wichtige Reformschritte dargestellt. In dem zweiten Teil wird auf die Wirtschaft Vietnams vor der Reform näher eingegangen. Hierbei werden die Ursachen der tiefgreifenden Wirtschaftskrise Vietnams und einige Lockerungsmaßnahmen für die Wirtschaft im Zeitraum von 1981 bis 1986 aufgeführt. Der dritte Teil befasst sich mit der Transformation in Vietnam. Dabei werden die wichtigsten Reformschritte bzw. -maßnahmen und deren Ergebnisse sowie gegenwärtige Probleme in der Landwirtschaft, im Preissystem, in der Geld- und Finanzpolitik, in den Staatsunternehmen und in der Privatisierung sowie in der Außenwirtschaft dargestellt. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit werden wichtige Herausforderungen mit globalem Bezug, erzielte wirtschaftliche Erfolge sowie bestehende Defizite im Hinblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung Vietnams aufgezeigt und analysiert und damit im Zusammenhang stehende Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten dargestellt. Dabei wird auf die Transformationswege näher eingegangen. Abgerundet wird die Arbeit mit einer Zusammenfassung und einer Schlussbemerkung.Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNISIII ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNISIV TABELLENVERZEICHNISV 1.EINLEITUNG1 1.1PROBLEMSTELLUNG1 1.2GANG DER UNTERSUCHUNG2 2.THEORETISCHE GRUNDLAGEN3 2.1BEGRIFFSDEFINITION3 2.2NOTWENDIGKEIT DER TRANSFORMATION3 2.3WICHTIGE REFORMSCHRITTE5 2.3.1Reform im Preissystem6 2.3.2Stabilisierung des Geldwertes7 2.3.3Reform im Finanzwesen8 2.3.4Unternehmensreform und Privatisierung9 2.3.5Reform der Außenwirtschaft10 3.WIRTSCHAFT VIETNAMS VOR DER REFORM12 3.1DIE WIRTSCHAFTSKRISE VIETNAMS UND IHRE URSACHEN12 3.1.1Folgen des Krieges14 3.1.2Folgen der zentralen Planwirtschaft15 3.1.3Auswirkungen der Außenpolitik18 3.2WIRTSCHAFTSLOCKERUNGEN VON 1981 BIS 198619 4.TRANSFORMATION IN VIETNAM24 4.1REFORM DER LANDWIRTSCHAFT25 4.2LIBERALISIERUNG DES PREISSYSTEMS31 4.3SCHAFFUNG DER GELDWERTSTABILITÄT35 4.3.1Bekämpfung der Inflation35 4.3.2Reform des Finanzsystems38 4.4UNTERNEHMENSREFORM UND PRIVATISIERUNG43 4.4.1Reform der staatlichen Unternehmen43 4.4.2Förderung der Privatwirtschaft50 4.5REFORM DER AUSSENWIRTSCHAFT54 4.5.1Liberalisierung des Außenhandels und Exportförderung54 4.5.2Aufbau der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen mit 'nichtsozialistischen' Ländern und weltwirtschaftliche Integration56 4.5.3Förderung ausländischer Investitionen61 5.ZUKUNFTSPERSPEKTIVEN64 5.1HERAUSFORDERUNGEN65 5.1.1Landwirtschaft65 5.1.2Armut und Einkommensunterschiede69 5.1.3Bildung, Gesundheitswesen und soziale Sicherung72 5.1.4Infrastruktur76 5.1.5Industriepolitik78 5.2ERFOLGE, DEFIZITE UND TRANSFORMATIONSWEGE81 6.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSBEMERKUNG90 ANHANGVII LITERATURVERZEICHNISXXIII INTERNETQUELLENXXIXTextprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 4, Transformation in Vietnam: Auf dem VI. Parteitag der KPV im Dezember 1986, dem sogenannten 'Reformparteitag', ergriff die neue Parteiführung die Initiative zu einer ideologischen und wirtschaftspolitischen Richtungsänderung. Neues Leitbild der Entwicklung sollte eine multisektorale Wirtschaft sein, in welcher der staatliche, der genossenschaftliche und der private Sektor gleichberechtigt nebeneinander existieren. Dies bedeutet, dass verschiedene Eigentumsformen an Produktionsmitteln in der gesamten Wirtschaft erlaubt sind. Die bis dahin vorgegebene zentrale Planung wurde in Frage gestellt, Subventionen an die Staatsbetriebe und das staatlich festgesetzte Preisgefüge sollten abgeschafft sowie die industrielle Entwicklung gegenüber der landwirtschaftlichen nicht mehr bevorzugt werden. Die Familienwirtschaft sollte gefördert und eine außenwirtschaftliche Öffnung angestrebt werden. Diese 1986 begonnene Reform konnte zu einem konsistenten Paket geschnürt werden, nachdem die vietnamesische Regierung Anfang 1989 ein binnen- und außenwirtschaftliches Liberalisierungs- sowie ein geld-, fiskal und strukturpolitisches Stabilisierungsprogramm auflegte. Die damit verbundenen Maßnahmen sollten einen effektiven Beitrag zur Lösung der akuten makroökonomischen Probleme leisten. Aus Sicht der Sozialpolitik sollte die Einführung der Reformen in erster Linie die Sicherung der Nahrungsmittelversorgung für die eigene Bevölkerung gewährleisten und den Lebensstandard der gesamten Bevölkerung verbessern. In den folgenden Abschnitten werden die Reformschritte bzw. –maßnahmen und deren Ergebnisse dargestellt sowie gegenwärtige Probleme aufgezeigt. Reform der Landwirtschaft: Vietnam hat eine Bevölkerungsanzahl von rund 86 Mio. Menschen und eine Fläche von ca. 331.000 km2. Es ist vorrangig ein Agrarland. Bis 1986 war die Agrarproduktion naturabhängig und kaum diversifiziert. Die traditionelle Struktur der Produktion war bis dahin unverändert geblieben. Die Bauern hatten mit winzigen Parzellen, bescheidenster technologischer Ausrüstung und einer schmalen Palette von Produktionstätigkeiten (Feldbau, Viehzucht im Nebengewerbe und etwas Forstwirtschaft) zurecht zu kommen. Zudem produzierten sie überwiegend für den Eigenbedarf oder für den Austausch gegen andere für den eigenen Konsum benötigte Waren (Selbstversorgung der Subsistenzwirtschaft). Nach der Wiedervereinigung Vietnams 1975 war die Landwirtschaft im ganzen Land der Bodenumverteilung und der Kollektivierung ausgesetzt. Die Kollektivierung führte später zu Zwangsgenossenschaften bzw. zur Umwandlung der vietnamesischen Dörfer in landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften (Kooperativen). Die Preise und Umsatzmengen der Bauern waren von nun an vom Staat festgelegt. Die Arbeit der Bauern wurde weniger nach Leistung, sondern mehr nach Sozial- und Klassengesichtspunkten bewertet und durch Zuteilung von so genannten 'Arbeitspunkten' belohnt. Die Zwangskollektivierung im Süden war allerdings, trotz des staatlichen Drucks, nicht weit fortgeschritten. Während im Norden 97% der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion kollektiviert waren, waren im Süden nur 20% der Bauernhaushalte in die Genossenschaften eingetreten. So wurden einige Agrarprodukte wie z.B. Reis vor allem von Kooperativen bewirtschaftet, während andere wie z.B. Eier, Fleisch, Fische, Obst und Gemüse überwiegend von privaten Bauern geliefert wurden. Das Ziel der Wirtschaftspolitik in den Jahren nach 1975, nämlich die Kleinproduktion in der gesamten Wirtschaft zu einer sozialistischen Großproduktion zu entwickeln, wurde bis dahin nicht erreicht (vgl. Kapitel 3.1.2). Auch Investitions- und Modernisierungsplanungen für den Agrarsektor waren wenig erfolgreich, obwohl einige Bewässerungsprojekte bessere Energie- und Wasserversorgungsmöglichkeiten auf den Feldern im Norden gebracht haben. Die Bevorzugung der industriellen Entwicklung gegenüber der Landwirtschaft führte dazu, dass der Staat hohe Investitionen für den Aufbau der Schwerindustrie, besonders für den Bau industrieller Großprojekte, getätigt hat. Dabei wurden die Erhöhung der Produktion von Konsumgütern und Exportwaren und insbesondere die Lösung der Ernährungsprobleme mit Hilfe der Landwirtschaft vernachlässigt. Daher wurde seit dem VI. Parteitag, vor allem seit den konkreten landwirtschaftlichen Reformbeschlüssen vom April 1988, die Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft bzw. der Agrarproduktion als erste Priorität angesetzt. Im Zentrum der Zielsetzungen standen dabei die Sicherstellung der Nahrungsmittelproduktion und die Beschleunigung des Produktionszuwachses. Demnach wurde die Landwirtschaft mit Produktionsmitteln und Arbeitskräften sowie mit besserer Infrastruktur versorgt (Dies reichte vom Ausbau von Straßenverbindungen über Elektrizitäts- und Telekommunikationseinrichtungen bis hin zur Modernisierung des Bewässerungswesens und zur Verbesserung der Gesundheitsvorsorge und der ländlichen Schulbildung). Hierbei ging es in erster Linie – neben quantitativen Zuwächsen – um mehr qualitative Effizienz. Dafür wurde ein Finanzierungsprogramm konkret festgelegt, so dass die staatlichen Ausgaben für landwirtschaftliche Investitionen im Jahr 1987 gegenüber dem Vorjahr (24,5%) auf 29% stiegen. Da es nun um die Produktivkräfte geht und nicht mehr um die Produktionsverhältnisse, wurde auf die Eigentumsverhältnisse mit dem Ziel der Schaffung von Kollektiv- und Staatseigentum nicht mehr Wert gelegt. Privateigentum an Produktionsmitteln erhielt jetzt den gleichen Rang wie genossenschaftliches und staatliches Eigentum.

PURPOSE: To identify and prioritize potential topics to be addressed in the development of European multidisciplinary guidelines on the management of chronic kidney disease stage 3b-5 in older patients. METHODS: We composed a list of 47 potential guideline topics by reviewing the literature, consulting online 461 nephrologists and 107 geriatricians, and obtaining expert input. A multidisciplinary panel of twelve experts then prioritized the topics during a face-to-face consensus meeting, following a nominal group technique structure with two voting rounds. Topics were rated on a 9-point scale ranging from 1 ('not at all important') to 9 ('critically important'). RESULTS: The highest rating (median; range) was assigned to 'Screening and referral' (8.5; 2.0). Eight topics shared the second highest rating with a median priority score of 8.0 (2.0) and included 'Starting dialysis or not' and 'Accurate assessment of renal function.' 'Targets for and treatment of diabetes' received the lowest rating with (3.0; 6.0). CONCLUSIONS: This joint initiative of the European Renal Association-European Dialysis Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) and the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS) prioritized the development of guidance on interdisciplinary referral of older patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b-5. Future guidance will therefore focus on identifying prognostic scores to predict death and progression to end-stage renal disease, as well as accurate tests for assessment of renal function in older kidney patients. This will contribute to more informed treatment decision making in this growing patient population.