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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Halawadi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 525 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soil and 3 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 40 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 57 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 63 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 59 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 38 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 7 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 55 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 23 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.00) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 35 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 124(24) 169(32) Sapota 73(14) 234(44) Maize 43(8) 250(48) Pomegranate 73(14) 249(47) Bajra 219(42) 159(30) Musambi 89(17) 234(44) Groundnut 142(27) 320(61) Lime 89(17) 234(44) Sunflower 89(17) 168(32) Amla 235(45) 268(51) Redgram 73(14) 183(35) Cashew 73(14) 237(45) Bengal gram 15(3) 297(57) Jackfruit 73(14) 234(44) Cotton 46(9) 247(47) Jamun 31(6) 269(52) Chilli 108(21) 184(35) Custard apple 235(45) 268(51) Tomato 108(21) 184(35) Tamarind 31(6) 58(11) Brinjal 188(36) 192(37) Mulberry 73(14) 358(68) Onion 153(29) 212(41) Marigold 73(14) 219(42) Bhendi 153(29) 227(44) Chrysanthemum 73(14) 219(42) Drumstick 73(14) 282(54) Jasmine 73(14) 204(39) Mango 31(6) 43(8) Crossandra 73(14) 204(39) Guava 73(14) 234(44) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Halawadi is located at North latitude 150 11' 54.604" and 150 9' 51.215" and East longitude 750 58' 33.457'' and 750 56' 52.871" covering an area of about 524.88 ha coming under Halavagali, Kallahalli, Alavandi and Hyderanagar villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Halawadi micro watersheds of Bettageri subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 42 total respondents, 16 (38.10 %) were marginal, 12 (28.57%) were small, 9 (21.43 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.38 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (54.15%) men and 94 (45.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 4.7, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.34%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.49 per cent illiterates, 59.01 percent pre university education and 4.88 per cent attained graduation.  About, 92.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 7.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 78.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.52 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 28.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 102.38 per cent possess mobile phones and 54.76 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 9.52 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess tractor, 9.52 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.90 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 4.76 per cent possess local cow and 9.52 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, women available in the micro watershed was 1.67, hired labour (men) available was 9.66 and hired labour (women) available was 9.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 83.04 per cent (51.66 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.78 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 14.29 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Red gram, Groundnut and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.89 per cent.  Out of the sample households 35.71 percent possessed bank account and 14.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 54.76 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Red gram, Groundnut and Sunflower was Rs.38281.00 , 20291.06, 23686.60, 40972.51, and 33117.67 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.01, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.30 and 1:1.10 respectively.  Further, 21.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72246.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56722.62 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 72 horticulture trees and 68 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 928.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.33 per cent depends on own funds and 16.28 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 69.05 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 78.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (33.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 61.90 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 78.57 per cent of the households and 21.43 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 38.10 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.62 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 45.24 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 92.86 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 4.76 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (66.67%), pulses (26.19%) and oilseeds (40.48%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (64.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (66.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.90%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.81%), high rate of interest on credit (73.81%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.90%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67%), inadequate extension services (42.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.90%), Less rainfall (33.33%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (23.81%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gopanhalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 459 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 446 ha (97%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 13 ha (3%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 97 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 0.75%) in soil organic carbon content.  About 40 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 19 per cent soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 79 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 30 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 21 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 429(93) 16(3) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 445(97) Jamun - 445(97) Sunflower 429(93) 16(3) Musambi 429(93) 16(3) Cotton 429(93) 16(3) Lime 429(93) 16(3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 429(93) 16(3) Custard apple 429(93) 16(3) Bengal gram 429(93) 18(4) Amla 429(93) 16(3) Guava - - Tamarind - 445(97) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopanhalli 1 micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1702' – 1704' North latitudes and 76021' – 76022' East longitudes, covering an area of about 459.40 ha, bounded by Gopanpalli, Bidharcheda, Jilladapalli and Kadacharana villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopanhalli-1 Micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.3 to 44.6 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 55.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 60 percent and general caste around 40 percent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 10 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all the farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10 per cent of sample households  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.09 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 34.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 59.6 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13487 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 306541 per household; about 60 per cent of sample farmers own plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.27666 per household; about 66.6 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 901 grams (2126 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.94300 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1671 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.688 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.306979 per year for the total area of 459 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 12922/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 20656) followed by cotton (Rs. 17607), bengal gram (Rs. 9971) and sorghum (Rs. 3457).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 937/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs.54585) followed by red gram (Rs.54338), cotton (Rs.51153) and sorghum (Rs.40332). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (56.8 %) followed by bengalgram (18.4 %), cotton (16.4 %) and sorghum (8.2 %).  In Gopanhalli-1micro-watershed, major soil series are Dargah series having very deep soil depth covered around 89.2. % of area. major crops are red gram (59.9 %), sorghum (20.4. %) and cotton (40.1 %), Dhoandothi soils series are having deep soil depth covers around 6.2 % of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (79.3 %), bengal gram (14.4 %) and cotton (6.1 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.42299/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.31) and Rs. 30406/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.71).  In red gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 25581/ha in DDT soil (with of 2.07) and Rs. 24113/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.16).  In the sorghum the cost of cultivation in DRG soil is Rs. 23007/ha (with BCR of 1.19) and bengal gram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs.21645/ha (with BCR of 1.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (18.9 to 32.4 %), red gram (5.9 to 18.9 %), sorghum (52.9 %) and bengal gram (46.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dargah-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 467 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days varying from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  All the soils of the microwatershed are non gravelly  An area of about 7 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 93 per cent very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 80 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 20 per cent of the area is gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 1 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 99 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 90 per cent soils is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 10 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 99 per cent of the area is low (20 ppm) in an area of 3 per cent.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area of about 86 per cent, medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) in 14 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 10 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 234 (50) 232(50) Sapota - 446(96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 467(100) Jamun - 446(96) Sunflower 234 (50) 232(50) Musambi 434(93) 12(3) Cotton 234 (50) 232(50) Lime 434(93) 12(3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 234 (50) 232(50) Custard apple 446(96) 20(4) Bengal gram 467(100) - Amla 446(96) 20(4) Guava - 446(96) Tamarind - 446(96) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, of which would help in maintaining ecological balance and help in mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dargah-2 micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17013' – 17015' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 467 ha, bounded by Kalgurki, Tonsanhalli, Mudbol, Baghwadi, Belgumpa and Mopti village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dargah-2 micro-watershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 64.7 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 44.4 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking is around 77.8 per cent.  About 11 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 22 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 78 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.31 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 49.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 39.2 percent of sample household.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13036 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 247755 per household, about 55.5 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 62500 per household; about 22.2 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 809 grams (1719 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 56634 per household. About 55.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1396. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1864 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 919285 per year for the total area of 467 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19789/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 23834) and sorghum (Rs. 15744).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of in redgram (Rs. 62342) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (92 %) and sorghum (7.9 %). 3  In Dargah-2 micro-watershed, major soils series are Dhandothi soils are having very deep soil depth covers around 4.6 % of area the major crops are red gram and sorghum. Dargah soils series are having deep soil depth covers around 29.3 per cent of area the crop is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 21607/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.20) and Rs. 18883/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 2.58).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs.15131/ha (with BCR of 2.14).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (18.2 to 22.9 %) and sorghum (56.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 667 ha in Aland taluk of Kalaburagi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 84 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 14 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 4 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), 9 per cent are moderately deep (75- 100 cm), 39 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 46 per cent are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 85 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and about 33 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 3 per cent has soils that are neutral (6.5-7.3) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) and 17 per cent low (337 kg/ha) and 9 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 78 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 61 (9) 40 (6) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 101 (15) Jamun - 30(4) Sunflower 61(9) 27(4) Musambi 30(4) 58(9) Cotton 61 (9) 40 (6) Lime 30(4) 58(9) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 61 (9) 40 (6) Custard apple 61 (9) 40 (6) Guava - - Amla 61 (9) 40 (6) Mango - - Tamarind - 30(4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-2 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17034'–17037' North latitudes and 76025'– 76028' East longitudes, covering an area of about 666.62 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Khanapur, Nagalogaon and Nirgudi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Padasavli-2 micro-watershed (Padasavli subwatershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 58.7 to 41.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 97.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to others backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 90.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production activities was found. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 3.33 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and large farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 23.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 71.7 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.6300 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 4575 per household, about 60.0 per cent of sample farmers weeder and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 786.8 grams (1814.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 47502 per household. About 60.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.3280. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1364 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 893286 per year for the total area of 666.62 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 14165/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in sunflower (Rs. 15850) and redgram (Rs. 12479).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs 496378) and sunflower (Rs 23903). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is redgram (90.3 %) and sunflower (9.7 %).  In Padsalvi-2 micro-watershed, major soils are margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 46.28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (85.0 %), sunflower (15.0 %) and Mannur (MAN) are also having very deep soil depth cover 4.45 % of area, the crops are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area of red gram range between Rs.21016/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.64) and Rs.16175/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation Rs. 16105/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.98). 3  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (19.3 to 56.4 %) and sunflower (46.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 690 ha in Padasavli-3 microwatershed in Aland taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 18 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 51 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 30 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 80 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 99 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 85 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (14) 68 (10) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 165 (24) Jamun - 75 (11) Sunflower 97 (14) 68 (10) Musambi 75 (11) 47(7) Cotton 97 (14) 68 (10) Lime 75(11) 47 (7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 97 (14) 68 (10) Custard apple 97 (14) 64(9) Guava - - Amla 97 (14) 64(9) Mango - - Tamarind - 75 (11) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-3 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17034'–17037' North latitudes and 76026'– 76029' East longitudes, covering an area of about 689.60 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Khandala, Khanapur and Nagalogaon villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Padasavli-3 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 45.2 to 54.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production of households was found. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 2.04 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 55.8 % and irrigated land 44.2% of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 23.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 66.7 per cent and private service is 9.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 14798 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 106880 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 23395 per household; about 40.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 915.2 grams (2067.73 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 49807.6 per household. About 40.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1142. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 983 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 674334 per year for the total area of 689.6 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 170920/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 29175) and sugar cane (Rs. 19682).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. Per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 544) and sugarcane (Rs.21). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is red gram (77.60 %) and sugarcane (22.4 %).  In Padasavli 3 microwatershed, major soil is Margutti (MGT) soil series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Bhimanahalli (BHI) soil are also having shallow soil depth cover (20.13 %) of area, the major crop is red gram. Novinahala (NHA) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 25.46 per cent of areas, crops are red gram (50 %) and sugarcane (50.0 %). Gutti (GTT) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5 % of area; crop is red gram. Kamalapur soil 3 series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 7.41 per cent of areas; crop is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 33406/ha in KMP soil (with of 1.85) and Rs.20087/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 2.96).  In sugarcane cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs.52729/ha (with BCR of 1.37).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (11.1 to 7.1 %), sugarcane (73 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kokkaragundi-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 322 ha. in Kokkaragundi-3 microwatershed in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm.The north-east monsoon contributes about 165 mm and prevails from October to early December, maximum of 363 mm precipitation takes place during south–west monsoon period from June to September and the remaining 105 mm takes place during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 26 soil phases (management units) and 6land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 39 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm), deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75 - 100 cm), 41per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 15 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, less than one per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 56 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area  The land suitability for 21 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75 (23) 82 (25) Jackfruit - 13 (4) Maize - 32 (10) Jamun - 124 (37) Bengal gram 69 (22) 132 (41) Musambi 56 (17) 68 (21) Ground nut - 140 (43) Lime 56 (17) 61 (19) Sunflower 67 (21) 101 (31) Cashew - - Cotton 50 (15) 140 (28) Custard apple 58 (17) 74 (24) Banana - 125 (39) Amla 56 (17) 71(22) Pomegranate - 125 (39) Tamarind - 113 (35) Mango - - Marigold - 150 (47) Guava - - Chrysanthamum 150 (47) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75036' – 75038' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Budihal, Belhatti, Hosur and Balehosur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.2 to 47.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 60.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 84.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the major source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 4.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.56 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 83.9 % and irrigated land 16.1 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.76 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 83.33 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13417 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.137806 per household, about 40 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17208 per household; about 53 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 840 grams (1772.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.12100 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1646. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 443 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 136065 per year for the total area of 322.24 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 12662/ha/year in maize.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3337/ ha/year in maize.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was in maize (Rs. 27169). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (100 %).  In Kokkaragundi-3 micro-watershed, major soil is Kabulayathakatti (KLK) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 15.28 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize, Attikatti (AKT) soils are also having shallow soil depth cover 0.44 %, Nabhapur (NBP) soil series having shallow 3 soil depth cover around 17.20 % of areas, Harve (HRV) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 11.43 % of area, Kalasapur (KPR) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 8.12% of area, respectively and Nagavi Tanda (NGT) soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 7.42 % of area, all these are soil series major crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.37277/ha in KPR soil (with BCR of 3.08) and Rs.9961/ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 2.85).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (33.4 to79.2%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 487 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 19 per cent of the soils are deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 76 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 3 per cent are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 95 per cent area has gently to very gently sloping (1-5% slope) lands and 3 per cent is under gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 49 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 46 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent soils severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 22 per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4) and 75 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Entire area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 53 per cent area and 44 per cent area is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 89 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 3 per cent area and sufficient in 95 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Hosur-2 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75039' – 75041' East longitudes, covering an area of about 487 ha, bounded by Chikasavanur, Narayanapur, Vadi and Kognur villages with length of growing period (LGP)150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Hosur-2 micro-watershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60 to 40 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 53.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 49 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 60 percent and general caste about 20 percent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 70 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.60 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 81.7 per cent and irrigated land 18.3 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 37.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12322 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6919 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26100 per household; about 58.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 935.1 grams (1980 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 26210 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1223. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 931 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 443210 per year for the total area of 487 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15168/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5024) followed by sorghum (Rs. 24982), onion (Rs. 53475), horse gram and cotton negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1227/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 2779), horse gram (Rs.1372) and sorghum (Rs. 732).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 54734) followed by horse gram (Rs. 28158), maize (Rs. 24365), onion (Rs. 24546) and sorghum (Rs. 41825). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (70.2 %) followed by sorghum (13.6), onion (10.8 %), horse gram (2.7 %) and cotton (2.5 %).  In Hosur-2 micro-watershed, major soils are Attikatti (AKT) series are shallow soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (23.4%) and maize (76.6 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) soils are shallow soil depth cover around 47.3 % of area; major crops are cotton (9.4 %), maize (50.4 %) and onion (40.2 %). Attikatti Tanda (ATT) soils are moderately shallow soil depth covers around 11.7 % of area; major crop grown maize. Jelligeri (JLG) soils are moderately deep soil depth cover around 7.3 % of areas; major crops grown horse gram (16.7 %) and sorghum (83.3 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 51801/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.24) and Rs.14140/ha in AKT soil (with BCR of 1.05).  In maize the cost of cultivation range between Rs 25035 ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.24) and Rs.21238/ha in AKT soil (with BCR of 1.15).  In onion the cost of cultivation in YSJ soil is Rs. 15777/ha (with BCR of 4.39).  In horsegram cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.35214 ha (with BCR of 0.95) and sorghum cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.9324 ha (with BCR of 3.76).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthening agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertilizer recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (78.2 to 73.1) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dargah-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 465 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm of which about 571mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 40 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) and 60 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm).  About 99 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 99 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils.  About 88 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and 11 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m).  About 99 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 66 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 57 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 43 per cent strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) and 4 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area has soils that are sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc and about 452 ha (97%) area is deficient.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 319(68) 145(31) Sapota - 464(99) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram 114 (24) 349(75) Jamun - 464(99) Sunflower 319 (68) 145(31) Musambi 410(88) 54(11) Cotton 319 (68) 145(31) Lime 410(88) 54(11) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 319 (68) 145(31) Custard apple 464(99) - Bengal gram 465(99) - Amla 464(99) - Guava - 464(99) Tamarind - 464(99) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the two identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dargah-3 Microwatershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17012' – 17014' North latitudes and 7704' – 7707' East longitudes, covering an area of about 465 ha, bounded by Tonsanhalli, Mudbol, Mulkod, Belgumpa and Gundagurthi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dargah-3 Microwatershed (Invi sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.8 to 38.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 89.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Around 30.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 70.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.09 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 32.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 35.3 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 128017 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 108399 per household, about 70 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.36667 per household; about 33.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 976.5 grams (2202.14 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 53513 per household. About 40.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2045. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 927 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 430021 per year for the total area of 463.98 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 19591/ha/year in red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.56126). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (100 %).  In Dergah-3 Microwatershed, major soils are soil of Dargah (DRG) series is having deep soil depth cover around 28.05 % of area. On this soil farmers are 3 presently growing red gram (100 %) and Dandothi (DDT) are also having very deep soil depth cover 60.08 % of area, the crops are red gram (100 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram range between Rs. 24975/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.23) and Rs 22079/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 2.29).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (12.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimnalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 643 ha in Bhimnalli microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agroforestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 29 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 2 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150cm), 54 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25- 75 cm) and about 13 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 16 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 1 per cent low (337 kg/ha) and 29 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 23 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 80 (12) 71 (11) Guava - 174(21) Maize - 54 (8) Jackfruit - 6(1) Red gram - 137 (21) Jamun - 100(15) Sunflower 80 (12) - Musambi 43 (7) 131(20) Cotton 43 (7) 108 (17) Lime 43 (7) 131(20) Sugarcane - - Cashew 6(1) 13(2) Soybean 80(12) 57 (9) Custard apple 157 (24) 286(44) Bengalgram 137(21) 81(13) Amla 157 (24) 119 (18) Mango - 6(1) Tamarind - 113 (17) Sapota - 161(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bhimnalli Microwatershed (Kamalapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7700' – 7702' East longitudes, covering an area of about 643 ha, bounded by Dhanura, Bachinal, Mormanchi and Kurnur villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Bhimnalli Microwatershed Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.1 to 40.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 47.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 68.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium and large farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 45.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 13980 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 161200 per household, about 40 per cent, of sample farmer having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 37292 per household; around 80 per cent of sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 953.4 grams (2288.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55782 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2266. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 3008 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1883220 per year for the total area of 642.74 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 10350/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.17261) followed by sorghum (Rs. 3440).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 988/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 62920) followed by sorghum (Rs. 47054). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (36.9 %) followed by greengram (27.11 %) and sorghum (9.0 %).  In Bhimnalli Microwatershed, major soil is Novinihala (NHA) series having shallow soil depth cover around 5.82 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram, sorghum, Mahagaon (MAN) series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.77 % of area, the crops are red gram, 3 Kalamundargi (KGI) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 0.9 % of areas; crops are redgram, Ramnelli (RMN) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 3.75 % of area; crops are redgram, Rajnala (RML) soil series deep soil depth cover around 4.55 % of area. The major crops grown redgram, Dinsi (DSI) soil series moderately shallow soil depth cover around 2.41 % of area, the major crop grown is red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 39379/ha in RNL soil (with BCR of 1.44) and Rs. 24845 /ha in MAN soil (with BCR of 1.72).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in NHA soil Rs 24348/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 45 %) and sorghum (9.9 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dharjamga-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 830 ha in Dharjamga-1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 87 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 13 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 66 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 20 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 41 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 53 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 8 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) and about 1 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 56 per cent deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 94 (11) 267 (32) Guava - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 361 (43) Jamun - 23(3) Sunflower 23 (3) 71 (9) Musambi 23 (3) 71(9) Cotton 23 (3) 338 (41) Lime 23 (3) 71(9) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 76(9) 285 (34) Custard apple 94 (11) 267(32) Bengalgram 361(43) 282 (34) Amla 94 (11) 267(32) Mango - - Tamarind - 23 (3) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dharjamga-1 Microwatershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17037' – 17039' North latitudes and 7703' – 7705' East longitudes, covering an area of about 830 ha, bounded by Kinhi, Dongaragaon, Bhimnalli, Sonath, Wahadi and Gobbarwadi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dharjamga-1 micro-watershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 63.2 to 36.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.9 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 42.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 50.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture productivity of among the all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.83 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 53.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 40.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 24500 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43600 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 776.4 grams (1727 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 41320 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 2294. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2718 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 2190754 per year for the total area of 830.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 22897/ha/year of red gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was in red gram (Rs.61122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (100 %).  In Dharjamga-1 Micro-watershed, major soil of Basaltic landforms of Margutti series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Matki series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 2.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Novinihal series is having shallow soil depth cover around 30.1% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Bhimanahalli series is having shallow soil depth cover around 3.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of gutti series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 4.4% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, soil of Kamalapur series is 3 having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.29890/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs.14968/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 2.74).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3.6 to 22.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Margutti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Margutti microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought -prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 2 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 29 per cent of the soils are moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm), 59 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 8 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and 66 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 92 per cent has soils that are low (57kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 60 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha), 24 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 12 per cent low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm).  About 2 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 24 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (29) 4 (1) Guava - 200(31) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 190 (30) Jamun - 186(29) Sunflower 186 (29) - Musambi 99 (16) 101(16) Cotton 99 (16) 90 (14) Lime 99 (16) 101(16) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 186(29) 4 (1) Custard apple 200 (31) 347(54) Bengalgram 189(30) 191(30) Amla 200 (31) 170 (27) Mango - - Tamarind - 186 (29) Sapota - 200(31) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Margutti micro-watershed (Kamlapur sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17035' – 17037' North latitudes and 76059' – 7701' East longitudes, covering an area of about 638 ha, surrounded by Dongargaon, Bhimnalli, Bachnal and Kamlapur villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Margutti micro-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 69 to 31 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 81 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 70 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.83 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 72.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.110297 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.4150 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough (40%).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.44750 per household; about 90 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 819.5 grams (1837.46 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.19780 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2073. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 3344 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 2039998 per year for the total area of 638 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs.3963/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 12227) and green gram is negative returns.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 50552) followed by green gram (Rs. 33122). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (98.5%) followed by green gram (1.5 %).  In Margutti micro-watershed, major soil are basaltic landforms of Kalamundaragi (KGI) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 56.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (97.7 %) and green gram (2.3 %). Novinihala (NHA) is also having shallow soil depth cover 26.73 % of area, the crops are red gram. Kamalapur (KMP) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.59 % of areas, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 29084/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.39) and Rs. 16610/ha in KGI soil (with BCR of 1.6).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in KGI soil is Rs 44134/ha (with BCR of 0.54).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (5.4 to 37.6 %) and green gram (43.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dummadri-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Dummadri-4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 96 per cent area is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4 per cent is not suitable.  About 89 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 7 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 61 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 72 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.4-9.0) and 24 per cent very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 118 ha (20%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 83 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 66 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 30 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 76 per cent and 20 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 5 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 562 (96) - Guava - 562 (96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 562 (96) Jamun - 562 (96) Soybean 562 (96) - Musambi 562 (96) - Bengalgram 562 (96) - Lime 562 (96) - Sunflower 562 (96) - Cashew - - Cotton 562 (96) - Custard apple 562 (96) - Sugarcane - - Amla 562 (96) - Mango - - Tamarind - 562 (96) Sapota - 562 (96) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16048' North latitudes and 76030' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 585.29 ha, bounded by Dummadri, Kachapura, Vadagera and Sumbada villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.5 to 38.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 69.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 70.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 27.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19429 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7929 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 57222 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock in sample households.  The average per capita food consumption is around 869 grams (1871.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55082 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2707. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 894 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 502518 per year for the total area of 563 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20104/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 29367) followed by redgram (Rs. 20481) and paddy (Rs. 10464).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1366/ ha/year is paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59056), cotton (Rs. 48673) and paddy (Rs. 29483). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is paddy (55.0 %) followed by cotton (24.9 %) and red gram (20.1 %)  In Dummadri micro-watershed, major soil are Yedrami (YDM) series having very deep soil depth cover around 88.6 % of area; the main crop are cotton (24.6 %), paddy (55.4 %) and redgram (20.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for paddy in YDM soil is Rs.27719/ha (with BCR of 1.41). 3  In cotton the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs.20164/ha (with BCR of 2.52) and red gram the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs 17487/ha (with BCR of 2.19).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (69.9%), cotton (29.3%) and redgram (11.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Mormanchi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 597 ha in Mormanchi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 25 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 62 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 95 per cent has soils that are low (20 ppm) in about 1 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56 (9) 61 (10) Guava - - Maize - 61 (10) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 117 (20) Jamun - 37(6) Sunflower 56 (9) - Musambi 37(6) 20 (3) Cotton 56 (9) 61 (10) Lime 37(6) 20 (3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 56 (9) 61 (10) Custard apple 56 (9) 61(10) Bengalgram 118(20) 87 (15) Amla 56 (9) 61(10) Mango - - Tamarind - 37 (6) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helpssustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mormanchi Micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 597 ha, bounded by Gobbarwadi, Kinhi, Patvada, Bhimhalli and Chengta villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Mormanchi Microwatershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.4 to 34.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 40.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.9 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 1.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among the all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.91 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.4 per cent and agriculture is a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 23900 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11500 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having ploughed and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 870.5 grams (2046.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.37480 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2375. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1441 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 827326 per year for the total area of 597.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7005/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 11324) and black gram (Rs. 2685).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in black gram (Rs. 72496) and red gram (Rs. 64245). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (91.0 %) followed by black gram (9.0 %). 3  In Mormanchi Micro-watershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 52.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Matki (MAT) series are also having very shallow soil depth cover around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing black gram. Dinsi (DSI) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 10.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 50083/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 32666/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In black gram the cost of cultivation is in MAT soil Rs 28808/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 4.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Wankasambar-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 583ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 577 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 40 per cent clayey soils and 13 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 91 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 7 per cent area severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 1 per cent soils are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 10 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 26 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 20 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 23 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 17 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About34 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 24 per cent is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 23 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97(17) 432(75) Sapota - 114(20) Maize 97(17) 55(9) Pomegranate - 491(85) Bajra 97(17) 461(79) Musambi - 491(85) Groundnut - 169(29) Lime - 491(85) Sunflower - 474(82) Amla 97(17) 432(74) Redgram - 491(84) Cashew - 65(11) Bengal gram 38 (7) 491(84) Jackfruit - 97(17) Cotton 6(1) 523(90) Jamun - 187(32) Chilli - 546(94) Custard apple 97(17) 432(74) Tomato 97(17) 72(12) Tamarind - 187(32) Drumstick - 491(85) Mulberry - 97(17) Mango - - Marigold - 546(94) Guava - 114(20) Chrysanthemum - 546(94)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Wankasambar-3 is located at North latitude 160 39' 16.015" and 160 37' 27.275" and East longitude 770 22' 37.304" and 770 20' 41.304" covering an area of about 583.14 ha coming under Vankasambara, Sambara and Madhwara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Wankasambar-3 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 farmers were sampled in Wankasambar-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 7 (17.50%) were marginal, 15 (37.50%) were small, 8 (20.00 %) were semi medium, 5 (12.50 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (54.09%) men and 101 (45.91 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (53.64%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.00 per cent illiterates, 71.37 per cent pre university education and 7.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 52.50 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 47.50 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 34.09 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 70.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.50 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.50 per cent possess TV, 75.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 90.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 32.50 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.00 per cent possess tractor, 15.00 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.50 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.92, women available in the micro watershed was 1.78, hired labour (men) available was 4.97 and hired labour (women) available was 11.33.  Further, 2.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 10.45 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1705.00 kms for about 4.30 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.32 per cent (69.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.68 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 10.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.00 percent possessed bank account and 17.50 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.50 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 157.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 128.57 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Red gram, Sugarcane, Groundnut and Paddy was Rs.64881.38, 20711.75, 0.00, 71012.87 and 125743.60 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.60, 1: 1.70, 1: 0.00, 1: 0.80 and 1:0.50 respectively.  Further, 30.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 10.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81625.03 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53400.03 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1050 horticulture trees and 1022 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 42.50 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10225.00 for land development and Rs. 150.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 52.50 per cent depends on own funds and 35.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 60.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets. 3  Further, 40.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.00%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 35.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (102.50%), pulses (75.00%) and oilseeds (50.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (90.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (52.50%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.00%), high rate of interest on credit (45.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.50%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.50%), inadequate extension services (52.50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (42.50%), Less rainfall (2.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 409 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 320 ha (78%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 89 ha (22%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 41 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 43 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 27 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 65per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 13 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 25 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About4 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 26 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 35 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area in the microwatershed is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 298(73) Sapota - - Maize - 147(36) Pomegranate - 152(36) Bajra - 298(72) Musambi - 152(37) Groundnut - 78(19) Lime - 152(37) Sunflower - 151(37) Amla - 298(73) Redgram - 127(31) Cashew - - Bengal gram 24 (6) 274(67) Jackfruit - - Cotton 24 (6) 274(67) Jamun - 142(34) Chilli - 298(72) Custard apple - 298(73) Tomato - 147(36) Tamarind - 142(34) Drumstick - 151(36) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 298(72) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 298(72)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 38' 0.588" and 160 36' 23.07" and East longitude 770 16' 25.108'' and 770 14' 47.381" covering an area of about 409.04 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kudlura and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 15 (42.86%) were small, 14 (40.00 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (59.30%) men and 69 (40.12 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.3, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 4.9 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (45.93%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 51.74 per cent illiterates, 1.74 percent were functional literates, 43.01 per cent pre university education and 3.49 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess plough and 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.92 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.34.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 66.26 per cent (53.61 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.38 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut cropping intensity was recorded as 96.53 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.86 percent possessed bank account and 2.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.23410.27 , 26041.35 and 56704.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.90 and 1: 1.24 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81817.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 55431.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 106 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8428.57 for land development and Rs. 1000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 60.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project