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Edward Jenner took the long view. His 1798 treatise on vaccination, which reported a revolutionary new method of preventing smallpox, opened with a medical philosophy of history rather than a description of symptoms or a review of existing treatments. "The deviation of Man from the state in which he was originally placed by Nature seems to have proved to him a prolific source of Diseases," he explained. By this he meant that infectious disease ultimately resulted from human and animal intermingling since the agricultural revolution, an insight anthropologists and epidemiologists have since confirmed. The majority of human pathogens are ultimately zoonoses, originating not at the dawn of the human species but in the relatively recent past. Measles likely evolved from the bovine disease rinderpest seven thousand years ago. Influenza may have started about forty-five hundred years ago with the domestication of waterfowl. Jenner's own specialty, smallpox, probably originated four thousand years ago in eastern Africa when a gerbil virus jumped to the newly domesticated camel and then to humans. The New World's Indigenous nations cultivated countless crops but practiced little animal husbandry, allowing them to live relatively free of disease before 1492. European conquest succeeded in a large part thanks to the invaders' pathogenic armory of measles, typhus, tuberculosis, and smallpox, which decimated Indigenous populations by 90 percent over the succeeding centuries.

The sale and purchase of land-based on customary law in daily practice is still practiced by some people in Indonesia. The sale and purchase of land in customary law adhere to the principle of "tunai and terang" which means that the handover of rights by the seller is carried out simultaneously with payment by the buyer and immediately the rights have transferred. This research discusses the Ratio legis of the use of the principle of "tunai and terang" in the sale and purchase of land in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach as a problem approach method. The results showed that the use of "tunai and terang" in the formation of sale and purchase agreements for land rights in Indonesia is because UUPA accommodates Customary Law as the basis for the National Land Law. The existence of cash and light principles is expected to provide legal protection for sellers and buyers.

This article explains the role of judicial review in European Community ("EC") Merger Control ("ECMR") by reference to the Airtours case and three other important recent judgments of the European Court of First Instance ("CFI") (Schneider, Tetra Laval and Lagardére), all decided in 2002. Article 230 of the EC Treaty, which governs actions for annulment of acts adopted by the EC Institutions "on the grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of this [EC] Treaty or of any rule of law relating to its application, or misuse of powers," is considered only in the context of these cases. General questions of admissibility, evidence and procedure are outside the scope of this article.

THIS REVIEW EXAMINES A NUMBER OF THE FACTORS CURRENTLY ADVANCED TO EXPLAIN WHY THE COLD WAR DIED. IT FOCUSES ON THE INTERPRETATIONS POSED BY POLITICAL REALISTS FROM THE RIGHT BECAUSE THEY HAVE RECIEVED SUCH WIDESPREAD PUBLICITY, AND BECAUSE THEY ILLUSTRATE THE LOGICAL AND EMPIRICAL LIMITATIONS OF PREMATURE CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR'S DEATH.

268Nationality — Immunity from expulsion of a national — Legality of deportation dependent upon determination of nationality — Withdrawal of Nigerian nationality and deportation to Chad — Right to freedom of movement — Whether entitling citizen to a passport — The law of Nigeria

500Aliens — Position of — Treatment by receiving State — Refugees — Application of Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees of July 28, 1951 — Right of sojourn — Whether State of residence entitled to limit period of residence — The law of Italy.

Armistices — Object and Effect of — Termination of War — Israel and Lebanon.War — Termination of — Armistice — Israel and Lebanon.International Law and Municipal Law — Treaties — Absence of Municipal Legislation — General Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan — Interpretation of — Effect on Private Rights.

Acts of Foreign Governments — Recognition of — Nationalization of Property.Aliens — Position of — Subjection to Law of Territorial State — Property Rights.Treaties — Interpretation of — Liberal Interpretation.Consuls — Functions of — Right to Represent Nationals — Consuls as Attorneys-in-Fact — Treaties — Interpretation of — Liberal Interpretation.

How did ideas of masculinity shape the British legal profession and the wider expectations of the white-collar professional? Brotherhood of Barristers examines the cultural history of the Inns of Court - four legal societies whose rituals of symbolic brotherhood took place in their supposedly ancient halls. These societies invented traditions to create a sense of belonging among members - or, conversely, to marginalize those who did not fit the profession's ideals. Ren Pepitone examines the legal profession's efforts to maintain an exclusive, masculine culture in the face of sweeping social changes across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Utilizing established sources such as institutional records alongside diaries, guidebooks, and newspapers, this book looks afresh at the gendered operations of Victorian professional life. Brotherhood of Barristers incorporates a diverse array of historical actors, from the bar's most high-flying to struggling law students, disbarred barristers, political radicals, and women's rights campaigners.

"Getting the Runaround takes readers into the bureaucratic spaces of prisoner reentry, examining how returning citizens navigate the "institutional circuit" of parole offices, public assistance programs, rehabilitation facilities, shelters, and family courts. Drawing on three years of ethnographic fieldwork and forty-five in-depth interviews with formerly incarcerated men returning to New York City, John M. Halushka argues that the very institutions charged with facilitating the transition from incarceration to community life perversely undermine reintegration by imposing a litany of bureaucratic hassles. This "runaround" is more than just a series of inconveniences, but rather an extension of state punishment that undermines successful reintegration by exacerbating material poverty and diminishing citizenship rights. By telling the stories of men caught in cycles of poverty, bureaucratic processing, and social control, Halushka demonstrates the urgent need to shift conversations about reentry away from an austerity-driven, compliance-based framework and toward a vision of social justice and inclusion"--

Getting the Runaround takes readers into the bureaucratic spaces of prisoner reentry, examining how returning citizens navigate the ";institutional circuit"; of parole offices, public assistance programs, rehabilitation facilities, shelters, and family courts. Drawing on three years of ethnographic fieldwork and forty-five in-depth interviews with formerly incarcerated men returning to New York City, John M. Halushka argues that the very institutions charged with facilitating the transition from incarceration to community life perversely undermine reintegration by imposing a litany of bureaucratic hassles. This ";runaround"; is not merely a series of inconveniences, but rather an extension of state punishment that impairs reintegration by exacerbating material poverty and diminishing citizenship rights. By telling the stories of men caught in cycles of poverty, bureaucratic processing, and social control, Halushka demonstrates the urgent need to shift conversations about reentry away from an austerity-driven, compliance-based framework and toward a vision of social justice and inclusion

The modern Republican Party is the party of conservative Christianity and big business-two things so closely identified with the contemporary GOP that we hardly notice the strangeness of the pairing. Legal historian Mary Ziegler traces how the antiabortion movement helped to forge and later upend this alliance. Beginning with the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Buckley v. Valeo, right-to-lifers fought to gain power in the GOP by changing how campaign spending-and the First Amendment-work. The antiabortion movement helped to revolutionize the rules of money in US politics and convinced conservative voters to fixate on the federal courts. Ultimately, the campaign finance landscape that abortion foes created fueled the GOP's embrace of populism and the rise of Donald Trump. Ziegler offers a surprising new view of the slow drift to extremes in American politics-and explains how it had everything to do with campaign spending

The US Supreme Court's legitimacy-its diminishing integrity and contribution to the good of society-is being questioned today like no other time in recent memory. Criticisms reflect the perspectives of both 'insiders' (straight white males) and 'outsiders' (mainly people of color, women, and the LGBTQ community). Neither perspective digs deep enough to get at the root of the Court's legitimacy problem, which is one of process. The Court's process of decision-making is antiquated and out of sync with a society that looks and thinks nothing like the America of the eighteenth century, when the process was first implemented. The current process marginalizes many Americans who have a right to feel disenfranchised. Leading scholar of jurisprudence Roy L. Brooks demonstrates how the Court can modernize and democratize its deliberative process, to be more inclusive of the values and life experiences of Americans who are not straight white males