Suchergebnisse

Today it's become fashionable to disparage the United Nations...and other international organizations. In fact, reform of these bodies is urgently needed if they are to keep pace with the fast-moving threats we face. Such real reform will not come, however, by dismissing the value of these institutions, or by bullying other countries to ratify changes we have drafted in isolation. Real reform will come because we convince others that they too have a stake in change -- that such reforms will make their world, & not just ours, more secure. Adapted from the source document.

Ratifying core conventions adopted by the International Labor Organization (ilo ) creates legal obligations to improve labor standards in the domestic economy, notably with regard to union rights, minimum age and discrimination in employment, and forced labor. Why and when do states choose to ratify them? Two influential theoretical approaches lead to the expectation that states are influenced by the ratification behavior of other states. Drawing on rationalist institutionalism, the authors expect states to use institutions such as the ilo to improve or consolidate their preferred standards domestically while reducing the risk of suffering competitive disadvantages in world markets. In this view, ilo conventions are devices for the prevention and mitigation of regulatory races to the bottom among trade rivals. Drawing on sociological institutionalism, they expect states to ratify ilo conventions if doing so conforms to a norm of appropriate behavior that is prevalent in a state's peer groups. This article develops observable implications of these hypotheses and tests them by applying spatial regression models to seven core ilo conventions and 187 countries between 1948 and 2009. The analysis yields strong evidence in support of both hypotheses. (World Politics / SWP)

Refugees migrate from their countries to other countries in the study of migration because of natural disasters, famine, difficulty in getting jobs, and fear of war or armed conflict in their countries. The problem of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2011 due to armed conflict made Syrian refugees leave their country for Europe. In 2011 Syrian refugees began to enter Europe through waters, then UNHCR announced the status of refugees and encouraged the EU to respond with refugee acceptance. In 2012 the EU then adopted the Regional Protection Program - International protection regime in accepting refugees. Germany was then very enthusiastic in accepting refugees, so there were many refugee destinations to get protection. Through the German resettlement scheme then received many refugees. Through the Balkan lane the EU then negotiated with Turkey which made it easier for refugees to enter Europe, then it had implications for the increasing number of refugees entering Europe in 2015. This caused fears of the Balkan countries so that the peak of the Balkan lane was closing which resulted in a reduction in German revenue from the original plan of acceptance. Therefore, the author wants to confirm whether the Regional Protection Program - International protection regime is quite effective in carrying out the reception of Syrian refugees in 2013-2015. The writer uses Arild Uderdal's regime effectiveness concept, which consists of several variables such as problem type, problem-solving capacity, and the level of collaboration then to confirm the effectiveness of this regime.

(1) The present Rules govern access to the ICRC's archives, which comprise:• the archives of the ICRC's decision-making bodies;• the archives of Committee members;• the archives of the various units at headquarters;• the archives of individual delegations;• archival material from other sources which are kept at the ICRC.