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This thesis addresses the study of citizen participation from two perspectives: the analysis of citizens' preferences towards participation and as well as the evaluation of the results of participatory processes. In Part I, citizens' preferences towards different political decision-making proce-sses are analyzed. The main objective in chapter 1 is to understand citizens' prefe-rences, at European level, towards two models of democracy that can be considered as alternative or complementary to the representative model: participatory democracy vs. the government of the experts. In each of these two models, internal variants that represent different ways of understanding both the participation and the government of the experts are analyzed. Chapter 2 delves into these issues but, this time, focusing on the Spanish case during the period 2011-2015, with the aim of analyzing how the appearance of new parties -and the perception of certain personal attributes of the experts, politicians and citizens- have influenced the preferences of citizens towards different decision-making processes. In Part II, the results of the participatory processes are analyzed. The focus is on processes, promoted by the administrations and aiming of including citizens in the process of policy making, developed at the local level in Spain during the 2007-2011 period -. Chapter 3, based on an initial sample of 40 participatory processes, analyzes the characteristics and level of implementation of the proposals arising from these participatory processes. The fourth and fifth chapters, through a selection of six case studies, aim to analyze the effects (both positive and negative) that participatory pro-cesses have on relations between the administration and civil society. Finally, in Part III, I intend to take a step towards applicability by showing the result of a collective exercise developed in the framework of a citizen laboratory. Spe-cifically, in chapter 6, the process of creation and characteristics of a prototype tool for citizen participation is described. Establishing a debate on how new technologies can solve - or increase - some of the limits or obstacles to participation analyzed in previo-us chapters. ; Esta tesis aborda el estudio de la participación ciudadana desde dos perspec-tivas: el análisis de las preferencias de los ciudadanos hacia la participación así como la evaluación de los resultados de los procesos participativos. En la primera parte, se analizan las actitudes hacia diferentes procesos de toma de decisiones políticas. El capítulo 1 tiene como objetivo principal comprender las pre-ferencias de los ciudadanos, a nivel europeo, hacia dos modelos de democracia que pueden considerarse como alternativos o complementarios al modelo representativo, estos son: la democracia participativa y la democracia de los expertos. En cada uno de estos dos modelos se analizan variantes internas que representan maneras diferentes de entender tanto la participación como el gobierno de los expertos. El capítulo 2 profundiza en estas cuestiones centrándose en el caso español durante el período 2011-2015, con el objetivo de analizar cómo la aparición de nuevos partidos y la per-cepción de ciertos atributos personales de expertos, políticos y ciudadanos han influ-ido en las preferencias de los ciudadanos hacia diferentes procesos de toma de deci-siones. La segunda parte de la tesis tiene como principal objetivo analizar cuáles son los resultados de los procesos participativos. En concreto, se analizan procesos desa-rrollados a nivel local en España durante el período 2007-2011, impulsados por las administraciones y con la intención de incluir a los ciudadanos en el proceso de elabo-ración de políticas públicas. El capítulo 3 analiza las características y nivel de implem-entación de las propuestas surgidas de 39 procesos participativos. Los capítulos cuarto y quinto, a través de un estudio de casos múltiple, tienen como objetivo analizar los efectos que los procesos participativos tienen en las relaciones entre la administración y la sociedad civil. Por último, en la tercera parte, se da un paso hacia la aplicabilidad mostrando el resultado de un ejercicio colectivo desarrollado en el marco de un laboratorio ciuda-dano. En concreto, el capítulo sexto describe el proceso de creación y características de un prototipo de herramienta automatizada para la participación ciudadana. Estable-ciendo un debate sobre cómo los nuevos avances en las TICs pueden solucionar -o acrecentar- algunos de los límites u obstáculos de la participación analizados en los capítulos anteriores. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

AbstractThere is still a lack of agreement on how future strategies should be formulated in companies. In this article, a simple model is given, which explains a range of five fundamental decisions that need to be addressed when formulating strategies within a company. The focus is on the nature of strategy decisions, with the aim of alleviating some of the confusion surrounding the formulation of strategy.

ABSTRACTFormer President Donald Trump's unsubstantiated vote-fraud claims following the 2020 presidential election divided the Republican Party. Numerous Republicans supported Trump's efforts to overturn the election, others did not. These futile attempts reached a flashpoint during the January 6 attack on the United States Capitol. Even in the wake of such violence, many House Republicans continued to amplify Trump's baseless claims by voting to exclude the election results from Arizona and Pennsylvania. This article analyzes these roll-call votes to determine the likely motivations for why some House Republicans were still willing to support Trump's position following the Capitol riot. We then replicate our analysis with the January 13 impeachment and the May 19 vote to establish a bipartisan National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex (January 6 Commission) to investigate the insurrection. Our findings indicate the relevance of constituent preferences, Trump's popularity, legislator ideology, and the racial diversity of constituents represented by Republicans.

This article reports on a 10-item scale to measure the propensity for participative decision making (PPDM)—the proclivity of present and prospective managers for participative decision making. The scale development procedure employed suggests that PPDM is composed of two key dimensions: organizational effectiveness and managerial perceptions concerning power.

Some older accounts of Hungarian judicial organization in the period before 1848 have emphasized the conservatism of the judges, their interest in maintaining noble hegemony and their participation in the peasantry's oppression. Most studies have, however, neglected the role of the kingdom's judges, seeing them as 'expert clerks', whose task it was to fit the case to the law in syllogistic fashion. This article shows that Hungary's judicial organization was more participatory than is usually maintained, particularly at the level of the village, county and seigneurial lordship. Decisions and punishments were often made there by way of popular consultation, with reference to customary observance. In their composition, the central courts of the curia also drew upon a wide membership. The verdicts that they pronounced, although seldom explained, rested on written sources and on a specific approach to the law that constituted a stylus curiae. Although aware of precedent, case law did not develop in Hungary. Nevertheless, decision making in the central courts was relatively free of political interference and judges were often imaginative in their interpretation of the law, even to the extent of introducing new approaches in respect of the kingdom's commercial law. Hungary's judges were thus neither cruel representatives of noble privilege nor colourless functionaries but, as elsewhere, 'limited human intellects navigating seas of uncertainty'.

This article critically examines the opportunities and challenges that automated decision-making (ADM) poses for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) as a crucial aspect of environmental law. It argues that while fully or partially automating discretionary EIA decisions is legally and technically problematic, there is significant potential for data-driven decision-making tools to provide superior analysis and predictions to better inform EIA processes. Discretionary decision-making is desirable for EIA decisions given the inherent complexity associated with environmental regulation and the prediction of future impacts. This article demonstrates that current ADM tools cannot adequately replicate human discretionary processes for EIAs—even if there is human oversight and review of automated outputs. Instead of fully or partially automating EIA decisions, data-driven decision-making can be more appropriately deployed to enhance data analysis and predictions to optimise EIA decision-making processes. This latter type of ADM can augment decision-making processes without displacing the critical role of human discretion in weighing the complex environmental, social and economic considerations inherent in EIA determinations.

"Incommensurability is the impossibility to determine how two options relate to each other in terms of conventional comparative relations. This book features new research on incommensurability from philosophers who have shaped the field into what it is today, including John Broome, Ruth Chang and Wlodek Rabinowicz. The book covers four aspects relating to incommensurability. In the first part, the contributors synthesize research on the competing views of how to best explain incommensurability. Part II illustrates how incommensurability can help us deal with seemingly insurmountable problems in ethical theory and population ethics. The contributors address the Repugnant Conclusion, the Mere Addition Paradox and so-called Spectrum Arguments. The chapters in Part III outline and summarize problems caused by incommensurability for decision theory. Finally, Part IV tackles topics related to risk, uncertainty and incommensurability. Value Incommensurability: Ethics, Risk, and Decision-Making will be of interest to researchers and advanced students working in ethical theory, decision theory, action theory, and philosophy of economics"--

The rediscovery of rules & procedures as an important element for understanding legislative decision making has become very apparent in recent summaries of research on Congress & European Parliaments. Institutional factors are now seen as critical factors that structure & restrict how individual legislators can go about their decision-making responsibilities. The goal of this article is to provide a landscape of the evolution of committee system structure in US state legislatures so that future research will be able to test current theories of institutional change. The major conclusion of this research is that US state legislatures have formalized the structure of their committee systems over the course of the twentieth century & that many similarities & few differences exist in committee system structure between US state legislative upper & lower chambers. Further, this article discovers that four distinct dimensions -- property rights, codification of basic structure, internal democracy & minority party rights -- of committee system structures exist in US state legislative chambers. 1 Table, 6 Figures, 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.