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International audience ; This article focuses on how company management uses sports both as a physical activity and a managerial tool. The article seeks to identify the intended effects of such practices in terms of human resource management and institutional and internal communication. Mobilizing employees by invoking sports-related values and symbols reveals itself to be not only rational in terms of being instrumental and strategically beneficial, as a means to an end, but also rational in the sense that it brings about values and consensus through initiatives not usually associated with the instituted practices of the company. ; Cet article est consacré aux ressorts des pratiques managériales adossées au sport considéré d'une part comme ensemble d'activités pratiquées et d'autre part comme outil de management dans l'entreprise. L'article s'attache à cerner les effets attendus par les entreprises en ce qui a trait à la gestion des ressources humaines et à la communication institutionnelle et interne. En référence aux valeurs et aux symboles sportifs, la mobilisation des salariés révèle non seulement une activité instrumentale et stratégique, rationnelle par rapport à une fin, mais aussi une activité rationnelle en valeurs et en entente dans les cas des initiatives les moins instituées.

Abstract
This paper proposes a synthesis that renders democratic principles compatible with the preservation of judicial control of constitutionality. This has been mediated by what I have called 'weak procedural constitutionalism', a methodology through which constitutional conflicts are debated in the legislature and among the citizenry as the real holders of the final say in society, with judicial activity focused on an intermediate say and the promotion of subsequent social deliberation. The judicial process thus becomes a public dialogical procedure susceptible to intervention by citizens and capable of generating public information processes facilitating accountability. The constant quest for instrumentalities that increase the democratic legitimacy of constitutional courts is an existential necessity. Only through real opportunities for dialogue and citizen participation in the decision-making process can judicial review be made democratically palatable. This requires that both judges and legislators play an intermediate rather than primary role, one in which democratically elected legislatures enjoy a high degree of legitimacy in adopting decisions, in juxtaposition with the derivative legitimacy appurtenant to constitutional courts. The premise for the exercise of what I denominate as weak constitutionality control, or the hypothesis for a weak procedural constitutionalism, is a possible synthesis of the tension between constitutionalism and democracy, with emphasis on the Colombian case.

For most poor countries of today, using agriculture for development is widely recognized as a promising strategy. Yet, in these countries, investment in agriculture has mostly been lagging relative to international norms and recommendations. Current wisdom on how to use agriculture for development is that it requires asset building for smallholder farmers, productivity growth in staple foods, an agricultural transformation (diversification of farming systems toward high value crops), and a rural transformation (value addition through rural non-farm activities linked to agriculture). This sequence has too often been hampered by extensive market and government failures. We outline a theory of change where the removal of market and government failures to use this Agriculture for Development strategy can be addressed through two contrasted and complementary approaches. One is from the "supply-side" where public and social agents (governments, international and bilateral development agencies, NGOs, donors) intervene to help farmers overcome the major constraints to adoption: liquidity, risk, information, and access to markets. The other is from the "demand-side" where private agents (entrepreneurs, producer organizations) create incentives for smallholder farmers to modernize through contracting and vertical coordination in value chains. We review the extensive literature that has explored ways of using Agriculture for Development through these two approaches. We conclude by noting that the supply-side approach has benefited from extensive research but met with limited success. The demand-side approach has promise, but received insufficient attention and is in need of additional rigorous research which we outline.

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Special Agreement — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 ("UNCLOS") — Articles 286, 287 and 288 of UNCLOS — Article 21 of Statute of Tribunal — Admissibility — Objections to admissibility — Preclusions from raising objections in special agreement — Time limit — Single-phase proceedings — Article 97(1) of Rules of Tribunal — Requirement of a genuine link — Article 91(1) of UNCLOS — Nationality of claims — Whether exhaustion of local remedies rule applying where State's rights directly injured — Article 295 of UNCLOSSea — Exclusive economic zone — Navigation — Rights of regulation of coastal State — Whether coastal States having competence to regulate bunkering in their exclusive economic zones — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 ("UNCLOS") — Articles 56(1), 58 and 62(4) of UNCLOS — Boarding, inspection and arrest of vessel as enforcement measures — Confiscation as enforcement measure — Necessity — Reasonableness — Mitigating factors — Article 73(1) — Prompt release — Article 73(2) — Whether confinement of crew and holding of passports amounting to imprisonment — Article 73(3) — Notification of detention and arrest of vessel — Article 73(4) — Whether principles could be derived from Articles 110 and 224 — Excessive force in enforcement measures — Endangering safety of navigation, creating hazards to vessels, exposure of unreasonable risks to marine environment — Whether Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988 applicable — Abuse of rights — Application of Article 300 of UNCLOSState responsibility — Compensation for damage and losses relating to value of confiscated gas oil — Compensation for cost of repairs in respect of some damages — Compensation for loss of profit not awarded — Causal nexus — InterestTreaties — Interpretation — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

The article looks, first, at what shapes the structure of intergovernmental relations (IGR), and, second, at the structures themselves. With respect to the factors that shape IGR, the paper identifies six: demographic and geographical; social and cultural; historical; constitutional and institutional; political; and circumstantial. With respect to the structures themselves, the paper notes that the degree of institutionalisation, the extent to which IGR is decision‐making in character, and the degree of transparency all help to define the IGR system. The paper then goes on to categorise IGR into four dimensions: intra‐jurisdictional IGR, in which the defining feature is the character of the relations between and among the central and regional governments; IGR and the judiciary, in which the appeal to the courts becomes the extension of IGR into a different arena; and international and other forms of IGR, involving quasi‐governmental international bodies, multitiered political structures transcending the parameters of states, and forms of indigenous self‐government. The article closes by arguing that democratising IGR is one of the central challenges confronting governance at the beginning of the new century.

The Equality Act 2010, in keeping with the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, excludes those identified as drug and alcohol 'addicted' from the scope of provisions prohibiting discrimination against disabled people. This article addresses the significance of, and justification for, this exclusion. It begins with a legislative background to the relevant limitation and subsequently examines its rationale according to prevailing legal, medical and sociological discourses. The article then considers the relevance of the discussion for disability rights. Although 'addiction', or the preferred term, 'substance dependence', is classified as a disability for international systems of disease classification, the relevance of substance dependence for discussion on disability rights, and of disability for discussion on substance dependence, has largely escaped critical comment.

Abstract
The rulings of internationals courts are often reduced to "who won?," but much more is at stake. Like other institutions, the World Trade Organization (WTO) offers rulings that balance legal discipline against political constraints. We argue that one way in which the WTO handles politically sensitive issues is by increasing the amount of affect in their rulings. In doing so, judges provide national governments with discursive resources to persuade their domestic audiences of the legitimacy of compliance. To test our expectations, we conduct a text analysis of all rulings rendered by the institution since 1995. Specifically, we find that more politically charged decisions, such as the ones concerning nonfiscal rather than fiscal aspects of national treatment claims, are explained in qualitatively different terms. We also find that, as an issue gets ruled on repeatedly, the amount of affect deployed progressively decreases. In sum, the WTO chooses its words strategically to persuade litigants, and their domestic audiences, of the legitimacy of compliance in politically fraught disputes.

The recent escalation in the violent conflict in the Niger Delta has brought the region to the forefront of international energy and security concerns. This book analyses the causes, dynamics and politics underpinning oil-related violence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It focuses on the drivers of the conflict, as well as the ways the crises spawned by the political economy of oil and contradictions within Nigeria's ethnic politics have contributed to the morphing of initially poorly coordinated, largely non-violent protests into a pan-Delta insurgency. Approaching the issue from a number of perspectives, the book offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive analysis available of the varied dimensions of the conflict. Combining empirically-based and analytic chapters, it attempts to explain the causes of the escalation in violence, the various actors, levels and dynamics involved, and the policy challenges faced with regard to conflict management/resolution and the options for peace. It also examines the role of oil as a commodity of global strategic significance, addressing the relationship between oil, energy security and development in the Niger Delta.

The Western European experience is perhaps the best known instance of formal exchange rate management & attempted monetary integration on a regional basis. Examined here is the role of heightened international capital mobility in accounting for this phenomenon, drawing on statistical data for 10 industrial Western European states, 1973-1991. Though these states vary in terms of size, membership in the European Community, participation in the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System, & policy preferences, they all eventually accommodated German monetary policy in an effort to stabilize regional exchange rates around the deutsche mark. The pursuit of increasingly similar policies by states differing in nontrivial ways suggests that, at least by 1991, the external constraint imposed on each of them as a result of international financial integration had become severe. Recognition of this constraint provides a basis for understanding the nature of the policy choices facing European monetary authorities. Nevertheless, heightened international capital mobility (in isolation from other factors) provides an incomplete explanation of certain key features of the European experience. 2 Tables, 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

The concept of gamification uses the human behavior of indulging in gaming activities and combines it with their work with the purpose of enhancing, employee engagement. Game mechanics and dynamics are able to positively influence human behavior because they are designed to drive the players above the activation threshold. Achievements, appointments, bonuses, levels, points are some of the game mechanics which are used for influencing human behavior and human desires. These human desires have been referred to as game dynamics. The applications of Gamification range from being useful in the internal organizational processes of recruitment, employee recognition, employee performance, training programs, wellness and safety as well as customer oriented applications of building brand loyalty, enhancing customer satisfaction and engagement. This research paper aims to review this emerging concept, its literature and theoretical development along with a highlight on the present applications of gamification and their role in enhancing engagement and motivation of the users.

Hair diameter and curvature are two characteristics of human scalp hair used in forensic contexts. While previous data show that subjective categorization of hair curvature is highly heritable, the heritability of objectively measured curvature and diameter, and variability of hair characteristics within each individual have not yet been studied. The present study measured hair diameter and curvature using an optical fiber diameter analyzer in a sample of 2,332 twins and siblings. Heritability was estimated using maximum likelihood structural equation modeling. Results show sex differences in the magnitude of genetic influence for mean diameter and curvature, with the vast majority of the variance accounted for by genetic effects in males (diameter = 86%, curvature = 53%) and females (diameter = 77%, curvature = 61%). The consistency of diameter (variance within an individual) was also highly heritable, but did not show sex limitation, with 68% of the variance accounted for by genetic factors. Moderate phenotypic correlations were seen between diameter and consistency (r = 0.3) but there was little correlation between diameter and curvature (r = -0.13). A bivariate Cholesky analysis was used to estimate the genetic and environmental correlations between hair diameter and consistency, yielding genetic correlations of rgF = 0.27 for females and rgM = 0.25 for males.

Studies on the determinants of physical activity have traditionally focused on social factors and environmental barriers, but recent research has shown the additional importance of biological factors, including genetic variation. Here we review the major tenets of this research to arrive at three major conclusions: First, individual differences in physical activity traits are significantly influenced by genetic factors, but genetic contribution varies strongly over age, with heritability of leisure time exercise behavior ranging from 27% to 84% and heritability of sedentary behaviors ranging from 9% to 48%. Second, candidate gene approaches based on animal or human QTLs or on biological relevance (e.g., dopaminergic or cannabinoid activity in the brain, or exercise performance influencing muscle physiology) have not yet yielded the necessary evidence to specify the genetic mechanisms underlying the heritability of physical activity traits. Third, there is significant genetic modulation of the beneficial effects of daily physical activity patterns on strength and endurance improvements and on health-related parameters like body mass index. Further increases in our understanding of the genetic determinants of sedentary and exercise behaviors as well as the genetic modulation of their effects on fitness and health will be key to meaningful future intervention on these behaviors.

We have evaluated copy number variants (CNVs) in six monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. The data from Affymetrix® Human SNP 6.0 arrays™ were analyzed using Affymetrix® Genotyping Console™, Partek® Genomics Suite™, PennCNV, and Golden Helix SVS™. This yielded both program-specific and overlapping results. Only CNVs called by Affymetrix Genotyping Console, Partek Genomics Suite, and PennCNV were used in further analysis. This analysis included an assessment of calls in each of the six twin pairs towards identification of unique CNVs in affected and unaffected co-twins. Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments confirmed one CNV loss at 7q11.21 that was found in the affected patient but not in the unaffected twin. The results identified CNVs and genes that were previously implicated in mental abnormalities in four of the six twin pairs. It includedPYY(twin pairs 1 and 5),EPHA3(twin pair 3),KIAA1211L(twin pair 4), andGPR139(twin pair 5). They represent likely candidate genes and CNVs for the discordance of four of the six monozygotic twin pairs for this heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. An explanation for these differences is ontogenetic de novo events that differentiate in the monozygotic twins during development.