Suchergebnisse

Droughts and climate-change-driven warming are leading to more frequent and intense wildfires1,2,3, arguably contributing to the severe 2019–2020 Australian wildfires4. The environmental and ecological impacts of the fires include loss of habitats and the emission of substantial amounts of atmospheric aerosols5,6,7. Aerosol emissions from wildfires can lead to the atmospheric transport of macronutrients and bio-essential trace metals such as nitrogen and iron, respectively8,9,10. It has been suggested that the oceanic deposition of wildfire aerosols can relieve nutrient limitations and, consequently, enhance marine productivity11,12, but direct observations are lacking. Here we use satellite and autonomous biogeochemical Argo float data to evaluate the effect of 2019–2020 Australian wildfire aerosol deposition on phytoplankton productivity. We find anomalously widespread phytoplankton blooms from December 2019 to March 2020 in the Southern Ocean downwind of Australia. Aerosol samples originating from the Australian wildfires contained a high iron content and atmospheric trajectories show that these aerosols were likely to be transported to the bloom regions, suggesting that the blooms resulted from the fertilization of the iron-limited waters of the Southern Ocean. Climate models project more frequent and severe wildfires in many regions1,2,3. A greater appreciation of the links between wildfires, pyrogenic aerosols13, nutrient cycling and marine photosynthesis could improve our understanding of the contemporary and glacial–interglacial cycling of atmospheric CO2 and the global climate system. ; Analyses of satellite aerosol observations used in this study were produced with the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. We thank SeaWiFS and MODIS mission scientists and associated NASA personnel for the production of the data used in this research effort. The BGC-Argo data were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu, http://argo.jcommops.org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System (https://doi.org/10.17882/42182). W.T. is supported by the Harry H. Hess Postdoctoral Fellowship from Princeton University. N.C. is supported by the "Laboratoire d'Excellence" LabexMER (ANR‐10‐LABX‐19) and co-funded by a grant from the French government under the program "Investissements d'Avenir". S.B. acknowledges the AXA Research Fund for the support of the long-term research line on Sand and Dust Storms at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) and CAMS Global Validation (CAMS-84). P.G.S., J.L., M.M.G.P. and A.R.B. are supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Projects scheme (DP190103504). P.G.S. and J.W. are supported by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes (CLEX: CE170100023). J.L. is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754433. A.R.B. is supported by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship scheme (FT130100037). R.M. is supported by the CSIRO Decadal Climate Forecasting Project. We thank M. Strzelec, M. East, T. Holmes, M. Corkill, S. Meyerink and the Wellington Park Management Trust for help with installation and sampling the Tasmanian aerosol time-series station; A. Townsend for iron aerosol analyses by ICPMS at the University of Tasmania; and A. Benedetti and S. Remy for providing insights on the validation of aerosol reanalysis. ; Peer Reviewed ; "Article signat per 15 autors/es: Weiyi Tang, Joan Llort, Jakob Weis, Morgane M. G. Perron, Sara Basart, Zuchuan Li, Shubha Sathyendranath, Thomas Jackson, Estrella Sanz Rodriguez, Bernadette C. Proemse, Andrew R. Bowie, Christina Schallenberg, Peter G. Strutton, Richard Matear & Nicolas Cassar" ; Postprint (author's final draft)

Problem setting. Scope of the research. This article points out the special features of populism and elections which is a positive message for the formation of democratic values in public administration. It also points out the special mission of populism as the necessity of the power of people and governance over people which is often is the result of the removal from power of relevant at the moment people, groups, or political forces and transfer of such power to "actual" representatives of people through elections. Relevance of the research. Today study of problems of populism and elections is a very relevant and important issue for Ukrainian democracy, especially in the context of global changes when a bright political campaign can be made with the help of gadgets and the Internet resources. A good example of the populism of democratic values in the context of global changes are elections of the President of the USA and last-year elections in Ukraine. At the same time, the electoral law is used as an instrument for self-regulation of elective relations regarding the formation of governmental bodies in a democratic society which depicts the whole scope of social relations, including ones regarding the organization of people and their mutual relations. The electoral law, as well as the process of elections, is an instrument of the interaction between a state and public society, government and society. Recent research and publications analysis. The issues considered in this article have also been studied by the following scientists: O. Kostenko, I. Kuian, L. Lehin, O. Maidanyk, T. Podorozhna, B. Makhonchuk, O. Yushchyk, and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. This article points out the importance of populism's influence on elections and electoral techniques in the context of globalization processes. Paper main body. While the electoral law is an instrument that regulates and realizes the citizens constitutional right to elect and be elected, the electoral process as a form of realization of the norms of electoral law regulates the dynamics and structure of the citizens' participation in the process of formation of governmental and local bodies. The level of parliament ostentation and legitimacy of a body (an official), the empowerment of which is related to elections, directly depend on an electoral system. Thus, the electoral system must conform to the highest democratic requirements, which is one of the main provisions in the doctrine and practice of constitutionalism. In some Ukrainian scientific sources the term "voting system" is used alongside the English term "electoral system". Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The populism and elections as a unit in the context of global changes is still an important phenomenon of the social and political life in many countries. In contrast with the traditional ideological systems, populism significantly depends on the features of different national political cultures, particular circumstances of the social-economic and political life of this or that country. By influencing to a considerable extent the policy of countries with relatively small experience in the functioning of democratic institutions, populism, at the same time, is quite prominent in the political space of the "old" democracies. ; Акцентовано увагу на особливостях популізму та виборах у контексті глобалізаційних процесів. Звернено увагу на феномен популізму та популістських ідеологій у соціально-політичному житті багатьох країн світу. Зазначено, що на відміну від традиційних ідеологічних систем, популізм залежить від особливостей різних національних політичних культур, конкретної сукупності обставин соціально-економічного та політичного життя певної країни. Проведено аналіз виборів та виборчих кампаній, які використовують популістські гасла щодо отримання влади та вплив глобалізаційних процесів на сучасне політичне життя.

The article is devoted to the study of legal regulation of labor relations in the context of formation of European values in Ukraine; regulations relating to human resource management have been analysed; foreign experience in legal regulation of labor relations based on Eurozone countries have been studied, features of regulation for labor relations in public authorities, taking into account such relations in the countries of the European Union, have been considered; the possible prospects of regulation for labor relations, ways to improve and bringing to a qualitatively new European level of Ukrainian labor legislation, have been distinguished. The state of the integration process on Ukraine's path to the EU is the reforming and adapting labor standards to international standards. Formulation of the problem in general: Search for ways and prospects for the development of Ukrainian labor legislation in the context of Ukraine's integration into the European Union. Analysis of recent research and publications. The significant contribution to the formation of the national concept of reforming and adaptation of labor norms to international standards in Ukraine was made by O. Avramova, M. Alexandrov, N. Bolotina, L. Gintsburg, T. Zanfirova, S. Ivanov, M. Inshin, M. Karpushin, A. Katsuba, R. Livshits, R. Maidanyk, A.Mamedova, Y. Orlovsky, O. Panasyuk, A. Pasherstnikov, P. Pylypenko, O. Protsevsky, N. Khutoryan, V. Shcherbyna and others. Distinguishing previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. European integration is the most decisive factor in both Ukraine's international activities and its domestic policy in the long run. It strengthens security and has a positive influence on Ukraine's relations with all countries worldwide. The inevitable implementation of the course of integration into the European Union will provide Ukraine with guarantees of human rights, development of civil society, building a socially oriented market economy and significant material support from the EU. Taking into account that the problem of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of labor legislation to EU standards has not yet been finally resolved, it becomes clear that the adapted EU legislation in the Ukrainian legislation in the field of labor law and public service does not work due to non-compliance of the real socio-economic conditions of Ukraine with the adapted requirements of the EU legislation. Purpose of the article. The purpose of this publication is to analyse the reform of the institution of labor relations in the context of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU standards and to find ways and prospects for its development. In accordance with the goal, the article provides for the solution of the following important scientific problems:- to identify problematic issues of possible ways of development of Ukrainian labor legislation in the context of Ukraine's integration into the European Community;- distinguish the possible prospects for the regulation of labor relations, ways to improve and bringing to a qualitatively new European, level of Ukrainian labor legislation. ; Публікація присвячена дослідженню правового регулювання трудових відносин в умовах формування в Україні Європейських цінностей, аналізу нормативно-правових актів, які стосуються управління трудовим ресурсами, вивченню зарубіжного досвіду правового регулювання трудових відносин на основі країн Єврозони, особливостям регулювання трудових відносин в органах публічної влади з урахуванням регулювання таких відносин в країнах Європейського Союзу. Висвітлено можливі перспективи регулювання трудових відносин, шляхи вдосконалення та виведення на якісно новий, європейський, рівень українського законодавства про працю. Стан інтеграційного процесу на шляху України до ЄС – реформування та адаптація трудових норм до міжнародних стандартів. Ключові слова: трудове право; становлення; трудові відносини; трудовій договір; працівник; працівники; роботодав

Problem setting. The issue of state regulation of cross-border cooperation turns out to be increasingly topical in terms of global European integration processes. Considering higher living standards and opportunities for social development in the neighboring countries of Ukraine, the expansion of cooperation of the border territories is worth doing for the purpose of their further development and more efficient resolution of common problems, which will contribute to the social and economic development of the border territories. Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of cross-border cooperation has been addressed in studies of R. Bilyk, T. Brus, F. Vashchuk, S. Horbatiuk, O. Horbach, I.Zhurba, Z. Zazuliak, V. Kovaliov, Y. Navruzov, R. Pasichnyi, I. Studennikov, S. Tkalenko, et al. Different aspects of formation and implementation of the state regional policy of European cross-border cooperation have been outlined in works of the scientists V. Vakulenko, I. Dehtiariova, I. Krynychna, V. Kuibida, Y. Makohon, N. Mikula, S. Romaniuk, and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Given numerous studies of the mentioned problem, domestic scientists have not addressed the issues of state regulation of cross-border cooperation and specifics of the state policy of Ukraine in this area sufficiently. Paper main body. Formation of a new state policy in the context of integration of Ukraine into the European Union stipulates the importance of searching for new ways of cross-border cooperation as a vital part of the regional policy, and put an emphasis on cross-border cooperation in the policy of partnership of our country with European countries. Considering that western regions of Ukraine, besides ETC, can establish EGTC, it is important to use such forms as clusters, partnership, industrial zones, etc., more efficiently within cross-border cooperation. The aim of cross-border cooperation is to seek a mutually beneficial format of the implementation of national interests and strategical priorities of the outlined partners. As Ukraine as the Republic of Poland must embrace in their partnership the essential areas of international cooperation for maximum rapprochement with the European Union. Ukraine should make every effort at the state level to increase the competitiveness of the border regions by activating and developing cross-border cooperation, which in turn would contribute to the establishment and advancement of economical, ecological, cultural, scientific, social, technological, and travel relations between the subjects of those relationships. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The conducted research allows concluding that the potential of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union is not used to the full. European territorial structures involving Ukrainian regions did not become an organizational and financial platform for coordination of cross-border cooperation. In order for Ukraine to implement the intention to integrate into the European Union and deepen its international cooperation, collaboration within the European Territorial Cooperation must be activated. Specific for the Western Region geographic proximity with the European Union, experience of cross-border cooperation, and existing network of institutions should contribute to the activation of development of the region and multidirectional collaboration between the Ukrainian regions and EU countries. Therefore, it is worth to remove all the obstacles on the way to the reformation of the tools for cross-border cooperation, and promote the formation of friendly relationships and improvement of teamwork between countries of the Western Border Zone. ; Досліджено питання державного регулювання та особливості державної політики у сфері транскордонного співробітництва. Подано основні характеристики та проблемні аспекти транскордонного співробітництва, що перешкоджають його ефективному використанню в Україні для розвитку громад та для регіонів загалом.

Поступила в редакцию: 06.06.2020. Принята к печати: 15.12.2020. ; Submitted: 06.06.2020. Accepted: 15.12.2020. ; В обзорной статье анализируются подходы к изучению сельской семьи советского периода, сложившиеся в зарубежной (преимущественно западной) историографии с 1960-х гг. до настоящего времени. Cельская семья оказалась в фокусе социальных и политических трансформаций XX в., пережила сильные изменения в результате мировых и гражданской войн, а также процесса урбанизации, принявшего форсированный характер под влиянием мер государственной политики. Статья призвана способствовать сближению методологических и тематических позиций российских и зарубежных исследователей в рассмотрении феномена сельской семьи. Изучение советской сельской семьи, обычно в широком тематическом контексте, началось в русле «антропологического» поворота на рубеже 1960–1970-х гг. С подачи Т. Шанина семейные домохозяйства оказались в фокусе зарождающегося крестьяноведения. Методологические предпочтения, а также относительно небольшое количество доступных первичных статистических источников определили ограниченный интерес западных авторов к историко-демографическому изучению советской сельской семьи. В рамках ревизионистской парадигмы в 1980–1990-е гг. сельская семья изучалась главным образом как объект властного воздействия (радикальные проекты 1920-х гг., коллективизация, меры по укреплению семьи в 1930-е гг.). Особенно активной на этом поле оказалась «феминистская» историография. Во второй половине 1990-х — начале 2000-х гг. пришло время взвешенных характеристик, достаточно свободных от политизированных оценок. Появилась возможность рассматривать советскую семью и семейную политику в общемировом контексте. Послевоенный период в развитии сельской семьи представлен в зарубежных работах достаточно слабо. В целом западным авторам удалось зафиксировать направления эволюции и новое качество сельской семьи, ставшие очевидными в последние советские десятилетия. ; This review article analyses approaches to the study of the rural family of the Soviet period that have taken shape in foreign (mainly Western) historiography between the 1960s and the present. The rural family was in the focus of social and political transformations of the twentieth century, suffered a severe deformation as a result of world and civil wars, as well as the urbanisation process, which took on a forced character under the influence of state policy measures. The article is intended to help bring together the methodological and thematic positions of Russian and foreign researchers in considering the phenomenon of the rural family. The study of the Soviet rural family, usually in a wider thematic context, began in line with the "anthropological" turn at the turn of the 1970s. At the suggestion of T. Shanin, family households entered the focus of the emerging peasant studies. Methodological preferences, as well as the relatively small number of available primary statistics, determined the limited interest of Western authors in the historical and demographic study of the Soviet rural family. In the 1980s and 1990s, within the framework of the revisionist paradigm, the rural family was studied mainly as an object of influence from the authorities (radical projects of the 1920s, collectivisation, and measures to strengthen the family in the 1930s). "Feminist" historiography was especially active in this field. In the second half of the 1990s and early 2000s, time came for balanced characteristics, quite free from politicised assessments. There was an opportunity to consider the Soviet family and family policy in a global context. The post-war period in the development of the rural family is represented in foreign works rather poorly. In general, Western authors managed to capture the directions of evolution and the new quality of the rural family, which have become apparent in the later Soviet decades. ; Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (грант 18-09-00592А «Эволюция крестьянской семьи на Среднем Урале в XX веке: опыт реконструкции по материалам бюджетных обследований»). ; This publication was completed in the framework of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant (18-09-00592A "Evolution of the Peasant Family in the Middle Urals in the 20th Century: The Experience of Reconstruction Based on Budget Surveys").

The research deals with the standing system of punishments for minors and its analysis in the context of cases when it is impossible to appoint any of the punishments, foreseen by sanction. The author arrives at the conclusion that the stated problem is related to the legal regulation of the General Part of the CC of Ukraine provisions, as far as it is the General Part of the CC of Ukraine that regulates the kinds, terms and amounts of the punishments for the minors, so that the legislator shall not go beyond these limits while constructing the sanctions of the Special Part of the CC of Ukraine articles. The author deals with the different ways of solving this problem. The first way is to broaden the application of imprisonment for the certain term to the minors in the similar cases, particularly combining it with the exemption from serving the punishment on probation under Articles 75–78, 104 of the CC of Ukraine. At the same time, the author underlines that imprisonment for the certain term is one of the severest punishments, consequently it shall be appointed not in every criminal proceedings, as far as in such case the appointed punishment shall not correspond the severity of criminal lawbreaking, as well as it shall not take into account the person of guilty. The second way is the legal regulation of substituting the appointed punishment. In fact, it goes about supplementing the sanction with the other alternative kinds of punishments. At the same time, this variant does not solve the problem completely, as far as it can`t be applied in case of committing the criminal offence. The author substantiates the conclusion that solving this problem requires the more versatile approach, so that the problem should be solved in the context of improving the system of punishments that shall be applied to the minors. As a result, the author suggests certain improvements, in particular it goes about broadening the sphere of applying the punishments of public works and restriction of liberty, as well as about involving the minor convicts in the other educational measures. ; Дослідження присвячено аналізу чинної системи покарань для неповнолітніх у контексті випадків, коли неповнолітньому неможливо призначити жодне з передбачених санкцією покарань. Зроблено висновок, що окреслена проблема пов'язана із законодавчою регламентацією положень Загальної частини КК України, адже саме в Загальній частині КК України встановлено види, строки та розміри покарань для неповнолітніх, а вийти за межі цих положень під час конструювання санкцій статей Особливої частини КК України законодавець не може. Розглянуто різні варіанти виходу із цієї ситуації. Першим варіантом є розширення застосування у схожих випадках до неповнолітнього покарання у виді позбавлення волі на певний строк, зокрема в поєднанні зі звільненням від відбування покарання з випробуванням на підставі положень ст.ст. 75–78, 104 КК України. Водночас зазначено, що покарання у виді позбавлення волі на певний строк є одним із найсуворіших видів покарань, а тому воно може бути призначене далеко не в кожному кримінальному провадженні, адже тоді покарання не відповідатиме ступеню тяжкості кримінального правопорушення та не буде враховано особу винного. Другим варіантом є законодавче врегулювання можливості заміни призначеного покарання. Фактично йдеться про доповнення санкції іншими альтернативними видами покарань. Водночас цей варіант не вирішує проблеми повністю, адже він не може бути застосований у разі вчинення кримінального проступку. Зроблено висновок, що вирішення окресленої проблеми потребує більш різностороннього підходу, а тому проблему варто вирішувати в контексті удосконалення системи покарань, що можуть застосовуватися до неповнолітніх. За результатами дослідження запропоновано певні удосконалення, зокрема розширення сфери застосування покарання у виді громадських робіт та обмеження волі, а також залучення неповнолітніх засуджених до інших виховних заходів.

Full list of authors: Amati, L.; O'Brien, P. T.; Götz, D.; Bozzo, E.; Santangelo, A.; Tanvir, N. ; Frontera, F.; Mereghetti, S.; Osborne, J. P.; Blain, A.; Basa, S.; Branchesi, M.; Burderi, L.; Caballero-García, M.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Christensen, L.; Ciolfi, R.; De Rosa, A.; Doroshenko, V.; Ferrara, A.; Ghirlanda, G.; Hanlon, L.; Heddermann, P.; Hutchinson, I.; Labanti, C.; Le Floch, E.; Lerman, H.; Paltani, S.; Reglero, V.; Rezzolla, L.; Rosati, P.; Salvaterra, R.; Stratta, G.; Tenzer, C.; Theseus Consortium.--This Open Access article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ; THESEUS, one of the two space mission concepts being studied by ESA as candidates for next M5 mission within its Comsic Vision programme, aims at fully exploiting Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) to solve key questions about the early Universe, as well as becoming a cornerstone of multi-messenger and time-domain astrophysics. By investigating the first billion years of the Universe through high-redshift GRBs, THESEUS will shed light on the main open issues in modern cosmology, such as the population of primordial low mass and luminosity galaxies, sources and evolution of cosmic re-ionization, SFR and metallicity evolution up to the "cosmic dawn" and across Pop-III stars. At the same time, the mission will provide a substantial advancement of multi-messenger and time-domain astrophysics by enabling the identification, accurate localisation and study of electromagnetic counterparts to sources of gravitational waves and neutrinos, which will be routinely detected in the late '20s and early '30s by the second and third generation Gravitational Wave (GW) interferometers and future neutrino detectors, as well as of all kinds of GRBs and most classes of other X/gamma-ray transient sources. Under all these respects, THESEUS will provide great synergies with future large observing facilities in the multi-messenger domain. A Guest Observer programme, comprising Target of Opportunity (ToO) observations, will expand the science return of the mission, to include, e.g., solar system minor bodies, exoplanets, and AGN. © 2021, The Author(s). ; The authors, on behalf of the entire THESEUS consortium, are grateful to the ESA-appointed THESEUS Study Scientist Matteo Guainazzi, as well as the entire ESA Study Team for all their work and support across the mission assessment phase (2018-2021). Authors from the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) are grateful for the support received through the agreement ASI-INAF n. 2n. 2018-29-HH.0. Open access funding provided by Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

Several psychiatric, neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders present increased brain ventricles volume, being hydrocephalus the disease with the major manifestation of ventriculomegaly caused by the accumulation of high amounts of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The molecules and pathomechanisms underlying cerebral ventricular enlargement are widely unknown. Kinase D interacting substrate of 220 kDa (KIDINS220) gene has been recently associated with schizophrenia and with a novel syndrome characterized by spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus and obesity (SINO syndrome), diseases frequently occurring with ventriculomegaly. Here we show that Kidins220, a transmembrane protein effector of various key neuronal signalling pathways, is a critical regulator of CSF homeostasis. We observe that both KIDINS220 and the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are markedly downregulated at the ventricular ependymal lining of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. We also find that Kidins220 deficient mice develop ventriculomegaly accompanied by water dyshomeostasis and loss of AQP4 in the brain ventricular ependymal layer and astrocytes. Kidins220 is a known cargo of the SNX27-retromer, a complex that redirects endocytosed plasma membrane proteins (cargos) back to the cell surface, thus avoiding their targeting to lysosomes for degradation. Mechanistically, we show that AQP4 is a novel cargo of the SNX27-retromer and that Kidins220 deficiency promotes a striking and unexpected downregulation of the SNX27-retromer that results in AQP4 lysosomal degradation. Accordingly, SNX27 silencing decreases AQP4 levels in wild-type astrocytes whereas SNX27 overexpression restores AQP4 content in Kidins220 deficient astrocytes. Together our data suggest that the KIDINS220-SNX27-retromer-AQP4 pathway is involved in human ventriculomegaly and open novel therapeutic perspectives. ; This work was supported by Spanish grants SAF2017-88885-R to TI and SAF2017-88881-R to MRC from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/Agencia Estatal de Investigación/European Union Funds for Regional Development (MINECO/AEI/ FEDER, EU); by Comunidad de Madrid through the European Social Fund (ESF)-financed programme NEUROMETAB-CM (B2017/BMD-3700) to TI and AORTASANA-CM (B2017/BMD-3676) to MRC; by 'La Caixa' Banking Foundation project HR18-00068 to MRC; by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain) CB06/05/1122 to TI and collaborative grant CIBERNED PI2018/06 to TI and IFa; by grant PID2019-104763RB-100 and Ramón y Cajal programme contract (RYC-2014-15991), both from MINECO/AEI/FEDER (EU) to EP; by Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (107116/Z/15/Z), the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement 739572 and a UK Dementia Research Institute Foundation award, all to GS; by grant PI19/00778 to AJJ from the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-funded by FEDER (EU); by Spanish grants from FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICI)–AEI (SAF2017-86690-R), Network of Excellence iDIFFER (RED2018-102723-T), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERNED CB06/05/0086 and RETIC Tercel RD16/0011/0017) and Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo 2017/030) to IFa. ADP was funded by a Juan de la Cierva Formación programme contract (FJCI-2014-19673; MINECO) and CIBERNED; JP-U was contracted by SAF2017-88885-R grant; AS-S was contracted by grants CIBERNED-PI2015-2/06 and PI2018/06, and SAF2017-88885-R; AS-G was funded by a contract from B2017/BMD-3700 grant and LSMP by a PhD training contract (PRE2018-086989) associated to grant SAF2017-88885-R.

19 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, supplementary material https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.673171/full#supplementary-material ; Understanding the factors that modulate prokaryotic assemblages and their niche partitioning in marine environments is a longstanding challenge in marine microbial ecology. This study analyzes amplicon sequence variant (ASV) diversity and co-occurrence of prokaryotic (Archaea and Bacteria) communities through coastal-oceanic gradients in the NW Iberian upwelling system and adjacent open-ocean (Atlantic Ocean). Biogeographic patterns were investigated in relation with environmental conditions, mainly focusing on the optical signature of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). Alpha- and beta-diversity were horizontally homogeneous [with the only exception of Archaea (∼1700 m depth), attributed to the influence of Mediterranean water, MW], while beta-diversity was significantly vertically stratified. Prokaryotic communities were structured in four clusters (upper subsurface, lower subsurface, intermediate, and deep clusters). Deep (>2000 m) archaeal and bacterial assemblages, and intermediate (500-2000 m) Bacteria (mainly SAR202 and SAR406), were significantly related to humic-like DOM (FDOM-M), while intermediate Archaea were additionally related to biogeochemical attributes of the high-salinity signature of MW. Lower subsurface (100-500 m) Archaea (particularly one ASV belonging to the genus Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus) were mainly related to the imprint of high-salinity MW, while upper subsurface (≤100 m) archaeal assemblages (particularly some ASVs belonging to Marine Group II) were linked to protein-like DOM (aCDOM254). Conversely, both upper and lower subsurface bacterial assemblages were mainly linked to aCDOM254 (particularly ASVs belonging to Rhodobacteraceae, Cyanobacteria, and Flavobacteriaceae) and nitrite concentration (mainly members of Planctomycetes). Most importantly, our analysis unveiled depth-ecotypes, such as the ASVs MarG.II_1 belonging to the archaeal deep cluster (linked to FDOM-M) and MarG.II_2 belonging to the upper subsurface cluster (related to FDOM-T and aCDOM254). This result strongly suggests DOM-mediated vertical niche differentiation, with further implications for ecosystem functioning. Similarly, positive and negative co-occurrence relationships also suggested niche partitioning (e.g., between the closely related ASVs Thaum._Nit._Nit._Nit._1 and _2) and competitive exclusion (e.g., between Thaum._Nit._Nit._Nit._4 and _5), supporting the finding of non-randomly, vertically structured prokaryotic communities. Overall, differences between Archaea and Bacteria and among closely related ASVs were revealed in their preferential relationship with compositional changes in the DOM pool and environmental forcing. Our results provide new insights on the ecological processes shaping prokaryotic assembly and biogeography ; Funding for sampling and analysis was provided by the projects "Fuentes de materia orgánica y diversidad funcional del microplancton en las aguas profundas del Atlántico Norte" (MODUPLAN, Ref. CTM2011-24008-MAR, 2012-2015, Plan Nacional I+D+i), and "Deep Standard Oceanographic Sections monitoring program RADIALES-PRODUNDOS," funded by the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). This work was partly funded by European Union Atlantic Area Interreg project iFADO (EAPA/165_2016) and from the Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN, Xunta de Galicia, Spain). TR-R was supported by the MICINN program "Personal Técnico de Apoyo a la Investigación" (PTA, Ref. PTA2015-10948-I) and the project iFADO. MN-C was funded by the projects HOTMIX and FERMIO (MINECO, CTM2011–30010–C02 MAR and CTM2014-57334-JIN, respectively), both co-financed with FEDER funds. AA was funded by grant REMEI (CTM2015-70340-R) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and Grant 2017SGR/1568 from the CIRIT-Generalitat de Catalunya to Consolidated Research Groups ; With the institutional support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Ansari, ZA (2018). Study of Service Standards in the Process of Making Electronic KTPs (E-KTPs) at the Sempaja Utara Village Office. eJournal of State Administration Volume 6 No. 3 , 7993-8007. Retrieved from https://ejournal.ap.fisip-unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Jurnal%20FIX%20%20(09-18-18-07-12-53) .pdfFahruradi, DB (2013). E-KTP service at the Samboja Head Office of KutaiKartanegara Regency (Evaluation Study of PERPRES Number 26 of 2009 concerning Application of Identity Cards Based on National Identity Numbers). Journal of Administrative Reform , 1-13. Retrieved from http://e-journals.unmul.ac.id/index.php/JAR/article/view/473Hidayah, YH (2019). Implementation of the 2013 Curriculum in Practical Learning of Chassis Maintenance and Light Vehicle Power Transfer at SMK Muhammadiyah I Bantul. Journal of Automotive Vocational Education, Vol 2 , 33-44.Indah, T. (2018). Implementation of the Public Information Openness Policy at the Tasikmalaya City Communication and Information Agency. Journal of Communication , 2548-7647.Kuzairi, U.,. (2020, December 20). Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in Public Services in the Health Service Sector at the General Hospital dr. H. KoesnadiBondowoso . Retrieved from Jurnal Politico Vol. 17 No. 2 September 2017: journal.unmuhjember.ac.id/index.php/POLITICO/article/download/881/697Masrin. (2013). A Study on Services for Making Electronic KTP (E-KTP) at the Samarinda District Office, Ulu Kota Samarinda. Government. eJournal of Integrative Governance, 1 (ISSN 0000-0000, ejournal.pin.or.id), 68-81.Masrin. (2020, December 20). Study of KTP Making Services . Retrieved from E Journal integrative government: www.ejournal.ip.fisip-unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads .Masrin. (2020, December 20). A Study on Electronic KTP (E-KTP) Making Services at the Samarinda Ulu District Office in SamarindaCity . Retrieved from the Journal of Integrative Governance, 2013. 1 (1); 68-81: www.ejournal.ip.fisip-unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads .Masrin. (2020, December 20). A Study on Electronic KTP (E-KTP) Making Services at the Samarinda Ulu District Office, SamarindaCity . Retrieved from E Journal of Integrative Governance, 2013, 1 (1), 68-81: www.ejournal.ip.fisip-unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads .Nisa, DF (2020). Socialization Towards the Application of Adaptation to New Habits in Islamic Boarding School Students in Lumajang Regency. Journal of Public Service (Journal of Public Service) , 1-8.NurmahSemil, YW (2005). Performance Analysis of Public Service Agencies. JIAKP "Dialogue", 2 (JIAKP), 1007-1028.Central government. (2004, February 24). bkd.riau.go.id . (Central Government) Retrieved March 20, 2020, from Decree of the Minister of Administrative Reform Number 63 of 2003: https://bkd.riau.go.id/upload/media/15039944288927f44ee80c578bc259ef9094e7c3f322.pdfCentral government. (2006, December 29). Law Number 29 of 2006 . (Central Government) Retrieved March 13, 2020, from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/40202Central government. (2009, July 18). Law Number 25 of 2009 . (Central Government) Retrieved March 13, 2020, from https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/38748/uu-no-25-tahun-2009Central government. (2013, December 24). bpk.go.id . Retrieved from Law (UU) concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2006 concerning Population Administration: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/38985/uu-no-24-tahun-2013Central government. (2013, December 24). bpk.go.id . Retrieved from Law (UU) concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2006 concerning Population Administration: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/38985/uu-no-24-tahun-2013Purwadhi. (2018). E-KTP Electronic Service Quality in Cimenyan District, Bandung Regency. Nationality University Journal , 1-11.Semil, N. (2018). Excellent Service for Government Agencies: Critical Assessment of the Public Service System in Indonesia. Jakarta: Golden. A Study on Service Standards in the Process of Making Electronic KTP (E-KTP) at the Office of the Sempaja Utara City Village. (2009).Sugiyono. (2011). Service Method. Jakarta: Publisher.

The use of threshold effects in the implementation of budget policy, enroll in a logic of economic and social policies evaluation. The presence of threshold effects suggests the coexistence of different budget regimes conditional on the budget deficit and public debt. The budgetary discipline imposed to the Moroccan public finances since the 80s, may be counterproductive and harmful to the Moroccan economic growth. The objective is not to propose optimal debt and budget deficit rates, but to show the importance of establishing a flexible budgetary rule that takes into account the economic and social realities of the Moroccan economy. Public finance management through rigour (prudential accounting logic), condemns budgetary policy in Morocco to achieve a low level of economic growth, thus leading to a low equilibrium ? On the budgetary level, compliance with the 3% rule, generates specific problems. The reduction of public deficits in bad economic situation cannot be an indication of the efficiency of economic policy. That rule is an arbitrary and counterproductive one, which limits any action of resource allocation and redistribution to mitigate the worsening of social inequalities. Therefore, is the government action reduced to an accounting management centered on the balance of public finances. Threshold effects suppose the non-linearity in terms of budget policy and the lack of the "one best way" in the setting of the country's budget policy. We will, thus, use a robust econometric model for determining budget deficit and public debt thresholds wherefrom economic growth reacts differently to the fiscal policy. These thresholds are 4,6% for the budget deficit and 63,73% for the total debt of the treasury. ; Le recours aux effets de seuil dans la mise en place de la politique budgétaire s'inscrit dans une logique d'évaluation des politiques économiques et sociales. La présence d'effets de seuil suggère la coexistence de différents régimes budgétaires conditionnels au déficit budgétaire et à l'endettement public. La discipline budgétaire imposée aux finances publiques marocaines depuis les années 1980, risque d'être contreproductive et nuisible à la croissance économique. L'objectif de ce travail n'est pas de proposer des taux d'endettement et de déficit budgétaire optimaux, mais de montrer l'importance de la mise en place d'une règle budgétaire flexible et moins contraignante, qui prend en considération les réalités économiques et sociales de l'économie marocaine. Une gestion des finances publiques marocaines par la rigueur, s'inscrivant dans une logique comptable très étroite et très prudentielle ; ne risque-t-elle pas de condamner la politique budgétaire au Maroc à réaliser un niveau de croissance économique bas, débouchant ainsi sur un équilibre bas. Sur le plan budgétaire, le respect de la règle des 3% engendre des problèmes qui lui sont propres. La réduction des déficits publics en période de mauvaise conjoncture ne peut être un indice d'efficacité de la politique économique. C'est une règle arbitraire et contreproductive qui limite toute action de répartition des ressources et de redistribution pour atténuer l'aggravation des inégalités sociales. Aussi l'action du gouvernement est-elle réduite à une gestion comptable centrée sur le solde des finances publiques. Les effets de seuil supposent la non-linéarité en matière de politique budgétaire et l'absence du «one best way» concernant la fixation de l'orientation budgétaire du pays. Ainsi, nous mobilisons un modèle économétrique qui nous permet de déterminer les seuils de déficit budgétaire et d'endettement public à partir desquels la croissance économique réagit différemment à la politique budgétaire. Ces seuils sont de 4,6% pour le déficit budgétaire et 63,73% pour la dette totale du trésor.

The ideas of supporters of the sociological direction in criminal law and criminology on the causes of crime are considered; their significance for the present is determined. It is stated that crime has existed at all times and has changed in different eras and in different countries under the influence of the circumstances of a particular society. The sociological direction in criminal law and criminology was formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The outstanding theorists of the sociological direction were A.J. Kettle, A. Lacassan, F. Liszt, E. Durkheim, P.O. Sorokin, M.P. Chubynskii, E.Kh. Sutherland, D. Cressy, G. Van Hamel, A. Prince, R.K. Merton, T. Sellin and others. The basic provisions on the dependence of crime on the conditions of the social environment, the stability of the basic parameters of crime and the possibility of its prediction were formulated by representatives of the sociological school. It has been proven that it would be futile to try to influence crime without changing the social conditions that give rise to crime. However, sociological theories do not explain why different people exhibit fundamentally different behaviors under the same social conditions. The determinants of crime are mainly related to society itself, to its acute contradictions, to social injustice and social inequality, which are insurmountable in the current social space. Some contradictions are historically overcome or minimized, but new criminologically significant antagonisms are emerging that determine crime. It is argued that a synthetic approach based on a combination of different methodologies and allows the consideration of all known crime factors in interrelation and interaction can be the methodological basis for crime research. Today the main initial positions of the sociological direction, its philosophical and sociological bases are preserved in criminology: positivism in its various versions; recognition of social and individual factors in a series of actions; the concept of crime as an eternal phenomenon inherent in any social system. ; Розглядаються ідеї прихильників соціологічного напряму у кримінальному праві та кримінології щодо причин злочинності, визначається їх значимість для сьогодення. Констатовано, що злочинність існувала в усі часи, при цьому змінювалась у різні епохи та в різних країнах під впливом обставин життєдіяльності конкретного суспільства. Наприкінці XIX – початку XX ст. сформувався соціологічний напрям у кримінальному праві та кримінології. Видатними теоретиками соціологічного напряму стали А. Ж. Кетле, А.Лакассань, Ф.Ліст, Е. Дюркгейм, П.О. Сорокін, М.П. Чубинський, Е.Х.Сатерленд¸ Д. Крессі, Г.Ван-Гамель, А. Прінс, Р.К. Мертон, Т. Селлін та ін. У межах соціологічної школи були сформульовані принципові положення про залежність злочинності від умов соціального середовища, стійкість основних параметрів злочинності та можливість її прогнозування. Доведено, що без зміни соціальних умов, які викликають до життя злочини, марно було б намагатися вплинути на злочинність. Однак, соціологічні теорії не пояснюють, чому за одних і тих же соціальних умов різні люди демонструють принципово різну поведінку. Детермінанти злочинності пов'язані головним чином із самим суспільством, з його найгострішими суперечностями, з соціальною несправедливістю і соціальною нерівністю, які нездоланні за умов існуючого соціального простору. Деякі протиріччя історично долаються або мінімізуються, але з'являються все нові й нові кримінологічно значущі антагонізми, які детермінують злочинність. Обґрунтовано думку, що методологічною базою дослідження злочинності може бути синтетичний підхід, що базується на поєднанні різних методологій і дає змогу розглядати всі відомі фактори злочинності у взаємозв'язку і взаємодії. Нині в кримінології збереглися головні вихідні позиції соціологічного напряму, його філософські та соціологічні основи: позитивізм у різних його варіантах; визнання в одному ряду дії факторів соціальних та індивідуальних; уявлення про злочин як вічне явище, властиве будь-якому соціальному устрою.

Problem setting. The issue of state regulation of cross-border cooperation turns out to be increasingly topical in terms of global European integration processes. Considering higher living standards and opportunities for social development in the neighboring countries of Ukraine, the expansion of cooperation of the border territories is worth doing for the purpose of their further development and more efficient resolution of common problems, which will contribute to the social and economic development of the border territories. Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of cross-border cooperation has been addressed in studies of R. Bilyk, T. Brus, F. Vashchuk, S. Horbatiuk, O. Horbach, I.Zhurba, Z. Zazuliak, V. Kovaliov, Y. Navruzov, R. Pasichnyi, I. Studennikov, S. Tkalenko, et al. Different aspects of formation and implementation of the state regional policy of European cross-border cooperation have been outlined in works of the scientists V. Vakulenko, I. Dehtiariova, I. Krynychna, V. Kuibida, Y. Makohon, N. Mikula, S. Romaniuk, and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Given numerous studies of the mentioned problem, domestic scientists have not addressed the issues of state regulation of cross-border cooperation and specifics of the state policy of Ukraine in this area sufficiently. Paper main body. Formation of a new state policy in the context of integration of Ukraine into the European Union stipulates the importance of searching for new ways of cross-border cooperation as a vital part of the regional policy, and put an emphasis on cross-border cooperation in the policy of partnership of our country with European countries. Considering that western regions of Ukraine, besides ETC, can establish EGTC, it is important to use such forms as clusters, partnership, industrial zones, etc., more efficiently within cross-border cooperation. The aim of cross-border cooperation is to seek a mutually beneficial format of the implementation of national interests and strategical priorities of the outlined partners. As Ukraine as the Republic of Poland must embrace in their partnership the essential areas of international cooperation for maximum rapprochement with the European Union. Ukraine should make every effort at the state level to increase the competitiveness of the border regions by activating and developing cross-border cooperation, which in turn would contribute to the establishment and advancement of economical, ecological, cultural, scientific, social, technological, and travel relations between the subjects of those relationships. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The conducted research allows concluding that the potential of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union is not used to the full. European territorial structures involving Ukrainian regions did not become an organizational and financial platform for coordination of cross-border cooperation. In order for Ukraine to implement the intention to integrate into the European Union and deepen its international cooperation, collaboration within the European Territorial Cooperation must be activated. Specific for the Western Region geographic proximity with the European Union, experience of cross-border cooperation, and existing network of institutions should contribute to the activation of development of the region and multidirectional collaboration between the Ukrainian regions and EU countries. Therefore, it is worth to remove all the obstacles on the way to the reformation of the tools for cross-border cooperation, and promote the formation of friendly relationships and improvement of teamwork between countries of the Western Border Zone. ; Досліджено питання державного регулювання та особливості державної політики у сфері транскордонного співробітництва. Подано основні характеристики та проблемні аспекти транскордонного співробітництва, що перешкоджають його ефективному використанню в Україні для розвитку громад та для регіонів загалом.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the legislative treatment of conscientious objection contained in the laws decriminalising abortion in Argentina and Uruguay, by a comparative study of some of its most relevant aspects. It contains a critical position about the restrictive vision these laws have of right of medical staff to refuse participation in abortion for personal belief, including a regulatory decree enacted by the Uruguayan Executive Power which was highly impacted by the TCA´s decision number 585 from 2015 and as its force was put in doubt. Notwithstanding the reference to the appreciations which arise from the current regulations of both countries, it tries to give a natural law perspective of the right to conscientious and ideology objection. According to this position, it concludes that the restrictions some legal or regulatory requirements try to impose, might be hampered by supremacy of the protection of the effectiveness of the fundamental human right that, when put in practice, reflects an essential characteristic of this law which is its no mandatory compliance, and consequently, the objector won´t comply. ; El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el tratamiento legislativo de la objeción de conciencia contenido en las normas despenalizadoras del aborto en Argentina y Uruguay, mediante un estudio comparativo de algunos de sus aspectos más relevantes. Se expone una posición crítica de la visión restrictiva del derecho a la objeción de conciencia que proponen las normas analizadas, incluyendo el decreto reglamentario oportunamente dictado por el Poder Ejecutivo de nuestro país que, en su día, recibió el impacto en la línea de flotación que significó el contenido de la sentencia del TCA nro. 586, de año 2015. Sin perjuicio de la referencia a las prescripciones que surgen de las normas vigentes en ambas márgenes del Plata, se propone una concepción jusnaturalista del derecho a la objeción de conciencia y de ideario. En virtud de ese posicionamiento se concluye que las restricciones que algunas preceptivas legales o reglamentarias pretenden imponer, ceden ante la superioridad de la indispensable protección de la efectividad del derecho humano fundamental esgrimido por el objetor que, en definitiva, mediante el ejercicio del derecho hace saber a quien corresponda que la norma inicua no lo obliga, y porque no lo obliga no la cumplirá. ; O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o tratamento legislativo da objeção de consciência contida nas normas descriminalizadoras do aborto na Argentina e Uruguai, mediante um estudo comparativo de alguns de seus aspectos mais relevantes. Expõe-se uma posição crítica da visão restritiva do direito à objeção de consciência que propõem as normas analisadas, incluindo o decreto regulamentar oportunamente promulgado pelo Poder Executivo de nosso país que, nesse dia, recebeu um alto impacto que significou o conteúdo da sentença do TCA nro. 586, do ano de 2015. Sem prejuízo da referência às prescrições que surgem das normas vigentes em ambos países, propõe-se uma concepção jusnaturalista do direito à objeção de consciência e de ideologia. De acordo com essa posição, conclui-se que as restrições que algumas normas legais ou regulamentares pretendem impor, cedem ante a superioridade da indispensável proteção da efetividade do direito humano fundamental argumentado pelo objetor que, definitivamente, mediante o exercício do direito, dá a conhecer a quem possa interessar, que a norma iníqua não o obriga e, porque não o obriga, não a cumprirá.

In freshwater ecosystems, periphytic biofilms include diatom assemblages that depend on environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient concentrations, salinity, temperature etc.). These assemblages respond rapidly to environmental changes, which makes diatoms valuable bioindicators. For this reason, they are currently used in freshwater biomonitoring programs (e.g., EU Water Framework Directive - WFD) (Foster et al., 2000). To date, diatom taxonomic identification is based on morphological criteria, which requires high taxonomic expertise to identify them to the species level needed for biomonitoring. Having this in mind, new strategies have been examined for the development of high-throughput, non-biased identification approaches. Human activities are the leading cause of environmental impairments and appropriate biomonitoring of ecosystems is needed to effectively assess the impact of their activities. In the last ten years, DNA metabarcoding combined with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics, have been proposed as a complementary approach to morphological identification. In the past ten years, DNA metabarcoding coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics represents a complementary approach for diatom biomonitoring (Vasselon et al., 2019). In this study, this approach was used for the first time in Cyprus considering the association of environmental and anthropogenic pressures to diatom assemblages using the rbcL 312 bp barcode, next-generation sequencing (MiSeq Illumina), and bioinformatic evaluation (Mothur Software). Statistical analysis was then applied to identify the environmental (i.e., river types, geo-morphological) and anthropogenic (i.e., physical, chemical, human land-use pressures) variables' role in the observed diatom diversity. The Indice de Polluosensibilité Spécifique (IPS) index was used as it was shown to better respond to pressures that affect water quality in Cyprus rivers (WDD, 2014). Results indicate differences in diatom assemblages between intermittent and perennial rivers. Achnanthidium minutissimum was more abundant in intermittent rivers; whereas Amphora pediculus and Planothidium victorii (P. caputium) in perennial ones. Furthermore, we could demonstrate the correlation between nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus), characteristics of the individual sampling sites (e.g., elevation), and land use activities on the observed differences in diatom diversity (Pissaridou, 2021). Additionally, results were compared to the morphotaxonomy-based approach which was conducted microscopically. Results show a positive correlation between morphological and molecular IPS scores. Points deviating from the norm are influenced by the limitations of both techniques. Fistulifera saprophila had a key role in this observation, as it negatively influences IPS scores. All in all, we conclude that DNA metabarcoding complements the morphological methodology for the ecological quality assessment of freshwaters in Cyprus. Multi-stressors and anthropogenic pressures have a significant statistical relationship to the observed diatom diversity and play a pivotal role in determining Cyprus' rivers' ecological status (Fig. 1).Foster, D., Wood, A., Griffiths, M., 2000. The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) – An introduction Dave Foster – Policy Advisor (Europe), Aram Wood EP Scientist (Water), Dr Martin Griffiths – Head of Water Quality, Environment Agency, Head Office, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almon 7–9.Pissaridou, P., Vasselon V., Christou A., Chonova T., Lacroix S., Papatheodoulou A., Drakou K., Tziortzis I., Dörflinger G., Rimet F., Bouchez A. and Vasquez MI. 2021 Deciphering Cyprus' diatom diversity and the effects of environmental and anthropogenic influences for ecological assessment of rivers using DNA metabarcoding.Chemosphere (In Press)Vasselon, V., Frédéric, R., Isabelle, D., Olivier, M., Yorick, R., Agnès, B., 2019. Assessing pollution of aquatic environments with diatoms' DNA metabarcoding: Experience and developments from France Water Framework Directive networks. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 3, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.3.39646WDD, 2014. Review and update of article 5 of Directive 2000/60/EC (Water reservoirs) & Classification of water status (Rivers, natural lakes and water reservoirs), That will establish baseline information and data for the 2nd cyprus river basin management plan.