Suchergebnisse

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; La tendance des Libanais à émigrer remonte à plusieurs siècles et les départs définitifs ou temporaires font partie du quotidien. Toutefois, certaines périodes ont connu une intensification de ces mouvements touchant l'ensemble des résidents, toutes régions et toutes catégories sociales confondues. Dans ce rapport, nous nous proposons d'étudier le phénomène d'émigration des jeunes Libanais au cours des dernières vagues d'émigration. A cette fin et en l'absence de statistiques officielles, nous nous baserons entièrement sur les deux enquêtes nationales réalisées par l'Observatoire universitaire de la réalité socio-économique (OURSE) de l'Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth. La première section compare les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et occupationnelles de la population jeune résidente et émigrée. Dans la seconde partie, les attitudes des jeunes Libanais face à l'émigration ainsi que leur dispersion dans le monde sont analysées dans le détail. Les résultats mettent en exergue l'importance de l'émigration des jeunes, leurs projets de mobilité, leur perception de l'émigration et l'attitude de la collectivité quant à ce phénomène. Il semble que l'émigration, présente depuis longtemps dans la société libanaise, a tendance à s'accentuer et s'étendre à l'ensemble des couches sociales. Par ailleurs, les opportunités du marché du travail local semblent constituer le principal régulateur de l'intensité de l'émigration. Toutefois, les stratégies de départ et les opportunités du marché international du travail ne sont pas pour autant envisagées dans une perspective de rupture avec le pays d'origine. La raison du départ serait financière, mais la période de l'exil est déterminée et non définitive. Par ailleurs, malgré l'impact économique des remises d'épargne, l'émigration des jeunes est vécue par les familles au Liban et par la société dans son ensemble comme un fléau et de nombreuses voix se sont élevées dans le débat public pour en dénoncer les conséquences, provenant aussi bien des responsables politiques que des communautés religieuses et des médias. Abstract Attitudes to emigration have ancient roots in Lebanon. Indeed, leaving the country permanently or temporarily has long been part of Lebanese life. However, emigration flows have been more intense during certain periods involving the whole population regardless of social class and place of residence. This research report looks at recent patterns of youth emigration from Lebanon. Given the lack of official statistics for this phenomenon, this study is based on two national surveys carried out by the Observatoire universitaire de la réalité socio-économique (OURSE) of the St. Joseph University (USJ) in Beirut. In the first part of the report, the socio-demographic characteristics as well as the employment conditions of the young resident population and their emigrant peers will be compared. The second part will deal, instead, with the attitudes of young Lebanese nationals towards migration. The results highlight the plans of the young and the attitude towards migration found in Lebanese society. Furthermore, it emerges that younger emigration flows have been growing in recent years, responding to a lack of employment opportunities at home. However, emigration has not been perceived as a definitive separation from Lebanon, since migratory projects have often been temporary. From the point of view of the families left behind and the whole of Lebanese society, the continuous emigration of younger Lebanese migrants is a big loss, which is only partly counter-balanced by remittances.

The myth that the Palestinian exodus of 1948 was triggered by orders from the Arab leaders——a cornerstone of the official Israeli version of the 1948 war and intended to absolve it of responsibility for the refugee problem——dies hard. Thus, it continues to be deployed by apologists for Israel as a means of blaming the Palestinians for their own fate. Even Benny Morris, one of whose major conclusions in his 1986 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem was to discredit the Israeli claim, cannot seem to let go of it completely. Thus, the conclusion of the substantially revised update of the book, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (2004), states that although the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) and the local National Committees made efforts to block the exodus of army-aged males, ""at the same time, they actively promoted the depopulation of villages and towns. Many thousands of Arabs——women, children, and old people……left, well before battle was joined, as a result of advice and orders from local Arab commanders and officials……. Indeed, already months before the war the Arab states and the AHC had endorsed the removal of dependents from active and potential combat zones……. There can be no exaggerating the importance of these early, Arab-initiated evacuations in the demoralization, and eventual exodus, of the remaining rural and urban populations"" (pp. 589––90).
Given the endurance of this central plank of the Israeli doctrine of 1948, JPS has decided to reprint for the first time a difficult-to-obtain article published in July 1959 by Walid Khalidi in a long-defunct periodical of the American University of Beirut (AUB), Middle East Forum. Entitled ""Why Did the Palestinians Leave? An Examination of the Zionist Version of the Exodus of '48,"" the article was based on a talk Professor Khalidi gave at AUB earlier that year. After tracing the origins and first appearance of the Zionist claim, the article, using AHC and Arab League archival material, Arab and Palestinian press releases and reports, Arab and Haganah radio broadcasts, and other Arab and Israeli sources exhaustively rebuts the claim through showing both what the broadcasts did not say and what they did say. JPS is reprinting the article as is.
While the July 1959 article debunks the myth using documents at the national or Arab level, a second article by Professor Khalidi published in December 1959, ""The Fall of Haifa,"" touches on the Arab orders at the local level, an issue equally emphasized by Morris. The article, also published in the Middle East Forum, puts the exodus from the city after the Haganah offensive that led to its capture in April 1948 within the overall military context: Anglo-Zionist collusion, the balance of power, and so on. The article also deals directly with the orders and reproduces the texts of the eleven communiquéés issued by the Haifa National Committee between the UN General Assembly partition decision (November 1947) and the fall of Haifa in April, all of which have bearing on the subject. JPS is reproducing these pages as an appendix but intends to publish ""The Fall of Haifa"" in its entirety at a later date.

" La guerre, la ville et l'économie " est un titre qui fait un " clin d'œil " au célèbre ouvrage de Jean-Louis Dufour : La guerre, la ville et le soldat. Questionner le lien entre guerre et économie au prisme du cas particulier des villes en guerre permet de procéder à un changement d'échelles : si de nombreux travaux analysent les liens entre guerre et économie à l'échelle de l'Etat qui finance la guerre (en particulier dans le cas des opérations extérieures menées par des Etats engagés au nom de leur Etat ou dans des coalitions, notamment onusiennes ou otaniennes), ou à l'échelle des entreprises impliquées dans l'effort de guerre ou à l'échelle mondiale (pour notamment mettre en exergue les rapports de pouvoir entre les différents Etats), cet article se propose de présenter les conséquences de la guerre sur l'économie urbaine à l'échelle locale. S'appuyer sur une approche géographique permet de compléter les approches économiques et juridiques, dans la mesure où elle met en exergue les impacts des destructions et d'une géographie de la peur qui se construit dans la ville et tend à faire disparaître l'urbanité, c'est-à-dire le vivre-la-ville, celle-ci étant alors conçue comme un lieu d'échanges, de rencontres et de proximités. On distinguera trois types d'interrelations entre guerre et économie dans la ville en guerre. Tout d'abord, les destructions dans la ville provoquent des dysfonctionnements urbains très lourds : il s'agit là de questionner l'économie urbaine dans la guerre, c'est-à-dire la manière dont l'économie urbaine est affectée par la géographie des combats, qui dessine des zones-refuges et des zones-cibles, produisant une injustice spatiale profondément ancrée dans la ville. De plus, il est nécessaire de questionner le financement de la guerre au prisme de ces spatialités : la violence produit des fragmentations urbaines, qui sont (ré)activées, créées, apaisées ou renforcées par les acteurs de l'économie urbaine de guerre. Ainsi, l'échelle de la ville ne peut suffire à comprendre tous les enjeux ...

The rise of urban studies in Lebanon: local critical engagements and globalisation of academic practices -- The emergence and the structuration of urban studies constitutes one of the most striking change in the social sciences in Lebanon since the end of the civil war. This relates to the social and political context, that of reconstruction and urban modernisation in the last 30 years. But it is also linked to the changes affecting the academia and in particular its international insertion. Therefore, it is interesting to examine urban studies in Lebanon in a comparative perspective. On the one side, I take stock of the acknowledged specificities of urban studies, in particular the tension between academic structuration and links with policies. On the other side, it is necessary to account for the global reshuffling of this field, with the rise of questions stemming from Southern cities. This text starts by proposing an analytical framework pour studying urban studies in a country of the South; then it develops three main findings. First, the emergence of urban studies in Lebanon directly accompanied the mobilisations of intellectuals and scholarsagainst the government's urban policies of reconstruction and planning. Second, the structuration of urbanstudies is occurring foremost in the academic sphere of urban planning, which is located inside the facultiesof architecture. These places have access to uneven resources to access the international debates and theAmerican University of Beirut stands out from this point of view. The state and local public actors played aminor role in the structuring of urban studies but there are various forms of coproduction of urban dataand knowledge that associates academics, consultants and administrations. The rise of urban studies alsostrongly results from the development urban activism, particularly in the recent years. This has led to theadoption of new practices of coproduction of knowledge with the residents, as well as of now forms ofdissemination to the public. The framework of "translational urban praxis" Susann Parnell and EdgarPieterse proposed for South Africa helps to understand these new practices of translation between differentsocial groups and publics. ; L'émergence et la structuration des études urbaines constituent des modifications parmi les plusfrappantes au sein des sciences sociales au Liban depuis la fin de la guerre civile. Cela renvoie à la fois à une actualité sociale et politique, celle de la reconstruction et de la modernisation des villes dans les trentedernières années. Mais cela est également lié à des mutations du milieu universitaire lui-même et enparticulier aux formes de son insertion internationale. En ce sens, la montée des études urbaines au Libanest intéressante à étudier dans une perspective comparée, prenant en compte les spécificités des étudesurbaines, notamment la tension entre structuration académique et lien avec l'action publique, et lesrenouvellements à l'échelle globale, liés à la montée des problématiques des villes du Sud. Ce texte posed'abord un cadre d'analyse des études urbaines pour un pays du Sud, avant de développer trois grandsrésultats : l'histoire de l'émergence des études urbaines au Liban accompagne des mobilisationsd'intellectuel.le.s et d'universitaires contre les politiques publiques de reconstruction et d'aménagementurbain. Les études urbaines se structurent dans un espace académique qui est celui de l'urbanisme,étroitement liée au Liban aux facultés d'architecture. Ces foyers des études urbaines sont inégalementdotés pour prendre place dans l'espace académique international. L'Université Américaine de Beyrouth sedistingue sur ce plan. L'État et les acteurs publics locaux jouent un rôle mineur dans la structuration desétudes urbaines mais des formes de co-production de données et de savoirs pratiques associantuniversitaires, consultants et administrations sont néanmoins observables. Enfin, le développement desétudes urbaines est indissociable du militantisme urbain qui conduit à l'adoption de nouvelles pratiques decoproduction de savoirs avec les habitants et de nouvelles formes de diffusion, qu'il est loisible decomprendre comme des pratiques de traduction entre différents publics, comme l'ont proposé à propos del'Afrique du Sud Susan Parnell et Edgar Pieterse.

This dissertation examines how U.S. foreign policy shaped the origins and expansion of Middle East studies and expertise. For over sixty years the United States has considered the area called the "Middle East" to be vital to its national security interests, and governmental and academic institutions have been essential pillars in support of this policy. America's involvement in the Middle East has matched its rise as a global superpower and I argue that U.S. foreign policy significantly influenced the production and professionalization of knowledge about the region. I demonstrate that passage of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 ultimately led to the growth and diversification of the field. Moreover, my dissertation contends that an unintended consequence of this expansion was strained relations between academia and the government, which contributed to and was compounded by decreased federal funding for area studies. By the late and post-Cold War periods, I assert that these factors led to a perceived decline in the field while private think tanks garnered increased attention and influence.Drawing on research completed at national, university, and foundation archives, I explain how key governmental and non-governmental institutions collaborated to promote Middle East studies and expertise. I examine early American attempts to produce contemporary regional expertise through different wartime agencies and programs during the First and Second World Wars. In particular, I focus on the Inquiry, a group of scholars created to help President Woodrow Wilson prepare for the Versailles Peace Conference, as well as the Office of Strategic Services and the Army Specialized Training Program. I assert that the example of these initial efforts and their alumni helped establish the institutional precursors for the development of area studies. During and after the Cold War, I analyze how the Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency coordinated with the Middle East studies programs at Princeton and Harvard and supported the American Universities of Beirut and Cairo. I also discuss the coordination of private foundations and academic societies with governmental agencies as well as their funding and support of area studies programs before and after the NDEA. This includes the activities of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, the Social Science Research Council, and the American Council of Learned Societies. I conclude that different regimes of knowledge production and cultures of expertise related to the Middle East have emerged over the past century. While these regimes have often intersected and competed for supremacy, I contend that U.S. foreign policy interests and goals have had a predominant influence on the contested ways knowledge is produced, communicated, and consumed. I demonstrate that the terminology and associated geographical representations inherent in U.S. foreign policy discourse has been adopted and promulgated by academic scholarship on the Middle East. Thus, revealing that even when Washington's policies are contested by area experts its interests have already been subsumed into existing discourse on the region. While university-based Middle East studies were successful in expanding and enhancing the U.S.'s knowledge about the region and producing potential candidates for government service, I assert that the foreign policy and intelligence establishments developed their own processes for collecting and analyzing information and trends which benefited from but were independent of academic scholarship on the Middle East. Furthermore, I argue that think tanks emerged at the expense of university-based Middle East studies programs by actively pursuing research agendas in support of U.S. foreign policy objectives in the region.

Woodlard (1998: 16) states: "The equation of language and nation is not a natural fact but rather a historical, ideological construct". Based on that, this study serves to point out how the change of political, social and cultural ideologies of the January generation led to a similar change in their language ideology and consequently a remarkable change in their use of written Arabic. The attempt is to answer the following questions: How do new language ideologies reflect on the practices of written Arabic, and how to map these to certain genres or social contexts? How can the power of changing language ideologies help in revitalizing Arabic and connecting it to the international community? To achieve this, the study depends on a qualitative approach of analyzing and discussing written practices introduced in the years following January 2011. The study falls in four sections: the first is an introduction to the concept of language ideology and its role in shaping the linguistic practices and features that get selected for cultural attention and social marking (Schieffelin & Doucet 1998). Section two presents the literature on the history of standardizing Arabic and a description of the crucial issue of diglossia (Ferguson 1959, 1996; Eisele 2002) in Egypt and the Arab world. Section three discusses the relationship between language and politics as well as language ideologies behind the different conflicting language varieties. Section four investigates the changes that took place in the language ideologies held by the Egyptian youth after the January 2011 by the means of analyzing and discussing data extracted from written practices of variable genres of media. Finally, the study suggests some approaches to revitalize the Arabic language by deploying different ideologies in the sense of using this diversity for the benefit of the language. ; Assiut University, Egypt ; Walaa Hassan is an Associate Professor of Linguistics at the English Department, Faculty of Arts, Assiut University, Egypt. She received her PhD in Linguistics from Assiut University, Egypt, and Michigan State University, USA (a collaborative program administered jointly by both Assiut University and Michigan State University). She has also been a researcher and a language consultant for 6 months at MSU, USA. Her research is in the area of comparative Arabic-English analysis, particularly the syntax-semantics interface, comparative syntax, and the lexicalization of loanwords into Arabic. She is also interested in investigating language acquisition, specifically accent acquisition and the effect of variable linguistic input on the development of one's native language. ; whassan@aun.edu.eg ; 4 ; 32 (1/2021) ; 15 ; Aboelezz, M. 2014. Deconstructing Diglossia: Language Ideology and Change in Revolutionary Egypt (2010-2014). [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. Lancaster University. ; Aboelezz, M. 2018. Language as proxy in identity politics: The case of revived Egyptian nationalism in Egypt. In: A. Alnajjar & Y. Mendel (eds.), Language, Politics and Society in the Middle East, 126-147. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Anderson, B. 2006. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso Books. ; Bartsch, R. 1989. A normtheoretical approach to functional and status types of language. In: U. Ammon (ed.), Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties, 197-215. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ; Bassiouney, R. 2009. Arabic Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Bassiouney, R. 2012. Politicizing identity: Code choice and stance-taking during the Egyptian revolution. Discourse and Society 23 (2): 107-126. ; Bassiouney, R. 2013. Language and revolution in Egypt. Telos. 85-110. ; Bassiouney, R. 2014. Language and Identity in Modern Egypt. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ; Borg, G. 2007. How to be KOOL in Arabic writing: Linguistic observations from the sideline. In: E. Ditters & H. Motzki (eds.), Approaches to Arabic Linguistics, 527-542. Leiden: Brill. ; Bourdieu, P.1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press. ; Brustad, K. 2011. Standard language ideology and the construction of modern standard Arabic. In: Workshop on Language, Literacy and the Social Construction of Authority, March 3-5, 2011. Stanford University. ; Brustad, K. 2017. Diglossia as ideology. In: J. Høigilt & G. Mejdell (eds.), The Politics of Written Language in the Arab World, 41-67. Leiden: Brill. ; Carter, M.G., 1983. Language control as people control in medieval Islam: The aims of the grammarians in their cultural context. In: R. Baalbaki (ed.), Arab Language and Culture, 76-84. Beirut: American University of Beirut. ; Chejne, A.G. 1969. The Arabic Language: its Role in History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ; De Silva, S. 1982. Some consequences of diglossia. In: W. Haas (ed.), Standard Languages, Spoken and Written, 94-122. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ; Eisele, J.C. 2002. Approaching diglossia: Authorities, values and representations. In: A. Rouchdy (ed.), Language Contact and Language Conflict in Arabic: Variations on a Sociolinguistic Theme, 3-23. London/New York: Routledge. ; Ferguson, C. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15: 325-40. ; Ferguson, C. 1996. Sociolinguistic Perspectives: Papers on Language in Society, 1959-1994. New York: Oxford University Press. ; Ferguson, C. 1997 [1959]. Myths about Arabic. In: K.R. Belnap & N. Haeri (eds.), Structuralist Studies in Arabic Linguistics: Charles A. Ferguson's Papers, 1954–1994, 250-256. Leiden: Brill. ; Gal, S. 1998. Multiplicity and contention among language ideologies: A commentary. In: B.B. Schieffelin, K.A. Woolard & P.V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, 445-449. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Gumperz, J. J., 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Hachimi, A. 2013. The Maghreb-Mashreq language ideology and the politics of identity in a globalized Arab world. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17 (3): 269-296. ; Hachimi, A. 2015. "Good Arabic, bad Arabic". Mapping language ideologies in the Arabic-speaking world. Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik 61: 35-70. ; Haeri, N. 2003. Sacred Language, Ordinary People. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Ibrahim, Z. 2010. Cases of written code-switching in Egyptian opposition newspapers. In: R. Bassiouney (ed.), Arabic and the Media: Linguistic Analyses and Applications, 23-46. Leiden: Brill. ; Lippi-Green, R.1994. Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts. Language in Society 23: 163-198. ; Neely, A.A. & Palmer Jr, G. 2009. Which way is the Kiowa way? Orthography choices, ideologies and language renewal. In P.V. Kroskrity & M.C. Field (eds.), Native American Language Ideologies: Beliefs, Practices, and Struggles in Indian Country, 271-298. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. ; Schieffelin, B. B. & Doucet, R. 1998. The 'real' Haitian creole: Ideology, metalinguistics, and orthographic choice. In: B.B. Schieffelin, K.A. Woolard & P.V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, 285-316. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Schulthies, B. 2015. Do you speak Arabic? Managing axes of adequation and difference in pan-Arab talent programs. Language and Communication 44: 59-71. ; S'hiri, S. 2002. Speak Arabic please! 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Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kepemimpinan karismatik Kiai dalam membangun budaya organisasi pesantren. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik: wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipan, dan studi dokumentasi. Penetapan informan sebagai sumber data dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan pola interaktif data. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan derajat kredibilitas, transferabilitas, dan konfirmabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) budaya organisasi di pondok pesantren diterapkan melalui kegiatan-kegiatan santri, yang meliputi kegiatan harian, mingguan, bulanan, maupun tambahan; (2) kepemimpinan kiai karismatik di Pondok Pesantren Raudlatut Thalibin dan Al-Anwar memiliki perbedaan. KH. Ahmad Mustofa Bisri menerapkan sistem kepemimpinan demokrasi dalam menjalankan pondok pesantren, sedangkan KH. Maimoen Zubair menerapkan kepemimpinan terpimpin; dan (3) Kiai karismatik memiliki peran strategis dalam upaya mengembangkan budaya organisasi. Abstract: This study aims to describe the charismatic leadership of the Kiai in building a pesantren organizational culture. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a case study design. The data was collected by using the following techniques: in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation study. The determination of informants as data sources was carried out by using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using interactive data patterns. Data validity checks using the degree of credibility, transferability and confirmability. The results showed that: (1) organizational culture in Islamic boarding schools is implemented through santri activities, which include daily, weekly, monthly and additional activities; (2) the leadership of the charismatic kiai in the Raudlatut Thalibin and Al-Anwar Islamic Boarding Schools is different. KH. Ahmad Mustofa Bisri applies a democratic leadership system in running Islamic boarding schools, while KH. Maimoen Zubair applies guided leadership; and (3) Charismatic clerics have a strategic role in developing organizational culture. References: AlGhazali, I. (1997). Ihya' Ulumuddin. Beirut: Darul Fikri. Amirin, T. M (2007). Kepemimpinan yang amanah. Dinamika Pendidikan, 1(14), 1-11. Bate, P. (1994). Strategies for Cultural Change. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bruinessen, M. V. (1994). Tradisi, Relasi Kuasa, Pencarian Wacana Baru. Yogyakarta. LkiS. Dhofier, Z. (2009). Tradisi Pesantren: Memadu Modernitas untuk Kemajuan Bangsa. Yogyakarta: Newsea Press. Haedari, A., & Hanif, A. (2004). Masa Depan Pesantren dalam Tantangan Modernitas dan Tantangan Kompleksitas Globalitas. Jakarta: IRD Press. Hofl, H. (1992). The Making of The Corporate Acolyte: Some Thoughts on Charismatic Leadership and the Reality of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Management Studies, 29(1). Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values. California: Sage Publication. Javidan, M., & Waldman, D. A. (2003). Exploring Charismatic Leadership in The Public Sector: Measurement and Consequences. Public Administration Review, 63(2), 229–242. Kartono, K. (2008). Pemimpin dan Kepemimpinan, Jakarta: CV. Rajawali. Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. (2007). Organisasi dan Manjemen. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Kavanagh, M. H. & Ashkanasy, N. M., (2006). The Impact of Leadership and Change Management Strategy on Organisational Culture and Individual Acceptance of Change During a Merger. British Journal of Management17(1), S81–S103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00480.x Ma'arif, S. (2003). Manajemen Operasi. Jakarta: Grasindo. Margono, S. (1997). Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in Education. New Jersey: Pearson. Nawawi, H. (2006). Instrumen Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogjakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, J. A. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Shastari, R.K., Mishra, K. S., & Sinha, A. (2010). Charismatic Leadership and Organizational Commitment: An Indian Perspective. African Journal of Business Management, 4(10), 1946-1953. Sukamto, 1999. Kepemimpinan Kyai dalam Pesantren. Jakarta: LP3ES Tika, M. P. (2006). Budaya Organisasi dan Peningkatan Kinerja Perusahaan. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara. Tunggal, A. W. (2010). Peran Budaya Organisasi dalam Keberhasilan Perusahaan. Jakarta: Harvarindo. Yukl, G. (2007). Kepemimpinan dalam Organisasi. Jakarta: Prenhalindo. Ziemek, M. (1986). Pesantren dalam Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: P3M.

The Mashreq countries such as Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq are facing significant risk of losing their geographical locations as a main transit corridor in Middle East. This is because of the emerging new alternative transit corridors that were raised and developed in the neighboring areas because of the unsettled political situation in the Mashreq region. Nonetheless, although the weak infrastructure connections between Mashreq countries and the fragile legislation environment, it cannot be left unsaid that the major reason behind these lost opportunities on transport and trade is an inefficient operation of the transport corridors network in the Mashreq region due to the lack of logistical services and projects at seaports. Although all Mashreq governments revealed Dryports as inevitable solution to optimize the distribution of maritime containers and reduce congestion level at seaports, the coordination at the level of decision-makers to improve transport corridors and their operations was completely ignored. This research argues that Mashreq countries should act as one integrated body to save their role as the main transit corridor in the region. They should coordinate at their decision making level, in terms of establishing an integrated dry-ports network system. The limitations in previous network design models in addressing the communication between decisionKmakers in different countries had led to the introduction of a numbe of potential locations within one regional integrated network to bring in an opportunity to develop a new network design model. This can offer a flexible and standard platform that helps make a mutual decision that is not necessarily the optimum for each stakeholder, but it will be satisfied by every end-user. This Thesis is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of applying an ontological approach to develop a new model to evaluate dry port location decision within a case study of Integrated Dry Ports Network (IDPN) in Mashreq countries. This proposed IDPN model helps to determine the best regional scenario of integrated dry ports network that adequately link the Mashreq countries transport corridors together, as well as the extensions of these corridors with its Mediterranean neighborhood transport corridors. An Integrated Dry Port Network (IDPN) model provides a sustainable allocation for the expected increase in container traffic at the region. (IDPN)is a comprehensive network design model based ontological approach to help evaluate dry port locations. It will adequately serve more than one seaport in two different countries. Furthermore, this research defined the role that Mashreq governments could play to facilitate the container allocation among their borders and beyond to enhance transportation corridors in the region. An ontological approach is proposed because ontologies improve communication and re-use of knowledge by providing a shared understanding that reduces ambiguities and misunderstanding in the terminology adopted in a certain domain. They also support the engineering process of transport solutions by providing a basis for automated specification, analysis, and consistency in checking for alternatives. First a source Ontology is designated in terms of container movement requirements within a regional hinterland, which depends on stakeholder objectives. Container Movement Route Ontology (CMRO) describes container movement routes for intermodal freight distribution within regional hinterland network. It is a semanticKbased representation of transport activities within regional network. It's based on the presence of dry ports in a transportation system to formally define all available scenarios of containers routes which the decision makers should be aware of. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected to essentially compare between two scenarios of container traffic distribution (a national (vs) regional), where operating strategies have been considered for both existing and planned dry ports interactions with two major containers seaports in the Mashreq region. These are the Latakia seaport in Syria and the Beirut seaport in Lebanon. Finally, Minimum Cost Flow Mathematical model, was used to validate the developed ontological scenarios. The computational results obtained satisfied the proposed ontological model aimed to reduce transport cost and maintain a maximum flow.

The emergence and the structuration of urban studies constitutes one of the most striking change in the social sciences in Lebanon since the end of the civil war. This relates to the social and political context, that of reconstruction and urban modernisation in the last 30 years. But it is also linked to the changes affecting the academia and in particular its international insertion. Therefore, it is interesting to examine urban studies in Lebanon in a comparative perspective. On the one side, I take stock of the acknowledged specificities of urban studies, in particular the tension between academic structuration and links with policies. On the other side, it is necessary to account for the global reshuffling of this field, with the rise of questions stemming from Southern cities. This text starts by proposing an analytical framework pour studying urban studies in a country of the South; then it develops three main findings. First, the emergence of urban studies in Lebanon directly accompanied the mobilisations of intellectuals and scholars against the government's urban policies of reconstruction and planning. Second, the structuration of urban studies is occurring foremost in the academic sphere of urban planning, which is located inside the faculties of architecture. These places have access to uneven resources to access the international debates and the American University of Beirut stands out from this point of view. The state and local public actors played a minor role in the structuring of urban studies but there are various forms of coproduction of urban data and knowledge that associates academics, consultants and administrations. The rise of urban studies also strongly results from the development urban activism, particularly in the recent years. This has led to the adoption of new practices of coproduction of knowledge with the residents, as well as of now forms of dissemination to the public. The framework of "translational urban praxis" Susann Parnell and Edgar Pieterse proposed for South Africa helps to understand these new practices of translation between different social groups and publics. ; L'émergence et la structuration des études urbaines constituent des modifications parmi les plus frappantes au sein des sciences sociales au Liban depuis la fin de la guerre civile. Cela renvoie à la fois à une actualité sociale et politique, celle de la reconstruction et de la modernisation des villes dans les trente dernières années. Mais cela est également lié à des mutations du milieu universitaire lui-même et en particulier aux formes de son insertion internationale. En ce sens, la montée des études urbaines au Liban est intéressante à étudier dans une perspective comparée, prenant en compte les spécificités des études urbaines, notamment la tension entre structuration académique et lien avec l'action publique, et les renouvellements à l'échelle globale, liés à la montée des problématiques des villes du Sud. Ce texte pose d'abord un cadre d'analyse des études urbaines pour un pays du Sud, avant de développer trois grands résultats: l'histoire de l'émergence des études urbaines au Liban accompagne des mobilisations d'intellectuel.le.s et d'universitaires contre les politiques publiques de reconstruction et d'aménagement urbain. Les études urbaines se structurent dans un espace académique qui est celui de l'urbanisme, étroitement liée au Liban aux facultés d'architecture. Ces foyers des études urbaines sont inégalement dotés pour prendre place dans l'espace académique international. L'Université Américaine de Beyrouth se distingue sur ce plan. L'État et les acteurs publics locaux jouent un rôle mineur dans la structuration des études urbaines mais des formes de co-production de données et de savoirs pratiques associant universitaires, consultants et administrations sont néanmoins observables. Enfin, le développement des études urbaines est indissociable du militantisme urbain qui conduit à l'adoption de nouvelles pratiques de coproduction de savoirs avec les habitants et de nouvelles formes de diffusion, qu'il est loisible de comprendre comme des pratiques de traduction entre différents publics, comme l'ont proposé à propos de l'Afrique du Sud Susan Parnell et Edgar Pieterse.

Conditions of rapid social disorganisation can overtax the intellectual capacity of the average citizen, resulting in communication disorganisation. During the 1975-76 civil war in Lebanon, the multiplicity of socio-political variables and the acceleration of the tempo of their interac tion overwhelmed the individual's capacity to arrive at a coherent and objective explanation of the war situation that could win the consensus of a small gathering of friends. The diversity of interpretations presented within the group tended to frustrate communication, and produced hostile polemics, with patterns resembling those found in compulsive-obsessional neuroses. The present paper analyses this cognitively induced state of psychopathology, as expressed in small groups observed by the author. Social psychologists have long observed that group solidarity and cohesiveness increase markedly whenever a collection of individuals face a common external threat or stress. Schachter (1959) theorised that the greater the anticipated threat, the stronger is the desire to await its pain in the company of others in the same predicament. Adopting Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory, Schachter postulated that the arousal of any strong emotion evokes a need for comparison. If emotions are assumed to be non-specific affective states, then per sons can only evaluate the quality, intensity and appropriateness of their emotions by compar ing their own reaction with those of others. Accordingly, novel and unpredictably threatening stimuli are expected to induce a greater tendency to affiliate, because an individual is more obliged to seek out other persons in order to define the emotional effect of unfamiliar stimuli. A large body of literature indicates that group cohesiveness tends to affect group interaction in the following three major ways: (a) it increases the group's capacity to retain members and enhances their participation in group activities; (b) it brings about conformity to group norms; (c) it reduces member's anxiety and heightens their self-esteem (Cartwright, 1968). The first phase (1975-76) of the Lebanese civil war was largely fought in urban centres and directly involved non-combatant civilian population who tended to suffer a great number of casualties. Such exposure to danger no doubt tended to enhance cohesiveness among in teracting individuals, as evidenced by accounts of increase in visiting and mutual assistance among neighbours and relatives. Under such conditions, one would expect to find evidence of the effects of cohesiveness within friendly group encounters. The author visited Lebanon during a pause following the above-mentioned period of in tense fighting, and was impressed by a certain pattern of group interaction that seemed to be contrary to that expected from cohesiveness theory. This group pattern was expressed within small gatherings of friends and relatives, and consisted of heated arguments, characterised by extreme diversity of political interpretations and by the use of generalised statements with affective overtones of anger and hostility. Every such gathering observed by the author ended in a quarrel, or with feelings of frustration and negativism; this and the intellectual processes expressed in the arguments were suggestive of collective psychopathology. The members were middle class, Christian Lebanese, living in the western, predominantly Moslem section of Beirut. They had remained in their homes during the fighting, did not formally belong to any political party, and were characterised by lack of homogeneity in their political leanings. The need to share news and experiences, and the need to map a threatening environment no doubt were responsible for the increase in the frequency of these get-together meetings. Their problematical aspect was that they not only failed to achieve any level of conformity or consensus on interpretation of events, but also accentuated differences in views and attitudes and promoted individual antagonisms. This paper will attempt to show that this disruptive counter-cohesive force was a product of intellectual disorganisation (cognitive anomie) pro duced in the process of communication. The intellectual disorganisation was engendered through attempts at comprehending a highly complex and threatening situation that over whelmed the intellectual capacity of members to explain and to communicate their explanations.

" La guerre, la ville et l'économie " est un titre qui fait un " clin d'œil " au célèbre ouvrage de Jean-Louis Dufour : La guerre, la ville et le soldat. Questionner le lien entre guerre et économie au prisme du cas particulier des villes en guerre permet de procéder à un changement d'échelles : si de nombreux travaux analysent les liens entre guerre et économie à l'échelle de l'Etat qui finance la guerre (en particulier dans le cas des opérations extérieures menées par des Etats engagés au nom de leur Etat ou dans des coalitions, notamment onusiennes ou otaniennes), ou à l'échelle des entreprises impliquées dans l'effort de guerre ou à l'échelle mondiale (pour notamment mettre en exergue les rapports de pouvoir entre les différents Etats), cet article se propose de présenter les conséquences de la guerre sur l'économie urbaine à l'échelle locale. S'appuyer sur une approche géographique permet de compléter les approches économiques et juridiques, dans la mesure où elle met en exergue les impacts des destructions et d'une géographie de la peur qui se construit dans la ville et tend à faire disparaître l'urbanité, c'est-à-dire le vivre-la-ville, celle-ci étant alors conçue comme un lieu d'échanges, de rencontres et de proximités. On distinguera trois types d'interrelations entre guerre et économie dans la ville en guerre. Tout d'abord, les destructions dans la ville provoquent des dysfonctionnements urbains très lourds : il s'agit là de questionner l'économie urbaine dans la guerre, c'est-à-dire la manière dont l'économie urbaine est affectée par la géographie des combats, qui dessine des zones-refuges et des zones-cibles, produisant une injustice spatiale profondément ancrée dans la ville. De plus, il est nécessaire de questionner le financement de la guerre au prisme de ces spatialités : la violence produit des fragmentations urbaines, qui sont (ré)activées, créées, apaisées ou renforcées par les acteurs de l'économie urbaine de guerre. Ainsi, l'échelle de la ville ne peut suffire à comprendre tous les enjeux des liens guerre/économie : on s'attachera, à l'échelle du quartier, à montrer l'émergence de quartiers-territoires comme producteurs de plusieurs économies fragmentées dans la ville, qui mettent à mal le processus de pacification dans l'immédiat après-guerre. Enfin, la question de la reconstruction permet de dépasser le temps des combats, et de questionner l'économie urbaine en guerre, dans la mesure où celle-ci reste affectée, voire " formatée ", par les conflictualités qui persistent dans la ville. Distinguer économie urbaine dans la guerre, économie urbaine de guerre et économie urbaine en guerre, consiste à mettre en avant les spatialités et les temporalités des acteurs et des habitants dans les villes en guerre : comment la géographie des combats s'ancre dans le (dys)fonctionnement économique de la ville au point d'être un enjeu prioritaire des processus de réconciliation et de pacification dans l'immédiat après-guerre ? On postule, dans cet article, que les tensions sociales de l'immédiat avant-guerre, de la guerre et de l'immédiat après-guerre sont des facteurs aggravants, utilisés et déformés par les acteurs de la guerre, des conflictualités qui déchirent les villes en guerre.

The purpose of the study was to find out the title role of Pesantren believer Cooperative Mandiri Sidoarjo towards economic empowerment and independence employee boarding schools. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach to the case study method. Data collection was carried out by interviews and direct observation to informants, namely those in charge of pesantren, cooperative and cooperative employees (santri). And secondary data collection comes from journals, text books and other literature. The result of this study is the Mukmin Mandiri Pesantren Cooperative plays a major role in enhancing the empowerment of cooperative employees (santri) and playing an optimal role in supporting the independence of the cottage. The economic empowerment of pesantren employees conducted by the Mukmin Mandiri Pesantren Cooperative is by making the Cooperative a work field, a place to apply knowledge and a place to increase income. As for the independence of the cottage, that is to become the main source of funding for Islamic boarding schools in carrying out operations and the sustainability of Islamic boarding schools. Going forward, the Cooperative will further optimize the empowerment of union employees (santri) to print better students in the field of entrepreneurship and religion.Keywords: Cooperative Boarding School, Economic Empowerment, Independence of Islamic Boarding SchoolsREFERENCES Azyumardi, A. 1997. Pesantren, Kontinuitas, dan Perubahan Dalam Bilik-Bilik Pesantren: Sebuah Potret Perjalanan. Jakarta: Paramadina.Bakhri, Mokh. Syaiful. 2011. Sukses Ekonomi Syariah Di Pesantren: Belajar dari Kopontren Sidogiri, Koperasi BMT MMU, Sidogiri dan Koperasi BMT UGT Sidogiri. Pasuruan : Penerbit Cipta.Blanchard, K, PC John dan R. Alan. 1998. Pemberdayaan Memerlukan Waktu Lebih Dari Semenit (terjemahan oleh Zoelkifli Kasip) Jakarta: InteraksaBurhanudin. 2010. Prosedur Mudah Mendirikan Koperasi. 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PubMedID: 28566477 ; Weinvestigated the value of genetic, histopathologic, and early treatment response information inprognosing longterm renal outcome in children with primary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. From the PodoNet Registry, we obtained longitudinal clinical information for 1354 patients (disease onset at>3months and<20 years of age): 612 haddocumentedresponsiveness tointensifiedimmunosuppression (IIS),1155hadkidneybiopsy results, and212had an established genetic diagnosis. We assessed risk factors for ESRD using multivariate Cox regression models. Complete and partial remission of proteinuria within 12 months of disease onset occurred in 24.5% and 16.5% of children, respectively, with the highest remission rates achievedwith calcineurin inhibitor-based protocols. Ten-year ESRD-free survival rates were 43%, 94%, and 72% in children with IIS resistance, complete remission, and partial remission, respectively; 27% in children with a genetic diagnosis; and 79% and 52% in children with histopathologic findings of minimal change glomerulopathy and FSGS, respectively. Five-year ESRD-free survival rate was 21% for diffuse mesangial sclerosis. IIS responsiveness, presence of a genetic diagnosis, and FSGS or diffuse mesangial sclerosis on initial biopsy as well as age, serum albumin concentration, and CKD stage at onset affected ESRD risk. Our findings suggest that responsiveness to initial IIS and detection of a hereditary podocytopathy are prognostic indicators of favorable and poor long-term outcome, respectively, in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Childrenwithmultidrug-resistant sporadic disease showbetter renal survival than thosewith geneticdisease. Furthermore, histopathologic findings may retain prognostic relevance when a genetic diagnosis is established. © 2017 by the American Society of Nephrology. ; Seventh Framework Programme: 2012-305608 European Geosciences Union Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: Scha 477/11-1 Ministry of Education and Science: N402631840 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu: 108S417 Università degli Studi di Parma Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu M.S.I. Foundation: Serbia Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Akdeniz Üniversitesi United Arab Emirates University Semmelweis Egyetem: Hungary Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi Western University: Ukraine ; The PodoNet project has been made possible by support received from E-Rare (German Ministry of Education and Research), European Union (EU) Seventh Framework Programme (EURenOmics) grant 2012-305608, Polish Ministry of Science and Education grant N402631840, German Research Foundation grant Scha 477/11-1, and Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey grant 108S417. ; The PodoNet collaborators were M.A., Lily Quiroz (Roberto del Rio Children's Hospital, Santiago de Chile, Chile), L.M.S.H., Ji?rí Dušek (University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic), B.R., Michel Fischbach (University Children's Hospital, Strasbourg), Tinatin Davitaia (M.Iashvili Children Central Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia), J.G., J.O., A.M., F.S., Marianne Wigger (University Children's Hospital, Rostock, Germany), N.P., Peter Sallay (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary), Alaleh Gheissari (Isfahan University of Medical Science, St. Al Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran), Marina Noris (IRCCS - Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" and Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXXI, Bergamo, Italy), Andrea Pasini (S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy), Gian Marco Ghiggeri (Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, and University of Parma, Italy), Gianluigi Ardissino (IRCCS Ca'Granda, Osepdale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy), Elisa Benetti (Hospital of Padua, Italy), F.E., Bilal Aoun (Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon), Pauline Abou-Jaoudé (Notre Dame de Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Lebanon), A.J., A.W., Ewa Gacka (Pediatrics and Oncology Center, Chorzow, Poland), A.Z., D.D., M.T., Malgorzata Stanczyk (Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland), H.B., Magdalena Silska (Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland), Tomasz Urasinski (Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, Szczecin, Poland), A.F.-A., Joanna Ksiazek (Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka, Warsaw, Poland), E.K.-M., Anna Medynska (Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland), M.S., Alberto Caldas Afonso (Hospital S. Joao Pediatrics, Porto, Portugal), H.J., Amira Peco-Antic (University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia), R.B., Rafael T. Krmar (Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden), Giacomo D. Simonetti (University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland), B.S., A.A., A.B., E.B., Nilgun Cakar (Diskapi Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey), O.E., Birsin Özcakar (Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey), F.O., Onur Sakallioglu (Gulhane Military Academy of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey), Oguz Soylemezoglu (Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey), Sema Akman (Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey), Faysal Gok (Gulhane Military Academy of Medicine, Gulhane, Turkey), S.C., Cengiz Candan (Gaztepe Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey), A.Y., S.M., Ipek Akil (Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey), Pelin Ertan (Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey), Ozan Özkaya (Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey), Mukaddes Kalyoncu (Karadeniz University, Trabzon, Turkey), E.S., Entesar Alhammadi (Al Qassimi Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates), and Roman Sobko (Western Ukrainian Specialized Medical Center, Lviv, Ukraine).