Considering factors such as the increasing awareness of the importance of creating a workplace that accommodates an individual to the fullest, which is seen as an added value for the organization; the increase of migratory flows, mainly as a result of the migratory crisis in the Mediterranean and civil wars, leading to a change in the population of a country; the increasing globalization; the progress regarding the level of awareness of free expression of each individual in society, becomes relevant to question how companies accommodate their employees in this challenging environment. The present thesis aims to analyze and understand the extent to which this accommodation is being considered at Portuguese workplaces, focusing on a specific subject: Religion. Through the study of the perceptions between members of two religious groups, Christians (religious majority) and non-Christians (religious minority). With the elaboration of a questionnaire, the respondents were confronted with diverse topics related to the accommodation of their religiosity in the respective workplaces. It was possible to conclude, according to the respondent's perceptions, that most organizations in Portugal do not have established religious policies, and that the religious minority is more likely to be discriminated against the religious majority. However, both religious groups feel comfortable in expressing their religious beliefs in the workplace, even considering that discussing religion among colleagues is a taboo subject. The accommodation of religion in Portugal presented a positive perspective, reflected in the choice of the "Faith-Friendly" modality, as a characterization for the respective places of work. ; Considerando fatores como o aumento da sensibilização relativamente à importância que representa criar um local de trabalho que acomode um individuo em pleno, sendo este encarado como uma mais valia para a organização; o aumento dos fluxos migratórios, principalmente como resultado da crise migratória do Mediterrâneo e guerras civis, levando a uma mudança no tecido populacional de um país; a crescente globalização; o progresso ao nível da consciência da livre expressão de cada individuo em sociedade, torna-se pertinente questionar como as empresas acomodam os seus colaboradores, neste ambiente tão desafiante. A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar e entender até que ponto essa acomodação está a ser considerada nos locais de trabalho em Portugal, com o foco num tema em especifico: a Religião. Através do estudo das perceções entre membros de dois grupos religiosos, os Cristãos (maioria religiosa) e os não-Cristãos (minoria religiosa). Com a elaboração de um questionário, os inquiridos foram confrontados com diversos temas relacionados com a acomodação da sua religiosidade nos respetivos locais de trabalho. Foi possível evidenciar que a maioria das organizações em Portugal não têm politicas religiosas estabelecidas, e que a minoria religiosa tem uma maior probabilidade de ser discriminada em relação à maioria religiosa. No entanto, ambos os grupos religiosos se sentem confortáveis em expressar as suas crenças religiosas no local de trabalho, mesmo considerando que discutir religião entre colegas é um tema tabu. A acomodação da religião em Portugal apresentou uma perspetiva positiva, refletindo-se na escolha da modalidade "Faith-Friendly", como caracterização para os respetivos locais de trabalho.
Bill introduced by the Texas House of Representatives relating to the deceptive trade practice of charging exorbitant or excessive prices for necessities during a declared disaster.
Since 2014 the European Commission enhanced all member-states regions to establish a new type of territorial development strategies which call them to specialize within areas that are really embedded into their territory in order to push them to build a set of original competitive advantages that are impossible or difficult to imitate. Those new strategies are called: "Research and Innovation Strategies for the Smart Specialization" (RIS3). Since 2014, the formulation of a RIS3 strategy also became the obligation that conditions the possibility for regions to access to the European Regional Development Fund which is one of the main financial resources of regions to finance their development. But the main originality of RIS3 is certainly the fact that the classical "top-down" processes of selection and prioritization of the strategic orientations of territories that will be decided by each public government at regional level will also have to be based now on an "Entrepreneurial Discovery" process: a "bottom-up" process of identification of the domains of strong potential for the region which stresses the need to involve all the "regional entrepreneurs" (RE) (of all size, sectors or status) into the design of their territory orientations. However, it seems that there is a lack of practical recommendations to concretely implement those complex mechanism into the very heterogeneous contexts of each regional innovation system of European regions. Thus, this work present two propositions of tools that we developed to instrument those complex processes within the innovation system of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine: (1) "WeKeyInnovation, a collaborative platform to help RE to share information about innovation supports, and to create also the basis of a dynamic observatory at regional level in order to help policymakers in the design of more suitable territorial strategies; (2) "DialoJ", a matching tool that will allow to all RE to clarify their needs before to participate to any networking events, in oder to help them to ...
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are an effective way to reduce fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. BEVs result in lower energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and urban air pollution compared to internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Although the uptake of EVs has been significant in a short period of time, most government goals for adoption have not been met and the number of BEVs on the road is still low. Therefore, in order to reduce current greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, a vast number of governments have implemented different policy incentives, aiming to stimulate the mass adoption of electric vehicles. The policy makers have introduced two main types of policies – purchase-based and use-based. This work seeks to determine the relationship of those policy incentives to the market deployment of BEVs to mainstream consumers with demographics and vehicle attribute preferences most common to today's new vehicle purchasers. Moreover, this research argues that policies intending to stimulate the uptake of BEVs should not focus on mainstream consumers, but instead they should refocus on niche markets and early adopters, targeting them differently. Regarding to that, this work also presents findings, that that there are two main groups of early adopters – high-end and low-end adopters, which have different socio-economic profile and different opinions of their vehicles with high-end adopters viewing their BEVs more preferentially. BEV policies approaching early adopters and niche markets differently would create complementary system that will lead to increased BEV market penetration and realization of intended societal benefits. ; Os veículos eléctricos a bateria são uma forma eficaz de reduzir o consumo de combustível fóssil e a emissão de gases de efeito de estufa. Os VEB para além de terem como resultado um consumo de energia e emissão de gases significativamente mais reduzidos, têm um impacto menor na poluição atmosférica urbana, em comparação, aos veículos com motor de combustão interna. Embora a receptividade dos VE tenha aumentado significativamente num curto período de tempo, a maioria dos objetivos governamentais e incentivos à adopção de VE ficaram aquém e consequentemente, o número de VE na estrada é consideravelmente baixo. Com o objectivo de reduzir a emissão de gases de efeitos de estufa provenientes do sector dos Transportes, um vasto número de entidades governamentais implementou diversas políticas de incentivos com a finalidade de estimular a adopção em massa de VE. Os decisores políticos introduziram dois tipos de medidas: baseadas na compra ou na utilização. Este trabalho de investigação visa determinar a relação destas políticas de incentivos com o desenvolvimento do mercado de VE para consumidores mainstream, com características demográficas e preferências de atributos mais comuns aos novos compradores de veículos. Essencialmente, esta investigação tem como argumento que os focos deveriam ser mercados de nicho e novos consumidores (early adopters), ao invés de consumidores mainstream. Esta investigação apresenta, ainda, resultados como a distinção de dois grupos de early adopters - high-end and low-end adopters – que têm diferentes perfis socioeconómicos e diferentes preferências quanto à escolha dos veículos. As políticas dedicadas aos veículos eléctricos a bateria dirigidas a mercados de nicho e early adopters iriam criar uma forma complementar de impulsionar a penetração de mercado dos veículos eléctricos a bateria e a concretização dos benefícios sociais pretendidos.
This paper seeks to analyze historically the scope of public management reflected in public planning policies in our country during the last sixty years. Under the theoretical framework and the applied methodology, this PhD thesis provides answers to society about institutional development because it allows studying and understanding public administration (public management) its political, economic, administrative and social impact. ; Este artículo busca analizar históricamente los alcances del management público reflejados por las políticas públicas planificadoras en nuestro país durante los últimos sesenta años. Bajo el marco teórico y de la metodología aplicada esta tesis doctoral aporta a la sociedad respuestas sobre el desarrollo institucional porque permite estudiar y comprender la administración pública (management público) como su impacto político, económico, administrativo y social.
The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute "Urban Mines" that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level. ; Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu'est-ce qu'une responsabilité collective? Plus encore, pour faire de la responsabilisation une technique politique de gouvernement, quels processus et instruments s'agit-il de mobiliser pour rendre des acteurs collectivement responsables?À travers le cas de la filière des DEEE, cette thèse propose des principes de la co-régulation. Nous nous appuyons sur la littérature sur les communs, où ont été discutées les conditions d'une gestion et d'une gouvernance collectives. La thèse repose sur une approche exploratoire, qualitative et longitudinale. Une analyse comparative au niveau européen permet une mise en perspective des propositions théoriques.
The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute "Urban Mines" that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level. ; Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d'Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu'est-ce ...
Der Beitrag beschreibt die Zielorte von Wagniskapital im Jahr 2015 in Deutschland. Dabei werden sowohl die Unternehmen betrachtet, die Empfänger von Wagniskapital waren, als auch die Beschäftigtenentwicklung an diesen Orten. Es zeigt sich, dass Berlin zum wichtigsten Empfängerort von Wagniskapital in Deutschland geworden ist, und sich neben München als wichtigster Geberort von Wagniskapital etabliert hat.
"In this article, it is argued that the (necessary) use of ethics theories in management studies, calls for an explication and critical reflection over the values that are implied by them. Apart from the values of the ethical theories themselves, the researcher inevitably introduces additional values that we characterise as "values on the construction level of theory". This is demonstrated with the example of economic ethics." (author's abstract)
Los estudios e investigaciones realizados en Colombia sobre el tema del desarrollo científico técnico se han enfocado básicamente en la evaluación y calificación del papel y el compromiso del Estado colombiano en la definición de un plan estructurado que impulse los procesos de conocimiento e investigación así como en la asignación de recursos del presupuesto para tan importante objetivo. Se ha partido del supuesto que señala al Estado como el máximo responsable, no solo en la definición de políticas de desarrollo científico y tecnológico, sino también del sistema de innovación. Si bien es cierto que el Estado y la acción política del gobierno cumplen en esta materia un papel fundamental para el desarrollo y el fomento de la investigación científico técnica, es necesario entender que las empresas y el sector privado juegan un papel de primer orden. En la sociedad del conocimiento la preocupación por el aprendizaje y la transformación científica y tecnológica no son competencia de un sector de la sociedad en particular, es la sociedad en su conjunto, Estado, empresa privada, sector educativo, gremios y el ciudadano mismo, quines deben asumir con interés y responsabilidad el compromiso. De la misma forma como se cuestiona el papel del Estado en la asignación de recursos para impulsar los procesos de desarrollo científico y la ausencia, en muchos casos, de políticas claras y coherentes que permitan consolidar en nuestra sociedad una verdadera y sólida dinámica de conocimiento científico y de transformación tecnológica. Es también, en este sentido, valido e importante reconocer y estudiar el papel que han jugado las empresas, conocer los sistemas internos que se han adoptado para impulsar programas orientados a elevar los conocimientos y la competencia técnica y tecnológica del sector productivo. El papel del empresario y de la gerencia en torno a la dimensión tecnológica, tal como la entendemos a lo largo de nuestra investigación, no se reduce a las decisiones concernientes a sus planes de inversión y renovación o reconversión de sus procesos operativos y organizacionales. Lo que entendemos por gestión tecnológica es la dimensión mucho más amplia y determinante para la empresa contemporánea que se mueve en una sociedad agitada por cambios profundos en todas sus dimensiones y en las cuales la verdadera ventaja competitiva se deriva del grado de conocimiento y capacidad de innovación que se posea. La gestión tecnológica consulta y se ocupa de la capacidad que tiene la gerencia para integrar el conocimiento y la técnica en los procesos de planeación, esto significa construir visiones de futuro que le posibilite a la empresa moverse en escenarios que se han construido gracias al seguimiento de las principales tendencias de su actividad y de su sector en un espacio geográfico que cada día se hace más y más universal. La gestión tecnológica ha dejado de ser un campo exclusivo de los ingenieros que se ocupan de determinar las condiciones y necesidades en la transformación operativa y funcional aplicada a los procesos o a los productos de la compañía. Hoy la debemos entender más con un enfoque interdisciplinario que incluye desde los sistemas de información que se requieren en la organización, para integrar sus actividades internas con los flujos de datos y conocimientos externos; los procesos y programas de capacitación y aprendizaje que se diseñan al interior de la empresa para transformar esta información en conocimiento y la capacidad de gestión operativa de proyectos que aseguren en realidad el cambio y la transformación operativa de la empresa. ; Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) ; INTRODUCCIÓN 1 REFERENTE CONCEPTUAL. 1.1. ÁREA PROBLEMÁTICA 1.1.1. PROBLEMA 1.3. PROPÓSITOS 1.2. JUSTIFICACIÓN 1.4. ANTECEDENTES 1.5. OBJETIVO GENERAL 1.6. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 1.7 MARCO TEÓRICO 1.7.1. GESTIÓN TECNOLÓGICA. 1.7.2. DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO EN COLOMBIA 1.7.3. DATOS COMPARATIVOS EN INVESTIGACIÓN Y DESARROLLO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA 1.7.4. EL ENTORNO DEL CAMBIO TECNOLÓGICO. CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL DESARROLLO EMPRESARIAL DE PERIERA Y MANIZALES. 1.7.4.1 PEREIRA. 1.7.4.2 EVOLUCIÓN DE LA ECONOMÍA DE RISARALDA. 1.7.4.3. MANIZALES. 2. PROCESO METODOLÓGICO. 2.1. TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN. 2.2. UNIDAD DE ANÁLISIS. 2.3. CATEGORÍAS DE ANÁLISIS. 3. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS 3.1. CASOS EMPRESARIALES. 3.1.1 CONFECCIONES ROBERT´S 3.1.1.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA 3.1.1.2. INFORMACIÓN GENERAL DE LA EMPRESA. 3.1.1.3 SISTEMA DE PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.1.4 COMENTARIO FINAL. 3.1.2 INDUSTRIAS FANALBE 3.1.2.1 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.2.2. ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA EMPRESA. 3.1.2.3. COMPETENCIA. 3.1.2.4 PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.2.5 COMENTARI0 FINAL 3.1.3. G & L INGENIEROS LIMITADA. 3.1.3.1 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.3.2 ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA EMPRESA. 3.1.3.3 COMPETENCIA. 3.1.3.4. PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.3.5. COMENTARIO FINAL. 3.1.4. INGENIO RISARALDA S.A. 3.1.4.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA 3.1.4.2. CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE EL SECTOR AZUCARERO. 3.1.4.3. PANORAMA ESTRATÉGICO DEL INGENIO RISARALDA. 3.1.4.3.1. REFINERÍA. 3.1.4.3.2. SISTEMA DE GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL. 3.1.4.3.3. COMERCIALIZACIÓN DE ENERGÍA. 3.1.4.3.4. SISTEMA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD. 3.1.4.3.5. PROCESO DE ENTRENAMIENTO DEL PERSONAL. 3.1.4.3.6. SALUD OCUPACIONAL. 3.1.4.3.7. IRISA 2000 3.1.4.4. COMENTARIO FINAL. 3.1.5. NICOLE S.A. 3.1.5.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.5.2. PRODUCCIÓN MODULAR 3.1.5.3. PROCESO DE CAMBIO EN LA OPERACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA. 3.1.5.4. COMENTARIO FINAL. 3.1.6. BELLOTA S.A. 3.1.6.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.6.2. ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA EMPRESA. 3.1.6.3. PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.6.4. COMENTARIO FINAL 3.1.7. ACERÍAS DE CALDAS S.A. –ACASA- 3.1.7.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA 3.1.7.2. ASPECTOS GENERALES 3.1.7.3. PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.7.4. COMENTARIOS FINALES 3.1.8. INDUSTRIAS NORMANDY. 3.1.8.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.8.2. ASPECTOS GENERALES. 3.1.8.3. PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.8.3 COMENTARIOS FINALES 3.1.9. MANUFACTURAS DE ALUMINIO S.A. –MADEAL - 3.1.9.1. RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.9.2. ASPECTOS GENERALES. 3.1.9.3. PLANEACIÓN. 3.1.9.4 COMENTARIO FINAL 3.1.10. FOSFORERA MANIZALES LTDA. 3.1.10.1 RESEÑA HISTÓRICA. 3.1.10.2 ASPECTOS GENERALES. 3.1.10.3. COMENTARIOS FINALES. 3.1.11. ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LAS EMPRESAS POR VARIABLE 3.2. ENTIDADES DE APOYO PRINCIPALES ACTIVIDADES Y PROYECTOS 3.2.1. CORPORACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO PRODUCTIVO PARA LA INDUSTRIA DE LA CONFECCIÓN TEXTIL DE RISARALDA. 3.2.2 ASPECTOS GENERALES DEL DESARROLLO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA EN MANIZALES-CALDAS 3.3 POLÍTICA EN CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA Y DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO REGIONAL 3.3.1 ASPECTOS GENERALES DEL DESARROLLO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA EN RISARALDA 3.3.2 LÍNEAS DE ACCIÓN 3.3.2.1 ORGANIZACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO EN CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA. 3.3.2.2 L A EDUCACIÓN Y CAPACITACIÓN DEL TALENTO HUMANO EN CIENCIAS BÁSICAS. 3.3.2.3 CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CONDICIONANTES REGIONALES PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LA CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA. 3.3.2.4 INSTITUCIONES AL SERVICIO DE LOS SECTORES PRODUCTIVOS 3.3.2.5. FINANCIACIÓN. 3.3.2.6 PROMOCIÓN 4. ANÁLISIS GENERAL DE LAS EMPRESAS Y DE SUS MODELOS DE GESTIÓN TECNOLÓGICA. 4.1. NACIMIENTO Y SURGIMIENTO DE LA EMPRESA Y SU PROCESO INICIAL DE DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO. 4.2 CONSOLIDACIÓN DE LA EMPRESA Y LA INCORPORACIÓN DE SABERES. 4.3. COMPETITIVIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO 4.4 EVALUACIÓN DE LA RED DE APOYO CONCLUSIONES. RECOMENDACIONES. BIBLIOGRAFIA ANEXOS. Anexo 1 Guía de entrevista para las empresas. Anexo 2 Guía de entrevista para empresas y entidades de la red de apoyo. Anexo 3 Enfoque sistémico de la organización, la tecnología y los modelos de gestión Anexo 4 La política científico-tecnológica y la modernización del país Anexo 5 Hojas de vida de Autores ; Maestría ; Studies and research carried out in Colombia on the subject of technical scientific development have basically focused on the evaluation and qualification of the role and commitment of the Colombian State in the definition of a structured plan that promotes knowledge and research processes as well as the allocation of budget resources for such an important objective. It has been based on the assumption that the State is the maximum responsible, not only in the definition of scientific and technological development policies, but also of the innovation system. Although it is true that the State and the government's political action play a fundamental role in this matter for the development and promotion of technical scientific research, it is necessary to understand that companies and the private sector play a leading role. In the knowledge society, concern for learning and scientific and technological transformation is not the responsibility of a particular sector of society, it is society as a whole, the State, private companies, the educational sector, unions and the citizen himself, who they must assume the commitment with interest and responsibility. In the same way as the role of the State in the allocation of resources to promote the processes of scientific development and the absence, in many cases, of clear and coherent policies that allow consolidating in our society a true and solid dynamic of scientific knowledge is questioned and technological transformation. It is also, in this sense, valid and important to recognize and study the role that companies have played, to know the internal systems that have been adopted to promote programs aimed at raising knowledge and technical and technological competence of the productive sector. The role of the employer and management regarding the technological dimension, as we understand it throughout our research, is not limited to decisions regarding their investment plans and the renewal or reconversion of their operational and organizational processes. What we understand by technology management is the much broader and more decisive dimension for the contemporary company that moves in a society agitated by profound changes in all its dimensions and in which the true competitive advantage is derived from the degree of knowledge and capacity for innovation that is possessed. Technological management consults and deals with the ability of management to integrate knowledge and technique in planning processes, this means building visions of the future that allow the company to move in scenarios that have been built thanks to the monitoring of the main trends of its activity and its sector in a geographical space that is becoming more and more universal every day. Technology management is no longer the exclusive field of engineers who are in charge of determining the conditions and needs in the operational and functional transformation applied to the company's processes or products. Today we must understand it more with an interdisciplinary approach that includes from the information systems that are required in the organization, to integrate its internal activities with the external data and knowledge flows; the training and learning processes and programs that are designed within the company to transform this information into knowledge and the operational management capacity of projects that actually ensure the change and operational transformation of the company.
International audience The paper evaluates the use efficiency of agricultural land in the Republic of Kazakhstan using physical and relative measures, as well as a consolidated criterion defined as the volume of gross output of crops per 100 ha of agricultural land. The assessment of agricultural land use was conducted in the period between 2012 and 2016, after which the acquired results were benchmarked against the results of 1990. That year was set as a reference point since it gives an indication of the Republic's achievements in agriculture while it was still part of the USSR. The undertaken analysis has shown that between 2012 and 2016, most agricultural land use metrics tended to have a positive dynamic. Despite that, the country has never regained the agricultural performance level it had back in 1990. The agricultural land use score according to the consolidated criterion has also demonstrated an insufficient land use performance compared to Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The approved ABI Growth Government Program for 2017-2021 outlines efforts aimed at the efficient utilization of the country's land resources, helping boost the output of domestic products.
