Suchergebnisse

This paper considers Douglass C. North's 'puzzle' concerning China's household responsibility system (HRS) and offers a possible solution. China's HRS, which has evolved over the past four decades to become its dominant form of rural land ownership, has stimulated spectacular economic growth and poverty reduction; however, it is based on a type of ownership which is far removed from the property rights regime which North regarded as essential. Two features of the HRS merit attention. The first is 'split ownership': this refers to the allocation of different aspects of ownership, including rights of access, use, management, exclusion and alienation, to a range of individual and collective actors with interests in the land in question. The second is polycentric governance: rules governing land use are derived in part from community-level action and in part from state intervention. We argue that in explaining the functioning of the HRS we need to move beyond the narrow conception of legally enforced private property rights on which North relied. We should instead embrace understandings of ownership as an emergent, diverse and complex institution, of the kind emphasized by A.M. Honoré's legal theory of ownership and Elinor Ostrom's theories of the common-pool resource and polycentric governance.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to the authority of certain local governments to create and operate health care provider participation programs.

The article surveys the various stances taken in interwar Romania towards the contemporary international - particularly French - trends of legal and political theory meant at counteracting the shortcomings manifested by the legislative patterns of Napoleonic provenance when confronted with the exigencies of expanding associational life and the need of growing state intervention in the sphere of the relations between economic factors. The crisscrossing visions of federalist syndicalism and, respectively, juridical socialism - exposed most conspicuously by the legal philosophers Léon Duguit and Emmanuel Lévy - are shown to receive various evaluations in the local milieu, from the part of authors connected with the leading journal of the Romanian Social Institute and otherwise (and always by reference to the predicament of social reform in the national space). It is highlighted that the impact of the ideas involved in the debate was broader and more diffuse than one could assume when taking into consideration only the outspoken - and partly obsolete - objectives and premises of the argumentations in question.

The degree of inclusion and protection which the refugee population can be offered in countries of asylum within the European Union depends on factors above and beyond those traditionally considered, and which refer to asylum procedures or rights to asylum. This article puts forward the centrality of the family as one such factor. Likewise, through an examination of various family reunification procedures —both within the Common European Asylum System and outwith it—, it calls for coherence between the findings of studies on refugee integration and the present lukewarm application of family reunification. ; El grado de inclusión y protección que se podrá ofrecer a la población refugiada en los países de asilo de la Unión Europea depende de factores adicionales a los tradicionalmente considerados en relación al procedimiento de asilo o de los derechos en el asilo. Este artículo reivindica la centralidad de la familia como uno de dichos factores. Asimismo, examinando diversos procedimientos de reunificación familiar, tanto en el marco del Sistema Europeo Común de Asilo como al margen de él, reclama una coherencia entre los hallazgos de los estudios sobre integración de personas refugiadas y la tibia respuesta en el uso de las distintas vías para la reunificación familiar que se está dando en la actualidad.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to access to criminal history record information by the Railroad Commission of Texas.

Bill introduced by the Texas Senate relating to reporting requirements for certain skills development fund workforce training program providers.

Bill introduced by the Texas Senate relating to family cost share provisions in the early childhood intervention program.

Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to the operation of all-terrain vehicles and recreational off-highway vehicles; creating an offense.

The COVID-19 pandemic slammed borders shut and brought global trade to a near halt. Farmers plowed crops under. International tourism plummeted. Global supply chains ruptured. Even as trade begins to rebound, the realization remains that the economic havoc from the pandemic will worsen political tensions already playing out in trade wars. Are there legal or regulatory solutions to better promote healthy global markets? And how will multinational institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and European Union fare in a time of increasing retrenchment and nationalism? In the sixth and final episode of "Beyond Unprecedented": The Post-Pandemic Economy, host Eric Talley welcomes global trade experts Anu Bradford, Henry L. Moses Professor of Law and International Organization, and Petros Mavroidis, Edwin B. Parker Professor of Foreign and Comparative Law, to talk about the fallout when trade wars heat up in a pandemic – and whether the WTO is equipped to deal with the political tensions caused by China's economic power at a time when trade partners want to protect their critical industries from pandemic-related economic damage. ; https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/beyond_unprecedented/1006/thumbnail.jpg

This article examines the provisions of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Compensation of Damage Resulting from the USSR Occupation (hereinafter -- the Law), which was adopted on 13 June 2000, in the light of customary rules of international law on state responsibility, as codified in the 2001 the UN International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (hereinafter -- the ILC Draft Articles). The main aim of the article is to deal with the international legal grounds of the responsibility of the Russian Federation for the Soviet occupation of the Republic of Lithuania and, against this background, to identify the role of the Law. The ground of Russia's responsibility is an internationally wrongful act committed as the aggression against the Republic of Lithuania, which was started by the 15 June 1940 incursion by the Soviet armed forces & subsequently continued in the form of the illegal occupation of Lithuania until the restoration of Lithuania's independence on 11 March 1990, however, the illegal presence of the foreign forces on Lithuania's soil ended only in 1993. The fact of the 1940 Soviet aggression & illegal occupation of the Baltic States has been widely recognized by the international community, it was even acknowledged by the USSR & Russia in 1989-1991. Therefore there is no doubt that under international law from 1940-1990 the Republic of Lithuania had been an occupied State. That is why the illegal occupation with its consequences, as the breach of an international obligation not to resort to aggression having a continuing character, constitutes an objective element of an internationally wrongful act being the ground for Russia's responsibility. That also explains why the title of the Law refers to the occupation. Meanwhile the specific feature of subjective element is addressed in the preamble of the Law. That is the continuity of the Russian State & the corresponding identity of its international legal personality with the Soviet Union, which was claimed by Russia & generally recognized by the international community. Therefore under international law the Russian Federation is the State continuing the rights & obligations of the former USSR (ie., it is the same international legal person). Consequently, internationally wrongful acts of the latter, including the Soviet occupation of Lithuania & the other two Baltic States, should be attributable to the Russian Federation. Apart from the ground for Russia's responsibility, the issue of reparation is addressed in the article. In accordance with international law (the ILC Draft Article), the principle of full reparation should be applied to realize responsibility for an internationally wrongful act. The full reparation for the injury can be provided in the form of restitution, compensation & satisfaction, while any financially assessable damage should be covered by compensation when restitution is not practically possible. Responsibility for the Soviet occupation is the latter case. Therefore in this sense the Law concretizes the claim of Lithuania as it lays down the obligations of the Government of Lithuania to calculate the damage & seek its compensation from Russia. In conformity with the principle of full reparation, the provisions of the Law require to calculate the damage for all period of the Soviet occupation as well as to cover all types of financially assessable damage. The third main issue addressed in this article is admissibility of a claim for reparation, ie., the procedural requirements to be observed by the injured State invoking an international responsibility of other State. The main requirement, as follows from Art. 43 of the ILC Draft Articles, is that the injured State should give a timely & proper notice of its claim to the State responsible for an internationally wrongful act; the claim is admissible when it is waived by the injured State or it can be inadmissible when it is not maintained. However, a mere lapse of time without a claim is being resolved, including delay in its prosecution due to refusal of the respondent State, cannot result in loss of the right of the injured State to invoke responsibility. In this regard the Law is a unilateral act of the State of Lithuania which formulates & concretizes the claim for Russia's responsibility. The form of this act was determined by Lithuanian national rather than international law as the former requires that any compulsory rules or instructions for the Government can be laid down by the Seimas (the Parliament) only in the form of (statutory) law. As it is clear from the preamble of the Law, in continuing & consolidating the previous Lithuanian acts invoking Russia's responsibility the Law demonstrates that the claim for responsibility has been raised without any unreasonable delay a long time ago (the first time Lithuania declared about its claim for reparation in 1991) & Russia is aware of that claim from the very beginning. In such a manner the Law also proves a consistent & unchanging position of Lithuania with regard to Russia's responsibility. Therefore, the Law evidences that the claim of Lithuania remains admissible although still being unresolved & notwithstanding that Russia is rejecting it. Under international law the injured State has the right to waive its claim for responsibility of another State. National law may, however, restrict that right in setting up appropriate duties for the authorities of the injured State. In this regard it follows from the preamble of the Law that under Lithuanian constitutional law no State organ or official can declare a waiver of the claim for Russia's responsibility because the Law is based on & aims at implementation of the corresponding decision by the 14 June 1992 national referendum that demanded to seek reparation for the Soviet occupation. Therefore, the waiver can be declared only by other referendum as well as without a referendum the Seimas cannot abolish the provisions of the Law requiring to seek a compensation (such kind of action could amount to the waiver in the sense of Art. 45(a) of the ILC Draft Articles). To keep the claim for responsibility of another State admissible & valid, when it is being unresolved a long time, the injured State should do everything it can reasonably do to maintain the claim. Otherwise it can be questioned, whether the right to invoke responsibility is lost due to conduct of the injured State in the sense of Art. 45(b) of the ILC Draft Articles. Therefore, to avoid similar doubts the Law obliged the Government to seek constantly the compensation for the damage caused by the Soviet occupation. Since Russia used to reject Lithuania's initiatives to conduct negotiations on the matter & any other way of settlement is not available without Russia's consent, it can be stated that as yet, in particular due to the Law, the conduct of Lithuania has not raised any serious doubts with regard to validity of its claim for compensation. Obviously such doubts would be serious if any kind of moratorium on the claim had been announced. To sum it up, it can be concluded that the Law is based on & is consistent with the rules of international law. It also implements the international legal requirements for the proper declaration & maintenance of the claim for reparation. Therefore both under international law & under Lithuanian constitutional law the Law has been necessary to consolidate & consistently maintain the claim to Russia for the compensation of the damages caused by the Soviet occupation. Lastly, it should be noted that a proper settlement of the problem of Russia's responsibility for the Soviet occupation of Lithuania is not a question of self-interest for Lithuania & it should pursue the claim for compensation not only due to the decision by the 14 June 1992 referendum. Not accidentally Art. 1 of the ILC Draft Articles refers that "every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State." It is also not accidentally that the preamble of the 1991 Treaty between Lithuania & Russia states that mutual confidence between the people of both Parties is hard to achieve without elimination of the consequences of the Soviet annexation of Lithuania. Like for national law, rule of law & justice cannot be established without realization & inevitability of responsibility for grave breaches of international law. Therefore the realization of responsibility for the 1940 aggression against the Baltic States & its consequences would undoubtedly contribute to general prevention of such grave breaches as well as would assure that similar tragic events never happen again in the history of Lithuania. Such kind of prevention should be at the focus of attention of the whole international community rather than only Lithuania & the other two Baltic States, since a prohibition of aggression is a long-standing rule of jus cogens character & obligation erga omnes towards international community. Adapted from the source document.

La presente tesis analiza el problema de la validez de las disposiciones de transposición de las Directivas Europeas en los ordenamientos nacionales desde la perspectiva del principio constitucional de reserva de ley. En el primer capítulo se desarrolla un análisis del estado de la cuestión en las jurisprudencias española e italiana. En el segundo se afronta el estudio de los requisitos impuestos por la jurisprudencia del TJUE en relación con las normas por las que se procede a la incorporación en los ordenamientos internos del contenido de las Directivas; teniendo en cuenta que ha de partirse del principio de autonomía institucional y procedimental de los Estados Miembros y que las Directivas, en tanto carentes por razón de su forma de directa aplicabilidad, no pueden sustituir a la ley nacional, el principio de reserva de ley ha de aplicarse en este tipo de operaciones siempre que así lo exija la Constitución nacional. En el tercer capítulo se estudian los efectos que han producido en los ordenamientos italiano, francés y alemán las cláusulas constitucionales "europeas", alcanzándose la fundamental conclusión de que las mismas no han supuesto quiebra alguna de la disciplina general de producción normativa en lo que se refiere a las operaciones de ejecución interna del Derecho Europeo. En el cuarto y último capítulo, en fin, se analiza el sistema italiano de ejecución de las políticas europeas mediante normas reglamentarias y la posible toma en consideración del mismo para la formulación de propuestas de lege ferenda en relación con el Derecho Español. ; This work aims to analyze the general problem of the applicability of the Gesetzesvorbehalt principle to the transposition in National Law of European Directives. First chapter is dedicated to a general study of the treatment which this question has received before the Spanish and Italian national courts. In the second chapter it is developed a general study about the European jurisprudence related to the legal requirements imposed to the national acts transposing European Directives; as ECJ judgements impose the application of the internal rules regarding the legislative process unless effectivity of European Law can be threatened, and the matter of direct effect of Directives has no consequences relating to the duty of transposition, because this source of law suffers a lack of direct applicability just because of its formal nature, Parliament must always proceed to the transposition when it is required by the National Constitution. In the third chapter we focus on the effects that internal constitutional clauses which proclaim the national participation on the European process have produced in the legal systems that have included them. The main conclussion regarding this question is that they have not had any particular effect on the possibility of not taking into account the constitutional Gesetzesvorbehalt on the transposition of European Directives. Finally, last chapter analyzes the Italian system of execution of European Law through governmental decrees and the possibilities of inserting it into the Spanish legal order. ; Il lavoro svolto dal candidato mira ad analizzare il problema riguardante l'applicabilità delle riserve costituzionali di legge nelle operazioni di recepimento delle direttive europee negli ordinamenti nazionali. Nel primo capitolo si analizzano le risposte fornite dalla giurisprudenza spagnola e da quella italiana, evidenziandosi come, mentre nel primo caso non si può ancora affermare l'esistenza di una risposta univoca, nel secondo la Corte costituzionale italiana è arrivata ad una soluzione che, pur non potendosi ritenere adeguata da un punto di vista tecnico, contribuisce comunque a chiarire il trattamento che le disposizioni costituzionali prese in considerazione devono ricevere. Nel secondo capitolo vengono analizzate le esigenze poste dal diritto europeo alle norme di recepimento delle direttive europee e si giunge alla conclusione che l'effettività e l'equivalenza, come limiti al principio di autonomia istituzionale degli Stati membri non comportano una relativizzazione delle riserve costituzionali di legge. Questa conclusione viene confermata nel terzo capitolo, dove si analizzano gli effetti che le clausole costituzionali di partecipazione al processo di integrazione europea hanno avuto nei sistemi che le hanno introdotte (l'Italia, la Francia e la Germania), e dove si sostiene che tali disposizioni non hanno alterato il rapporto tra il diritto dell'Unione e le norme interne sui processi di produzione normativa, ivi incluse le riserve costituzionali di legge. La tesi si chiude con l'esame del sistema italiano di attuazione delle direttive europee mediante norme regolamentari, con particolare riferimento alla delegificazione prevista dall'art. 35 della legge n. 234 del 2012. In particolare, si è cercato di prendere posizione sull'opportunità dell'inserimento di un sistema di esecuzione del diritto europeo come quello italiano nell'ordinamento spagnolo e si è arrivato alla conclusione che una modifica del genere non sarebbe auspicabile, perché contribuirebbe a porre difficoltà pratiche molto importanti soprattutto dal punto di vista della chiarezza dell'attività normativa nazionale.

The article is an extended and revised version of the report published in April 2020 in Russian: E. Puchkov, N. Knyaginina, I. Novoselov, Sz. Jankiewicz, Covid-19 and GIA-2020: strategies for conducting final exams in foreign and Russian universities // Modern Education Analytics. Express edition No. 4. April 20, 2020. URL: https://ioe.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/359132748 (15.06.2020). ; COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of all levels of education systems. Schools and universities had to quickly adapt and change their procedures according to conditions created by the epidemic. Long perceived as additional and backup solutions, different distance learning technologies, particularly internet-based, became the main solution for the continuation of education on all levels. Several issues have stood out particularly with this seismic change – one of those is the issue of final examinations in universities. This issue is especially crucial in Russia, where the successful passing of a state final examination, which combines majority of the topics from the study program, is a prerequisite for graduation. This paper aims to analyze and present different strategies which were used for final university examinations in different countries and universities of the world and compare it with the Russian practices. ; Evgenii Puchkov: epuchkov@hse.ru ; Nadezhda Knyaginina: nknyaginina@hse.ru ; Ivan Novoselov: inovoselov@hse.ru ; Szymon Jankiewicz: syankevich@hse.ru ; Evgenii Puchkov – analityk Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja), doktorant w Instytucie Edukacji Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jego zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia relacji pomiędzy polityką edukacyjną a prawodawstwem w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju, umiędzynarodowienie edukacji oraz badania porównawcze prawodawstwa edukacyjnego. ; Evgenii Puchkov – Analyst of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia, Ph.D. student in the Institute of Education of Higher School of Economics. His research interests include issues of relationship between educational policy and legislation with sustainable development, internationalization of education and comparative study of educational legislation. ; Nadezhda Knyaginina – pracownik badawczy Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji w Wyższej Szkole Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja). Posiada tytuł specjalisty w dziedzinie prawa na Wydziale Prawa Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jej zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia prawa edukacyjnego, praw językowych, polityki językowej w działalności edukacyjnej, federalizmu w edukacji, jakości edukacji, standardów edukacyjnych i regulacji zapewniania jakości edukacji. ; Nadezhda Knyaginina – Research Fellow of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscowholding Specialist Degree in Law from Faculty of Law of Higher School of Economics. Her research interests include issues of educational law, language rights, language policy in educational activities, federalism in education, quality of education, education standards and regulation of quality assurance of education. ; Ivan Novoselov – asystent badawczy Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji w Wyższej Szkole Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja). Posiada tytuł magistra prawa finansowego, podatkowego i celnego, uzyskany na Wydziale Prawa Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jego zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia z zakresu prawa edukacyjnego, finansowego i budżetowego oraz studiów porównawczych z zakresu prawa edukacyjnego i finansowego. ; Ivan Novoselov – Research Assistant of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russiaholding Master Degree in Financial, Tax and Customs Law from Faculty of Law of Higher School of Economics. His research interests include issues of educational law, financial and budgetary law and comparative studies of educational and financial legislation. ; Szymon Jankiewicz – doktor, prodziekan Wydziału Prawa, kierownik Laboratorium Prawa Edukacji Instytutu Edukacji w Wyższej Szkole Ekonomicznej w Moskwie (Rosja), doktor (kandydat nauk) prawa finansowego Instytutu Prawodawstwa i Prawa Porównawczego przy Rządzie Federacji Rosyjskiej oraz magister prawa finansowego, podatkowego i celnego na Wydziale Prawa Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej. Jego zainteresowania badawcze obejmują zagadnienia prawa edukacyjnego, prawa finansowego, regulacji finansowych i budżetowych działalności edukacyjnej i instytucji edukacyjnych oraz regulacji zapewniania jakości kształcenia. ; Szymon Jankiewicz – Ph.D. Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Law, Head of the Education Law Laboratory of the Institute of Education, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia with Ph.D. (Candidate of Sciences) in Financial Law from The Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation as well as Master Degree in Financial, Tax and Customs Law from Faculty of Law of Higher School of Economics. 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Das erste ungarische Zivilgesetzbuch wurde im Jahre 1959 verabschiedet. Das ungarische Zivilgesetzbuch ist am 1. Mai 1960 in Kraft getreten. Das ZGB spiegelt den Einfluss des schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches, des schweizerischen Obligationenrechts, des deutschen BGB und des Entwurfes des ungarischen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches aus dem Jahre 1928 wider. Das ungarische ZGB hat keinen Allgemeinen Teil, sondern nur in sieben Paragraphen gegliederte einleitende Bestimmungen. Der Kodex gliedert sich in die folgenden Teile: Einleitende Bestimmungen, Personenrecht (Der Mensch als Rechtssubjekt; Der Staat als Rechtssubjekt; Die juristischen Personen; Der zivilrechtliche Schutz der Personen), Eigentum, Schuldrecht, Erbrecht und Schlussbestimmungen. In vielen Rechtsinstituten spiegelt sich der unmittelbare Einfluss des römischen Rechts wider. Das ungarische Zivilgesetzbuch wurde allmählich von den von der sozialistischen Ideologie geprägten Bestimmungen bereinigt und mit den Erfordernissen der Marktwirtschaft in Einklang gebracht. Das ungarische Handelsgesetzbuch vom Jahre 1875 folgte dem Modell des Deutschen Allgemeinen Handelsgesetzbuches vom Jahre 1861. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde das ungarische HGB bezüglich der Handelsgesellschaften formal zum größten Teil nie in seiner Gesamtheit außer Kraft gesetzt. Die Regelungen des Handelsgesetzbuches in Bezug auf einige Handelsgesellschaften blieben bis zum 1. Januar 1989 in Kraft ; Hungarian civil law was not codified, and consequently court practice was very important. Judges often took into consideration foreign, in particular Austrian, rules when deciding cases. The Hungarian Civil Code of 1959, which entered into force on 1 May 1960, had the following important characteristics: a) It followed a unified concept of civil law. b) Regulation regarding socialist property was very detailed. c) It contained few definitions and programmatic, aspirational norms, or in other words policy declarations. d) The operative norms tended to regulate all legal relations in detail. e) The Hungarian Civil Code did not adopt the notion of the juridical act which is one of the basic notions of the German Civil Code. The Hungarian Civil Code also disregarded the General Part of the Pandectist model viewing it as too abstract. f) The Hungarian Civil Code implicitly accepted the category of iura in rem like quite a few institutions rooted in Roman law. The Book on Ownership regulated the classic real rights of enjoyment, namely usufruct, use and servitude as well as the new forms of use. The Hungarian Civil Code underwent various modifications due to the economic reforms initiated on 1 January 1968. The Code was "depoliticised" after far-reaching political and economic changes commenced in 1990. The Commercial Code of 1875 – which became largely inefficient in the aftermath of World War II – still governed some legal institutions. This was holding true for the various forms of corporations (economic organizations) until January 1, 1990.

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