Suchergebnisse

The aim of this article is to study the notion of "common minimum standards of the civil procedure" proposed by the European Parliament in Resolution of July 4, 2017 (2015/2084 (INL)) with recommendations to the Commission on common minimum standards of the civil procedure in the European Union. It allows a further development and convergence of the civil procedure in the EU and the world – in the light of the Project on European rules of the civil procedure of ELI-Unidroit, ALI-Unidroit Transnational Principles of Civil Procedure, and M. Storm's Final Report "Approximation of Judiciary Law in the EU".Trends in the convergence of the civil procedure and overcoming the differences existing in the national legislation of Member States are significant not only for the EU. The reform of the judiciary and civil procedure in Ukraine is aimed at increasing the level of protection of the rights and freedoms and the implementation of the European and worldwide standards of civil justice. The resolution adopted by European Parliament refers to common minimum standards for the civil procedure, and this is the first time when the term was proposed at the level of the EU law, although the approximation of the civil procedural law has been considered for quite a long time. Therefore, the article proposes approaches to the definition of these standards.The main task of the implementation of the common minimum standards of the civil procedure is to ensure the rights of the citizens by establishing minimum standards for the opening, preparation, and resolution of civil cases in the courts of the Member States, which will provide a really new stage in the harmonization of this branch of law and reflect the general desire of the community to define common approaches to the basic provisions of the civil procedure.Accordingly, the article focused on the study of the proposed common minimum standards of the civil procedure by comparing it with the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine of 2017. Among them are the standards of providing funds, procedures, and measures for effective judicial protection, requirements for hearings, the use of temporary and other security measures, the efficiency of the procedure, the motivation of decisions, general principles of the case management, the order of providing evidence, involvement of experts, legal aid, as well as requirements to prevent abuse of funding by which a person goes to court. Also the approximation of the provisions on the procedure for the services of documents, the provision of the right to have a lawyer in a civil procedure, access to information, interpretation and translation of the documents, determination of the responsibilities of parties and their representatives, requirements for a public trial, ensuring independence, and impartiality of the judges.Article received 16.04.2018 ; У статті досліджено поняття «стандарти цивільного процесу», запропоноване в Резолюції Європейського Парламенту від 4 липня 2017 р. (2015/2084(INL)), на прикладі основних проектів зі зближення цивільного правосуддя в ЄС та світі (це Європейські правила цивільного процесу ELIUnidroit, Принципи транскордонного цивільного процесу ALI-Unidroit), а також Фінального звіту М. Сторма «Зближення судового права в ЄС». Це питання надзвичайно актуалізувалося впродовж реформи цивільного судочинства в Україні, одним із завдань якої є наближення національного законодавства до європейських стандартів правосуддя.Матеріал надійшов 16.04.2018

Кравченко П. А. Демократизація сучасного українського державотворення: теоретико-практичні засади / П. А. Кравченко, А. І. Мельник // Філософські обрії : Наук.-теорет. журн. / Ін-т філософії імені Г. С. Сковороди HAH України, Полтав. нац. пед. ун-т імені В. Г. Короленка. – 2018. – Вип. 39. – С. 76-89. ; Стратегія демократичного розвитку полягає в утвердженні демократичних цінностей, збалансованої й ефективної взаємодії гілок влади, подолані конфлікточенності суспільства, вирішенні економічних проблем. Найголовніше завдання нинішнього моменту – це оптимізація процесу створення демократичної, народної влади, яка була б єдиною у відстоюванні докорінних українських інтересів у внутрішній і зовнішній політиці, поєднувала б національний і світовий досвід демократизації суспільного життя. Основне питання демократизації українського суспільства – це створення сприятливих умов реалізації прав і свобод людини з одночасним виконанням її обов'язків. ; The strategy of democratic development is in the establishment of democratic values, in balanced and effective interaction of branches of power, in overcoming the conflicts of the society, in solving economic problems. Nowadays the main task is to optimize the process of creating a democratic, popular power that would be the only one in defending radical Ukrainian interests in domestic and foreign policy, would combine national and world experience in the democratization of public life. The main issue of democratization of Ukrainian society is the creation of favorable conditions for the realization of human rights and freedoms at the same time with their responsibilities. Taking these facts into consideration the range of problems is to be solved in Ukraine. They are: 1. To maintain the balance and steadiness of the Constitution of Ukraine; 2. To carry out the work continuously on the improvement of the electoral law, until the establishment of a stable law, the rules of which would be in accordance with the laws of the countries of the European Union. 3. To overcome excessive bureaucratization of public administration and self-government bodies, to train and select skilled personnel, and raise their level of managerial and general culture. 4. To modernize the management structures, rather than create a new ones. 5. To increase the level of political and legal culture of the population which was developed under the condition of historical practice. The people of Ukraine resisted the authorities as strangers, and for centuries as well as foreign ones, did not respect the laws that this power established. Therefore, outside loyalty to the authorities a law-abiding citizen who learned not to to be active , but to circumvent the laws was hidden. It is necessary to return the people's trust the authorities and respect for the law, regardless of which social group belongs to the same citizen. 6. Creation of a system of educational propaganda work with the population in all educational institutions in order to raise the level of morality of society, the general political and legal culture. Bringing up the generation with the help of history should become a full-fledged kind of education for children and adults. Ukraine does not need a strategy of importing democracy. It is necessary to realize the internal potential of the country, its history, education and science, and then to engage world experience. Without a positive transformation of the national character, value orientations of the population of the country, any limited informational propaganda campaigns will produce a short-term effect.

1Arbitration — Jurisdiction and admissibility — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 ("UNCLOS") — UNCLOS Part XV and Annex VII — Preliminary matters — Consequences of non-participation by respondent in arbitration proceedings — Whether arbitration constituting abuse of legal process — Identification and characterization of dispute — Whether dispute concerning interpretation and application of UNCLOS — Whether dispute concerning territorial sovereignty — Whether dispute concerning maritime delimitation — Whether third parties indispensable to proceedingsArbitration — Preconditions to Tribunal's jurisdiction — UNCLOS Part XV, Section 1 — UNCLOS Articles 281, 282 and 283 — Whether Parties agreeing to seek settlement by a means of their own choice — Whether settlement reached by recourse to agreed means — Whether Parties' agreement excluding further procedure — Whether Parties agreeing through general, regional or bilateral agreement to submit dispute to procedure entailing binding decision — Whether Parties having agreed to opt back in to Part XV — Obligation to exchange views — Obligation to negotiate prior to initiation of compulsory proceduresArbitration — Limitations and exceptions to Tribunal's jurisdiction — UNCLOS Part XV, Section 3 — Automatic limitations under Article 297 — Optional exceptions under Article 298 — China's declaration under Article 298 — Exclusions concerning maritime delimitation — Exclusions concerning historic titles — Exclusions concerning military activities — Exclusions concerning law enforcement activities — Whether issues of jurisdiction possessing exclusive preliminary characterSea — Scope of UNCLOS — Title to land territory — Historic rights to maritime spaces — South China Sea — China's "nine-dash line" — Scope of maritime entitlements under UNCLOS — Historic rights to living and non-living resources within nine-dash lineSea — Islands and other maritime features — UNCLOS Articles 13 and 121 — Maritime entitlement of features — Whether features constituting low-tide elevations — Whether low-tide 2elevations capable of appropriation — Whether features constituting rocks — Whether Spratly Islands having high-tide featuresSea — Fisheries — UNCLOS Articles 2(3), 56, 58, 60, 77 and 80 — Traditional fishing at Scarborough Shoal — Whether China interfering with oil exploration at Reed Bank — China's 2012 moratorium on fishing in South China Sea — Flag State's obligation of due diligence over fishing vessels — Whether China constructing artificial islands and installations at Mischief Reef — Philippines' jurisdiction over artificial islands in exclusive economic zone and continental shelfSea — Marine environment — UNCLOS Articles 123, 192, 194, 197 and 206 — Marine environment protection — Whether China engaging in harmful fishing practices — Whether China constructing artificial islands, installations and structures on seven reefs in Spratly Islands — Obligation to prevent direct harvesting of endangered species — Obligation to prevent destruction of endangered species' habitat — Obligation to cooperate — Obligation to communicate environmental impact assessmentSea — Safety at sea — UNCLOS Article 194 — Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 ("COLREGS") — COLREGS Rules 2, 6, 7, 8, 15 and 16 — Safety of navigation — Risks of collision — China's operation of law enforcement vessels at Scarborough ShoalSea — Dispute settlement — UNCLOS Part XV — UNCLOS Articles 279, 296 and 300 — Duty to refrain from aggravating or extending a dispute during settlement proceedings — General international law — Duty to abstain from measure capable of exercising prejudicial effect on execution of decisionTreaties — Binding agreements — Declaration of Conduct of Parties — Bilateral agreements — Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, 1976 — Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 — Whether Declaration of Conduct binding agreement on means of dispute settlement — Whether bilateral statements constituting legally binding agreements — Interpretation

La Incorporación de la República de Panamá al Subsistema de Integración Económica Centroamericana es el objetivo de esta investigación, observarán que ese país ha pasado del proceso declarativo de "acercamiento" o "distanciamiento" con la Región Centroamericana a la incorporación plena quele exige la nueva etapa de compromisos regionales con Centroamérica. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos se destacará la verificación del cumplimiento de Panamá a las disposiciones transitorias del Art. IV del Protocolo de Guatemala (1993) y su Enmienda de l 27 de febrero de 2002; las Declaraciones de los Presidentes centroamericanos; las principales Resoluciones de COMIECO sobre el particular; y su propio Plan de Acción que contiene los Pasos necesarios para cumplir con su efectiva incorporación con Centroamérica. Se analizará su incorporación a la luz de las disposiciones de la Convención de Viena sobre Derecho de los Tratados de 1969; las disposiciones constitucionales de Panamá, la Ley No. 25 y Ley 26, del 10 y 17 de abril del año 2013, en lo pertinentea su incorporación al Subsistema, mediante las cuales aprueba el Protocolo al Tratado General de Integración Económica Centroamericana y su enmienda;y el Protocolo de Incorporación de Panamá al Subsistema de Integración Económica Centroamericana. Ante el nuevo estatus de incorporación de Panamá, ese país deberá cumplir con la normativa comunitaria; como también deberá cumplir con los Principios de Jerarquía; de Aplicación Inmediata, de Efecto Directo; y de Responsabilidad; así como también estará obligado a fortalecer el Derecho Comunitario Centroamericano, a fin de contribuir a que Centroamérica sea una región de paz, libertad, democracia y desarrollo. - - Abstract: The incorpora tion of the Republic of Panama to the Central American Economic Integration Subsystem, is the aim of this research, you will observe that Panama has passed from the declaratory process of "approach" or " estrangement" with the Central America Region to the full incorporation that requires the "new stage" of regional commitments with Central America.Among the main results, it will be highlighted the verification of compliance of Panama to the transitional dispositions of Article IV of the Guatemala Protocol of 1993 and its Amendment of February 27, 2002; the Statements of the Central America presidents; the main Resolutions of the Council of Ministers of Economic Integration (COMIECO, for its acronym in Spanish) on the subject; and its own Plan of Action containing the necessary steps to fulfill their effective integration with Central America. It will also be analyzed the incorporation of Panama considering the dispositions of the Vienna Convention on Treaties Law of 1969, the constitutional dispositions ofPanama, Law No. 25 and 26, of April 10 and 17, 2013, las appropriate to their incorporation into the Subsystem, through which approves the Protocol to the General Treaty of Central American Economic Integration and its amendment; and the Protocol of Incorporation of Panama to the Central American Economic Integration Subsystem. Regarding the new status of incorporation of Panama, that country must comply not only with the community Law related to hierarchy principles, immediate application, direct effectand responsibility; but also will be obliged to strengthen the Central American Community law, in order to contribute that Central America can be a region of peace , freedom, democracy and development.

Цель исследования: формирование научно обоснованных знаний о месте и роли правовых санкций в правовой реальности России с учетом всех уровней. Методы исследования: общефилософские методы (диалектический, синергетический, феноменологический), общенаучные методы (системно-структурный, логические), частно-научные (формально-юридический, сравнительноправовой). Результаты исследования: на основе системно-структурного и сравнительного исследования уровней правовой реальности и выполняемых санкциями норм права на каждом из них функций и ролей показано, каким образом представления о санкциях, а также задачи, которые ставятся при их реализации, зависят от субъективных и объективных факторов, в какой степени официальное, легальное закрепление функций правовых санкций в России расходится с реальным их воплощением в правовой реальности. В российской правовой реальности предлагается выделять несколько уровней: правосознания и правовой ментальности, непосредственно права и практики его применения, а также правового поведения (представления субъекта о справедливости и ее соотношении с действующим правом). На каждом из выделяемых уровней правовые санкции выполняют определенную роль и представлены в той или иной форме. Актуализируется необходимость использования широкого спектра методов исследования правовых санкций (социологических, психологических, статистических) в целях более точного закрепления их содержания в законодательстве и прогнозирования эффективности реализации. Научная новизна: впервые предпринята попытка исследовать роль и функции правовых санкций на разных уровнях правовой реальности. Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы как в научно-педагогической деятельности, так и при разработке проектов законодательных актов в части закрепления в них правовых санкций. Замечания и предложения автора применимы при расчете возможного информационного, мотивационного воздействия санкций на сознание и поведение человека, а также в процессе учета борьбы и столкновения интересов при формировании содержания санкций. ; Bjective: to form scientifically grounded knowledge on the role and place of legal sanctions in the Russian legal reality at all levels. Methods: general philosophic methods (dialectic, synergetic, phenomenological); general scientific methods (systemic-structural, logical); specific-scientific methods (formal-juridical, comparative-legal). Results: basing on the systemic-structural and comparative research of the levels of legal reality, as well as the functions and roles performed by each sanction, it is shown, how the conceptions of the sanctions and objectives of their implementation depend on subjective and objective factors, how the official confirmation of the functions of legal sanctions in Russia differs from their actual implementation in the legal reality. In the Russian legal reality we propose to extinguish several levels: law awareness and legal mentality, law proper and law enforcement practice, and legal behavior (the subject's view on justice and its correlation with the existing law). At each level the legal sanctions perform a certain role and are represented in a certain form. The necessity is actualized to use abroad range of methods for legal sanctions research (sociological, psychological, statistical), in order to more specifically confirm their content in legislation and predict their efficient implementation. Scientific novelty: for the first time the attempt is made to study the role and function of legal sanctions at different levels of legal reality. Practical value: the main provisions and conclusions can be used in both scientific-educational activity and in elaborating drafts of legislative acts to confirm legal sanctions. The author's comments and proposals can be used for estimating the probable informational and motivational impact of sanction on the human conscience and behavior, and when evaluating the interests' conflict in forming the sanctions content.

Цель: определение ориентира «белой» государственности в вопросе выбора формы территориального устройства России. Методы: методологическую основу исследования составляет всеобщий диалектический метод познания, позволяющий изучать явления и процессы в их историческом развитии и основанные на нем общенаучные (системно-структурный), специальные (герменевтический) и частноправовые (сравнительно-правовой и формально-юридический) методы исследования. Результаты: на основе проведенного анализа разработанных и обоснованных в общей теории права и государства и исторических параллелях доказано, что государственно-правовой идеологией «белой» государственности был выработан ориентир на строительство сложного децентрализованного унитарного государства, состоящего из национально-культурных и территориальных автономий. Научная новизна: в статье разработано и введено в научный оборот концептуальное теоретико-правовое положение о региональном государстве как одной из форм территориального устройства для России, выбранной «белыми» режимами. Либерально-демократическая идеология «белой» государственности в государственно-правовом строительстве способствовала становлению унитарного децентрализованного государства с широкими правами территориальных и национально-культурных автономий. Это было вызвано необходимостью централизации власти для решения проблемы развала страны. В поздний период «белой» государственности (правление П. Н. Врангеля) предполагалось формирование регионального государства с сильной децентрализацией власти. Практическая значимость: сформулированные положения и выводы могут быть учтены (обращаясь к историческому опыту) при формировании государственно-правовой идеологии, необходимости увеличения роли и влияния общества на правовую и политическую жизнь страны. Следует отметить возможность использования результатов исследования при подготовке курсов, учебных и учебно-методических пособий, программ по теории государства и права, истории государства и права, истории политических и правовых учений, а также в общих курсах по политологии и истории России ХХ в. ; Objective: to determine the «white» statehood landmark in choosing the forms of territorial organization of Russia. Methods: the methodological basis of the research is universal dialectic method of cognition, which allows to study the phenomena and processes in their historical development based on scientific (systemic-structural), special (hermeneutics) and private law (comparative and formal legal) methods. Results: basing on the analysis of historical analogues developed and justified in the general theory of law and state, it is proved that the state and legal ideology of «white» statehood has elaborated a direction for the construction of a complex decentralized unitary state, consisting of national-cultural and territorial autonomies. Scientific novelty: the article develops and introduces into scientific circulation the conceptual theoretical and legal provision of regional state as one of the forms of Russia's territorial organization, selected by «white» modes. The liberal-democratic ideology of «white» statehood in state legal construction facilitated the formation of a unitary decentralized state with wide powers of territorial and national-cultural autonomies. Centralization of power was necessary to eliminate the country's collapse. In the late period of «white» statehood (rule of P. N. Wrangel) it was supposed to build the regional state with a strong decentralization of power. Practical value: the provisions and conclusions can be taken into account (referring to the historical experience) for the state-legal ideology formation, in case it is necessary to increase the role and influence of society in the legal and political life of the country. The research results can be used in the preparation of courses, textbooks and educational-methodical manuals, programs of the theory of state and law, history of state and law, history of political and legal doctrines and also general courses on politics and history of Russia of XX century.

Статья посвящена исследованию теоретических и методологических проблем, связанных с законодательными и нормативными требованиями к бухгалтерскому учету. Положения, определенные Федеральным законом от 06.12.2011 № 402-ФЗ «О бухгалтерском учете» в общем виде, нуждаются в систематизации для их унификации в соответствии с официально установленным принципом единства системы требований к бухгалтерскому учету. Целью исследования было определение уровней и областей данной системы и анализ соответствия существующих требований, определенных законом и нормативными актами, принципу единства. При написании статьи были использованы общенаучные методы исследования: диалектический, монографический, логический анализ, сравнение и сопоставление. Проанализированы точки зрения ученых на соотношения понятий «требования», «принципы», «стандарты». Сделан вывод о некорректности приравнивания требований к принципам или международным стандартам. В результате проведенной работы сформулировано 14 законодательных требований к бухгалтерскому учету и предложено сформировать из них систему, опирающуюся на законодательно-нормативную базу. Первый уровень требования Федерального закона «О бухгалтерском учете», сгруппированные по направлениям: к учету в целом, к первичным документам и учетным регистрам, учетной политике, бухгалтерской (финансовой) отчетности. Второй уровень требования федеральных стандартов. Третий уровень требования отраслевых стандартов. Четвертый уровень требования экономического субъекта. При проведении анализа действующих законодательно-нормативных актов выявлены как сходства, так и различия в требованиях, предъявляемых законом и положениями по бухгалтерскому учету, выступающими в настоящее время в качестве федеральных стандартов применительно к учетной политике и бухгалтерской (финансовой) отчетности. Изложенные в статье рекомендации по формированию системы требований к бухгалтерскому учету имеют практическое значение для субъектов негосударственного регулирования бухгалтерского учета при выполнении ими возложенных законом функций разработке и обсуждении проектов федеральных стандартов бухгалтерского учета. ; Importance The article deals with theoretical and methodological issues related to legal and regulatory requirements for accounting. The general requirements specified in the Federal Law "On Accounting" need systematization to harmonize them in accordance with the officially established principle of consistency of accounting requirements. Objectives The objective of the study is to determine the levels and areas of this system and to analyze the existing requirements prescribed by the law and regulations in terms of the consistency principle. Methods I applied general scientific methods of research: the dialectical and monographic methods, logical analysis, as well as comparison and collating. I have analyzed the viewpoints of scientists on the relationship between the "requirements", "principles", "standards" concepts. I conclude that it is incorrect to assimilate requirements with principles or international standards. Results I propose to establish a system of accounting requirements based on the legal and regulatory framework. The first level of this system includes the requirements of the Federal Law "On Accounting" grouped by areas, i.e. requirements to accounting as a whole, to primary and source documents and accounting registers, to accounting policies and to financial statements. The second level includes the requirements of federal standards. The third level includes the requirements of industry-specific standards, and the fourth level includes the requirements of economic entity. When analyzing the existing legislative and regulatory documents, we revealed both similarities and differences in the requirements of the Federal Law and Accounting Regulations on Accounting, acting now as the federal standards as applied to accounting policies and financial statements. Relevance I recommend building a system of accounting requirements. These recommendations have practical importance for entities that are not subject to the State regulation of accounting, when they perform their assigned functions, i.e. development and discussion of draft accounting standards of Federal level.

The article is devoted to actual theme: to research of bioethical and criminal law questions of illegal traffic of human organs, tissues and (or) cells. In present time there are the disputes, connected with a question on, whether biosubstratum of the person can represent itself as property, therefore in thesis the author makes the review of different opinions about legal status of parts of a human body and the author introduces own point of view. In article problems of qualification of illegal traffic of human transplants are analysed. The author holds the opinion that the deeds should be covered by individual article, which would be desirable for including in the criminal code of Russian Federation for the below-mentioned reasons: First, in the criminal code a number of objects of a crime in view of their special importance are traditionally deduced by the legislator from under effect of the general rule and it is covered by special rules of the criminal code of Russian Federation. Second, the project of article offered by the author completely realizes provisions of article 47 of bases of the legislation of the Russian Federation «On health protection of citizens» and article 1 of the law of the Russian Federation «On transplantation of organs and (or) tissues of the human being» about a criminal liability for purchase and sale of biosubstratum of the person orforfulfillment of other commercial deals with the mentioned transplants. In thesis there is introduced the text of the project of article of the criminal code of Russian Federation and the article's note in which necessary terms are revealed. Also the author makes the comment to offered article. ; The article is devoted to actual theme: to research of bioethical and criminal law questions of illegal traffic of human organs, tissues and (or) cells. In present time there are the disputes, connected with a question on, whether biosubstratum of the person can represent itself as property, therefore in thesis the author makes the review of different opinions about legal status of parts of a human body and the author introduces own point of view. In article problems of qualification of illegal traffic of human transplants are analysed. The author holds the opinion that the deeds should be covered by individual article, which would be desirable for including in the criminal code of Russian Federation for the below-mentioned reasons: First, in the criminal code a number of objects of a crime in view of their special importance are traditionally deduced by the legislator from under effect of the general rule and it is covered by special rules of the criminal code of Russian Federation. Second, the project of article offered by the author completely realizes provisions of article 47 of bases of the legislation of the Russian Federation «On health protection of citizens» and article 1 of the law of the Russian Federation «On transplantation of organs and (or) tissues of the human being» about a criminal liability for purchase and sale of biosubstratum of the person orforfulfillment of other commercial deals with the mentioned transplants. In thesis there is introduced the text of the project of article of the criminal code of Russian Federation and the article's note in which necessary terms are revealed. Also the author makes the comment to offered article.

»Police power«, as Michel Foucault states, »must bear ›over everything‹«, not just the whole territory of a state, but everything that happens. The archive in the age of the modern sciences of man relies on small techniques of notation, of registration, of constituting files, of arranging facts in columns and tables and solves the problem of the entry of the individual into the field of knowledge. These ›ignoble archives‹ (Foucault) that make each individual a ›case‹ must not be confounded with the juridico-political archive of the ›archontes‹ who ruled over the city-state in the name of the law and whose government therefore depended on a legal deposit. The essay then discusses Walter Benjamin's thesis that claims a ›ghostly‹ character of the modern police techniques of control and surveillance. Although Benjamin is right in focussing on the way modern power transforms the economy of visibility he is wrong in describing this power regime as a relict of the absolutist order, where the sovereign was not only the one who laid down the law, but also the privileged subject that could ›legitimately‹ break it. The usage of the infamous »lettres de cachet« in the age of the French absolutist regime demonstrates that the ›private‹ will of the monarch manifests itself in the name of the people who draw on him for their purposes; even the ›revolutionary‹ constitution of the ›general will‹ of the people as it is theorized by Rousseau relies heavily on a certain ›police power‹ that collects all the information about a population and its ›physico-political‹ status necessary to decide whether such a population is eligible for legislation. ; »Police power«, as Michel Foucault states, »must bear ›over everything‹«, not just the whole territory of a state, but everything that happens. The archive in the age of the modern sciences of man relies on small techniques of notation, of registration, of constituting files, of arranging facts in columns and tables and solves the problem of the entry of the individual into the field of knowledge. These ›ignoble archives‹ (Foucault) that make each individual a ›case‹ must not be confounded with the juridico-political archive of the ›archontes‹ who ruled over the city-state in the name of the law and whose government therefore depended on a legal deposit. The essay then discusses Walter Benjamin's thesis that claims a ›ghostly‹ character of the modern police techniques of control and surveillance. Although Benjamin is right in focussing on the way modern power transforms the economy of visibility he is wrong in describing this power regime as a relict of the absolutist order, where the sovereign was not only the one who laid down the law, but also the privileged subject that could ›legitimately‹ break it. The usage of the infamous »lettres de cachet« in the age of the French absolutist regime demonstrates that the ›private‹ will of the monarch manifests itself in the name of the people who draw on him for their purposes; even the ›revolutionary‹ constitution of the ›general will‹ of the people as it is theorized by Rousseau relies heavily on a certain ›police power‹ that collects all the information about a population and its ›physico-political‹ status necessary to decide whether such a population is eligible for legislation.

La presente tesis analiza el problema de la validez de las disposiciones de transposición de las Directivas Europeas en los ordenamientos nacionales desde la perspectiva del principio constitucional de reserva de ley. En el primer capítulo se desarrolla un análisis del estado de la cuestión en las jurisprudencias española e italiana. En el segundo se afronta el estudio de los requisitos impuestos por la jurisprudencia del TJUE en relación con las normas por las que se procede a la incorporación en los ordenamientos internos del contenido de las Directivas; teniendo en cuenta que ha de partirse del principio de autonomía institucional y procedimental de los Estados Miembros y que las Directivas, en tanto carentes por razón de su forma de directa aplicabilidad, no pueden sustituir a la ley nacional, el principio de reserva de ley ha de aplicarse en este tipo de operaciones siempre que así lo exija la Constitución nacional. En el tercer capítulo se estudian los efectos que han producido en los ordenamientos italiano, francés y alemán las cláusulas constitucionales "europeas", alcanzándose la fundamental conclusión de que las mismas no han supuesto quiebra alguna de la disciplina general de producción normativa en lo que se refiere a las operaciones de ejecución interna del Derecho Europeo. En el cuarto y último capítulo, en fin, se analiza el sistema italiano de ejecución de las políticas europeas mediante normas reglamentarias y la posible toma en consideración del mismo para la formulación de propuestas de lege ferenda en relación con el Derecho Español. ; This work aims to analyze the general problem of the applicability of the Gesetzesvorbehalt principle to the transposition in National Law of European Directives. First chapter is dedicated to a general study of the treatment which this question has received before the Spanish and Italian national courts. In the second chapter it is developed a general study about the European jurisprudence related to the legal requirements imposed to the national acts transposing European Directives; as ECJ judgements impose the application of the internal rules regarding the legislative process unless effectivity of European Law can be threatened, and the matter of direct effect of Directives has no consequences relating to the duty of transposition, because this source of law suffers a lack of direct applicability just because of its formal nature, Parliament must always proceed to the transposition when it is required by the National Constitution. In the third chapter we focus on the effects that internal constitutional clauses which proclaim the national participation on the European process have produced in the legal systems that have included them. The main conclussion regarding this question is that they have not had any particular effect on the possibility of not taking into account the constitutional Gesetzesvorbehalt on the transposition of European Directives. Finally, last chapter analyzes the Italian system of execution of European Law through governmental decrees and the possibilities of inserting it into the Spanish legal order. ; Il lavoro svolto dal candidato mira ad analizzare il problema riguardante l'applicabilità delle riserve costituzionali di legge nelle operazioni di recepimento delle direttive europee negli ordinamenti nazionali. Nel primo capitolo si analizzano le risposte fornite dalla giurisprudenza spagnola e da quella italiana, evidenziandosi come, mentre nel primo caso non si può ancora affermare l'esistenza di una risposta univoca, nel secondo la Corte costituzionale italiana è arrivata ad una soluzione che, pur non potendosi ritenere adeguata da un punto di vista tecnico, contribuisce comunque a chiarire il trattamento che le disposizioni costituzionali prese in considerazione devono ricevere. Nel secondo capitolo vengono analizzate le esigenze poste dal diritto europeo alle norme di recepimento delle direttive europee e si giunge alla conclusione che l'effettività e l'equivalenza, come limiti al principio di autonomia istituzionale degli Stati membri non comportano una relativizzazione delle riserve costituzionali di legge. Questa conclusione viene confermata nel terzo capitolo, dove si analizzano gli effetti che le clausole costituzionali di partecipazione al processo di integrazione europea hanno avuto nei sistemi che le hanno introdotte (l'Italia, la Francia e la Germania), e dove si sostiene che tali disposizioni non hanno alterato il rapporto tra il diritto dell'Unione e le norme interne sui processi di produzione normativa, ivi incluse le riserve costituzionali di legge. La tesi si chiude con l'esame del sistema italiano di attuazione delle direttive europee mediante norme regolamentari, con particolare riferimento alla delegificazione prevista dall'art. 35 della legge n. 234 del 2012. In particolare, si è cercato di prendere posizione sull'opportunità dell'inserimento di un sistema di esecuzione del diritto europeo come quello italiano nell'ordinamento spagnolo e si è arrivato alla conclusione che una modifica del genere non sarebbe auspicabile, perché contribuirebbe a porre difficoltà pratiche molto importanti soprattutto dal punto di vista della chiarezza dell'attività normativa nazionale.

Over the past seven decades, since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established in 1947, there has been a phenomenal increase in international trade in goods, largely due to sustained efforts by the world's main trading nations to reduce and eliminate tariff barriers in a multilaterally orchestrated manner. This publication reviews how the procedures and practices relating to tariff negotiations and renegotiations have evolved over this time. In particular, this new edition recounts how negotiations to expand the duty-free coverage of the Information Technology Agreement were concluded and provides an account of tariff renegotiations regarding successive enlargements of the European Union. It also covers tariff negotiations for the accession of a number of new members to the WTO, such as China and Russia. This book will be of particular interest to negotiators, members of government, trade ministries, economists and academics specialized in trade policy.

Global trade of upland cotton -- Political economy of agricultural subsidy programs -- WTO political environment prior to US-upland cotton case -- Origins of Brazil's US-upland cotton -- WTO dispute settlement : case study on US-upland cotton -- US-upland cotton : key legal findings as precedent for future WTO dispute challenges to agricultural subsidies & lessons learned from the involvement of least developed countries -- Impact of US-upland cotton's legal precedent on negotiation leverage within the Doha development agenda of the WTO -- Political limits on implementation in the United States -- Effect of non-compliance by the US : ethical systematic considerations