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"Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic examines the international politics of semi-independent Greenland in a changing and increasingly globalised Arctic. Without sovereign statehood, but with increased geopolitical importance, independent foreign policy ambitions, and a solidified self-image as a trailblazer for Arctic indigenous peoples' rights, Greenland is making its mark on the Arctic and is in turn affected - and empowered - by Arctic developments. The chapters in this collection analyse how a distinct Greenlandic foreign policy identity shapes political ends and means, how relations to its parent state of Denmark is both a burden and a resource, and how Greenlandic actors use and influence regional institutional settings as well as foreign states and commercial actors to produce an increasingly independent - if not sovereign - entity with aims and ambitions for regional change in the Arctic. This is the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary examination of Greenland's international relations and how they are connected to wider Arctic politics. It will be essential reading for students and scholars interested in Arctic governance and security, international relations, sovereignty, geopolitics, paradiplomacy, indigenous affairs and anyone concerned with the political future of the Arctic."--Provided by publisher

While torture is now widely condemned in international public law & most diplomatic discourse, the political & criminal sanctions meted out are nevertheless selective & highly variable. The logics -- i.e. both the meanings & strategies at play -- behind the political sanctions in multilateral domains can be analyzed by considering the distinctive features & characteristics of this international arena. International political sanctions then come to be seen as differences &/or clashes between the legitimacies & legitimizations of norms, ethics & standards on the one hand, & the parties to & targets of political sanctions on the other. This perspective sheds some light on traditional explanations based on conflicts of interest & international power relations. These oppositions give rise to attempts to "politicize" & "depoliticize" political sanctions using various strategies & choices whose aims & effects are paradoxical in terms of effectiveness: for the outcome may well be the self-defeat of "politicization," a growing propensity to "depoliticize" torture & apply criminal sanctions instead. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractAs artificial intelligence (AI) is having an increasingly disruptive impact across industries, companies continue to report having difficulty when recruiting for AI roles, while new graduates find it difficult to find employment, indicating a skills gap or skills misalignment. International approaches to AI skills programmes can offer a guide to future policy development of a skilled workforce, best placed to harness the economic opportunities that AI may support. The authors performed a systematic literature review on AI skills in government policies and documents from seven countries: Australia, Canada, China, Singapore, Sweden, the United Kingom and the United States. We found a divide between countries which emphasised a broader, nationwide approach to upskill and educate all citizens at different levels, namely the United States and Singapore and those countries which emphasised a narrower focus on educating a smaller group of experts with advanced AI knowledge and skills, namely China, Sweden and Canada. We found that the former, broader approaches tended to correlate with higher AI readiness and index scores than the narrower, expert‐driven approach. Our findings indicate that, to match world‐leading AI readiness, future AI skills policy should follow these broad, nationwide approaches to upskill and educate all citizens at different levels of AI expertise.

International law does not take family violence seriously enough. Although reviews and commentaries of international law regularly ignore family violence, such violence increasingly becomes a central concern of modern international treaties and plans of action. This article details how international law, which still tends to limit itself to inter‐state behavior, seeks to transform local cultural practices and forms of interpersonal relations that lead to family violence. Although these developments largely remain in their infancy, the article proposes that international human rights developments are both legitimate and necessary.

The Master's Thesis explores tax optimization opportunities in international business through offshore companies. An analysis of the topic reveals the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies and in order to ensure the efficiency of the company's operations. The object of the project is the possibility of tax optimization by using offshore companies. The aim of the project is to analyze the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade by using offshore companies. 1) to analyze trading activities of JSC \"Ameks\", identifying the problematic area of the import and export sector; 2) to study the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade, using side companies, theoretical aspects; 3) to evaluate the practical aspects of the activities of JSC Ameks; 4) to assess the possibilities of tax optimization of companies in the import and export sector through the use of cross-border companies. The paper deals with the analysis of scientific literature in order to reveal the concept of offshore company, the disadvantages and advantages of this activity, investigates the specifics of tax optimization using offshore companies, examines the problematic aspects of the opinions of scientists on the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies. SWOT analysis is used to identify problem areas related to the use of offshore companies for tax optimization. An expert survey is used to reveal the business process and tax optimization opportunities of offshore companies. Five representatives of the sector were interviewed during this study. The tax analysis of the company in question is carried out in order to determine the extent to which the company saves profits and other taxes through the opportunities offered by the offshore company. Experts suggest using a mailbox model or two-part offshore company when it comes to selling physical products. However, not all jurisdictions have a structure for trading accounts. The main problems encountered in saving tax through an offshore company are the problem of double taxation, the opening of bank accounts, the transfer from offshore to the core, the lack of transparency. In the case of JSC \"Ameks\" it is appropriate to set up offshore companies in Hong Kong, Singapore and the Virgin Islands. There are taxes on profits in Hong Kong and Singapore, but there are no other taxes, and the Virgin Islands are a zero-tax area. Two main models are distinguished - mailboxes and hybrid models. In assessing the results of the research and numerical expressions, it was found that the most appropriate offshore companies were established in zero tax zones. However, offshore jurisdictions, even with regard to tax optimization, are also worth considering under more criteria. The results of an expert study revealed that the reputation of offshore jurisdictions is also very important. Another relevant criterion is related to the opening of trading accounts. Other criteria that would also be useful to judge which jurisdiction to choose is legal stability, political certainty, reliable partners, the abundance of consulting firms, well-developed banking sector. So, tax rates alone do not determine whether in practice the tax will succeed in optimizing.

The Master's Thesis explores tax optimization opportunities in international business through offshore companies. An analysis of the topic reveals the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies and in order to ensure the efficiency of the company's operations. The object of the project is the possibility of tax optimization by using offshore companies. The aim of the project is to analyze the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade by using offshore companies. 1) to analyze trading activities of JSC \"Ameks\", identifying the problematic area of the import and export sector; 2) to study the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade, using side companies, theoretical aspects; 3) to evaluate the practical aspects of the activities of JSC Ameks; 4) to assess the possibilities of tax optimization of companies in the import and export sector through the use of cross-border companies. The paper deals with the analysis of scientific literature in order to reveal the concept of offshore company, the disadvantages and advantages of this activity, investigates the specifics of tax optimization using offshore companies, examines the problematic aspects of the opinions of scientists on the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies. SWOT analysis is used to identify problem areas related to the use of offshore companies for tax optimization. An expert survey is used to reveal the business process and tax optimization opportunities of offshore companies. Five representatives of the sector were interviewed during this study. The tax analysis of the company in question is carried out in order to determine the extent to which the company saves profits and other taxes through the opportunities offered by the offshore company. Experts suggest using a mailbox model or two-part offshore company when it comes to selling physical products. However, not all jurisdictions have a structure for trading accounts. The main problems encountered in saving tax through an offshore company are the problem of double taxation, the opening of bank accounts, the transfer from offshore to the core, the lack of transparency. In the case of JSC \"Ameks\" it is appropriate to set up offshore companies in Hong Kong, Singapore and the Virgin Islands. There are taxes on profits in Hong Kong and Singapore, but there are no other taxes, and the Virgin Islands are a zero-tax area. Two main models are distinguished - mailboxes and hybrid models. In assessing the results of the research and numerical expressions, it was found that the most appropriate offshore companies were established in zero tax zones. However, offshore jurisdictions, even with regard to tax optimization, are also worth considering under more criteria. The results of an expert study revealed that the reputation of offshore jurisdictions is also very important. Another relevant criterion is related to the opening of trading accounts. Other criteria that would also be useful to judge which jurisdiction to choose is legal stability, political certainty, reliable partners, the abundance of consulting firms, well-developed banking sector. So, tax rates alone do not determine whether in practice the tax will succeed in optimizing.

The Master's Thesis explores tax optimization opportunities in international business through offshore companies. An analysis of the topic reveals the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies and in order to ensure the efficiency of the company's operations. The object of the project is the possibility of tax optimization by using offshore companies. The aim of the project is to analyze the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade by using offshore companies. 1) to analyze trading activities of JSC \"Ameks\", identifying the problematic area of the import and export sector; 2) to study the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade, using side companies, theoretical aspects; 3) to evaluate the practical aspects of the activities of JSC Ameks; 4) to assess the possibilities of tax optimization of companies in the import and export sector through the use of cross-border companies. The paper deals with the analysis of scientific literature in order to reveal the concept of offshore company, the disadvantages and advantages of this activity, investigates the specifics of tax optimization using offshore companies, examines the problematic aspects of the opinions of scientists on the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies. SWOT analysis is used to identify problem areas related to the use of offshore companies for tax optimization. An expert survey is used to reveal the business process and tax optimization opportunities of offshore companies. Five representatives of the sector were interviewed during this study. The tax analysis of the company in question is carried out in order to determine the extent to which the company saves profits and other taxes through the opportunities offered by the offshore company. Experts suggest using a mailbox model or two-part offshore company when it comes to selling physical products. However, not all jurisdictions have a structure for trading accounts. The main problems encountered in saving tax through an offshore company are the problem of double taxation, the opening of bank accounts, the transfer from offshore to the core, the lack of transparency. In the case of JSC \"Ameks\" it is appropriate to set up offshore companies in Hong Kong, Singapore and the Virgin Islands. There are taxes on profits in Hong Kong and Singapore, but there are no other taxes, and the Virgin Islands are a zero-tax area. Two main models are distinguished - mailboxes and hybrid models. In assessing the results of the research and numerical expressions, it was found that the most appropriate offshore companies were established in zero tax zones. However, offshore jurisdictions, even with regard to tax optimization, are also worth considering under more criteria. The results of an expert study revealed that the reputation of offshore jurisdictions is also very important. Another relevant criterion is related to the opening of trading accounts. Other criteria that would also be useful to judge which jurisdiction to choose is legal stability, political certainty, reliable partners, the abundance of consulting firms, well-developed banking sector. So, tax rates alone do not determine whether in practice the tax will succeed in optimizing.

The Master's Thesis explores tax optimization opportunities in international business through offshore companies. An analysis of the topic reveals the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies and in order to ensure the efficiency of the company's operations. The object of the project is the possibility of tax optimization by using offshore companies. The aim of the project is to analyze the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade by using offshore companies. 1) to analyze trading activities of JSC \"Ameks\", identifying the problematic area of the import and export sector; 2) to study the possibilities of tax optimization in international trade, using side companies, theoretical aspects; 3) to evaluate the practical aspects of the activities of JSC Ameks; 4) to assess the possibilities of tax optimization of companies in the import and export sector through the use of cross-border companies. The paper deals with the analysis of scientific literature in order to reveal the concept of offshore company, the disadvantages and advantages of this activity, investigates the specifics of tax optimization using offshore companies, examines the problematic aspects of the opinions of scientists on the possibilities of tax optimization in international business, using offshore companies. SWOT analysis is used to identify problem areas related to the use of offshore companies for tax optimization. An expert survey is used to reveal the business process and tax optimization opportunities of offshore companies. Five representatives of the sector were interviewed during this study. The tax analysis of the company in question is carried out in order to determine the extent to which the company saves profits and other taxes through the opportunities offered by the offshore company. Experts suggest using a mailbox model or two-part offshore company when it comes to selling physical products. However, not all jurisdictions have a structure for trading accounts. The main problems encountered in saving tax through an offshore company are the problem of double taxation, the opening of bank accounts, the transfer from offshore to the core, the lack of transparency. In the case of JSC \"Ameks\" it is appropriate to set up offshore companies in Hong Kong, Singapore and the Virgin Islands. There are taxes on profits in Hong Kong and Singapore, but there are no other taxes, and the Virgin Islands are a zero-tax area. Two main models are distinguished - mailboxes and hybrid models. In assessing the results of the research and numerical expressions, it was found that the most appropriate offshore companies were established in zero tax zones. However, offshore jurisdictions, even with regard to tax optimization, are also worth considering under more criteria. The results of an expert study revealed that the reputation of offshore jurisdictions is also very important. Another relevant criterion is related to the opening of trading accounts. Other criteria that would also be useful to judge which jurisdiction to choose is legal stability, political certainty, reliable partners, the abundance of consulting firms, well-developed banking sector. So, tax rates alone do not determine whether in practice the tax will succeed in optimizing.