Suchergebnisse

"A report prepared for the use of Congress; status of active foreign credits of the United States government and of international organizations." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; -June 1966 published by U.S. Office of Business Economics.

AbstractJob approval ratings for state governors, unlike those for the United States president, have been relatively inaccessible to political scientists. We introduce the U.S. Officials Job Approval Ratings (JAR) dataset, a new compilation of gubernatorial job approval ratings—along with senatorial and state-level presidential ratings—that draws together many of these ratings, beginning with the first published rating in 1947 and extending through 2000. We describe some of the characteristics of these data, especially the kinds of rating scales used and their impact on overall approval assessment. We then show that 1993–2000 presidential approval levels varied widely from state to state and are correlated with state-level support for Clinton in the 1996 presidential election. Finally, we note that while gubernatorial approval often declines over time, many governors remain popular over the length of their term.

This article examines the rise of a new authoritarianism in Iraq ten years after the invasion that removed Saddam Hussein. It traces the centralization of political and coercive power in the hands of Iraq's Prime Minister, Nuri al-Maliki. From his appointment in 2006, Maliki successfully moved to constrain the power of parliament and the independent agencies set up by the American-led occupation to oversee the state. He removed key politicians and civil servants who stood in his way. This authoritarian centralization reached its peak with Maliki's control of Iraq's special forces, its army and its intelligence services. The article analyses the civilian institutions of the state, concluding that political corruption has greatly hindered their reconstruction. The result is an Iraqi state with an over-developed armed forces, very weak civilian institutions and a dominant prime minister. Against this background, the sustainability of Iraqi democracy is in question. The article concludes by assessing the ramifications of Iraq's postwar trajectory for military interventions more generally. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)

Reviews documents elaborated in 1991 and 1992. Translated from Gosudarstvo i Pravo, no. 10, 1993.

An examination of workers' compensation in a Southern state suggests a distinctive minimalist approach to governance that imbues both the overall structure of the program and the administration of that program's components. This article examines this minimalist stance in general and then considers in more detail three separate components of the overall program: the determination of employer suitability for self-insurance, the determination of the appropriateness of medical costs, and the process by which administrative orders are entered awarding compensation for lost work time. For each, the minimalist stance is based on a limited set of simple yet diffuse principles and appears to have significant stability at a very moderate administrative cost. Throughout, the resilience of core program notions is matched by considerable restraint in the application of those notions beyond specific, known contexts.

List of illustrations -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Note on transliteration -- Introduction / Amira K. Bennison -- The genesis of 'Islamic' cities -- An urban structure for the early Islamic city : an archaeological hypothesis / Donald Whitcomb -- The foundation legend of Fez and other Islamic cities in light of the life of the Prophet / Simon O'Meara -- The city of Sultan Kala, Merv, Turkmenistan : communities, neighbourhoods and urban planning from the eighth to the thirteenth century / Tim Williams -- Power and the city -- Power and the city in the Islamic west from the Umayyads to the Almohads / Amira K. Bennison -- Ceremonial and sacred space in early Fatimid Cairo / Jonathan M. Bloom -- Fīrūzkūh : the summer capital of the Ghurids / David Thomas -- Fathpur Sikri and Isfahan : the founding and layout of capital cities in Mughal India and Safavid Iran / Stephen P. Blake -- The impact of religion on urban life -- The water supply of Tinnīs : public amenities and private investments / Alison L. Gascoigne -- Health, spirituality and power in medieval Iberia : the māristān and its role in Nasrid Granada / Athena C. Syrakoy -- Commerce and spirituality : the urbanism of Riḍwān Bey / Nicholas Warner -- Index

On 22nd July 1994, the thirty year old Gambian government of Dawda Jawara was overthrown in a junior officers coup, led by Captain Yaya Jammeh. Coming hot on the heels of the General Sani Abacha coup in Nigeria, the coup was seen as another setback for democracy in Africa. This book looks at Gambian politics under Dawda Jawara, the origins of the 22nd July coup and its implications for West African peace and democracy. (DÜI-Hff)

Education is life and life is education. Education is very much necessary for making the citizens alert and capable of discharging their duties and responsibilities efficiently and wisely. Education is necessary not only for enabling man to participate in the affairs of the society and the government but also to save mankind from destruction and extinction. Many of us have realised the devastating effects of the second world war. A third such war will result in total extinction of human race. The need of the hour is understanding and international understanding, mutual love and respect for each other's well being which can be developed through education. In the year 1946, the International Community charged UNESCO with the responsibility of promotion throughout the world due to its vital importance to the individual and social well-being. The United Nations proclaimed universal declaration of human rights. Article 45 of the Indian Constitution says that, the state shall endeavour to provide, "Universal, free and compulsory education to all children upto the age of 14 years within 10 years from the date of adoption of the constitution. The Education Commission (1964-66) holds that education is the powerful instrument which can bring changes in the society.

In this paper I examine the effect of globalization on state policy. This paper is based on the ideals of globalization in politics and state power as defined by the Constitution of the United States. I have two assertions with the second building from the first. I first hypothesize that globalization undermines state power, followed by the hypothesis that because globalization does undermine state power, states are coerced to take - counteracting legislative action in order to remain a necessary governing body.

1. Introduction : South Asia, non-state actors and securitization theory -- 2. Understanding security in South Asia : an overview -- 3. Securitizing misgovernance in Bangladesh : The daily star, New age and The Bangladesh theory -- 4. Tackling human trafficking in Nepal : Shakti Samuhu and Maiti Nepal -- 5. Shaping India's national action plan on climate change : the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) -- 6. Conclusion : NSAs, securitization theory and security practices in South Asia.

AbstractLegislative professionalism has played a prominent role in state politics research for decades. Despite the attention paid to its causes and consequences, recent research has largely set aside questions about professionalism's conceptualization and operationalization. Usually measuring it as an aggregate index, scholars theoretically and empirically treat professionalism as a unidimensional concept. In this article, we argue that exclusive use of aggregate indices can limit state politics research. Using a new dataset with almost 40 years of data on state legislative resources, salary, and session length, we reconsider the validity of using an index to study professionalism across the states. We evaluate the internal consistency of professionalism components over time, the relationship between components and the Squire Index, and the degree to which professionalism components are unidimensional using classical multidimensional scaling. We find enough commonality and enough variation between professionalism components to support a range of measurement strategies like the use of unidimensional indices (such as the Squire Index), disaggregating the components and analyzing their effects individually, or formulating multidimensional measures. Scholars should take care to choose the appropriate measure of the concept that best fits the causal relationships under examination.

This Working Paper provides an overview of social science literature on narratives, with a particular focus on narratives on migration (MiNa). The paper starts by tracing the emergence of the concept of narratives in a range of social sciences (sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology and media studies), and then outlines a working definition of the concept for use in the BRIDGES project. We then map key literature about the emergence and sources of narratives; their psychological, social and political functions; and the factors influencing their spread and prevalence. We go on to explore how the concept has been applied to understand the dynamics of mobility, displacement, integration, public attitudes and political mobilisation in migration studies. We examine some of the key themes of the literature in relation to gender, a key dimension of the BRIDGES project, and then set out a number of trends that might be expected to shape the content and diffusion of narratives.