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"Identity" has become a core concept of the social and cultural sciences. Bringing together perspectives from sociology, anthropology, psychology, history, and literary criticism, this book offers a comprehensive and critical overview on how this concept is currently used and how it relates to memory and constructions of historical meaning

Laicite -- the principle of constitutional secularism -- is an important pillar of French republican thought. Under the Sarkozy presidency, it became a focal point in the discourse and policies of the UMP government, in its engagement with questions of integration, social cohesion and the broader politics of identity and belonging. In particular, laicite was increasingly understood as requiring French Muslims, in particular, to exercise discretion in the exercise of religious faith in public spaces. However, jurists and the Conseil d'Etat have continued to interpret it as a liberal principle of state neutrality, which imposes no restraint as such on private individuals. This article charts the expansionary interpretation of laicite in centre-right politics, over this period, in view of broader debates on national identity and social cohesion. Adapted from the source document.

Розкрито сутність та особливості соціалконструктивістського підходу. За допомогою залучення методів абстрагування, аналізу та синтезу, а також порівняльного методу, досліджено онтологічні та гносеологічні основи соціалконструктивізму, його форми та місце у політичній науці. Виявлено, що соціалконструктивістський підхід перебуває на стадії становлення, характеризується внутрішньою різнорідністю, дуалістичною раціоналістичною і рефлексіоністською природою, та одночасно протиставляється як класичним, так і постмодерністським концепціям. Доведено, що конструктивістські фундаментальні дослідження соціального виміру міждержавної взаємодії, ґрунтовно вплинули на розвиток науки про міжнародні відносини.Ключові слова: теорія міжнародних відносин; соціалконструктивізм; раціоналізм; рефлексіонізм; соціальне конструювання; соціальна ідентичність; міжнародна система; агент.The paper deals with the essence and features of social constructivist approach. Using a comparative method, methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, the ontological and epistemological foundations of social constructivism as well as its forms and the role in political science are investigated. It is shownthat the social constructivist approach is developing and is identified as being internally diverse. It is also characterized by a rationalist and reflexionist dualism nature being in opposition to classical and post-modern concepts. It was proved that the basic constructivist social dimension of intergovernmental cooperation research fundamentally influenced the development of the theory of international relations.Key words: theory of international relations; social constructivism; rationalism; reflexionism; social construction; social identity; international system; agent.

WOS:000295069900007 (Nº de Acesso Web of Science) ; Based on a biographical analysis of Bolivar, Juarez and Guevara, the complex relation between socialization, identity and social change, in modern times, is discussed. After a initial debate on the uses and limitations of the biographical method, the article focus on understanding the life of these three historical characters, using and therefore exploring some recent sociological theories. The integration, from an early age, in different social environments and, specially, on multiple educational processes, drawn on some political and pedagogical movements, unintended biographical events, as well as, since a later age, a specific and conscientious work of the actors over themselves, enhanced de formation of a blending habitus. According to such an argument, this peculiar identity personifies (and promotes) the unification of conflictive social forces.

How did the French Revolution change ordinary lives? "Bureaucrats and Bourgeois Society" asks this question in relation to office clerks working in Parisian administrations. Under new masters, these clerks faced radical changes to work practices as reforming politicians looked to implement new 'administrative science'. Many also faced the loss of family inheritances, as positions no longer passed down from father to son. Clerks were now expected to make their career as individuals. In practice, this meant increased job insecurity. Administrators lived under the threat of regular cuts in pay and of personnel. In this situation, some believed that the way to get ahead was by playing office politics. In the early nineteenth century, however, clerks mitigated their situation by modifying occupational practices. Inside the offices, they settled new modes of judging individual merit. Outside, they accumulated other forms of individual credit, in the process helping to define nineteenth-century bourgeois social capital, ideals of emulation, honor, and masculinity. Job insecurity, however, continued to set 'bureaucrats' apart from the bourgeoisie and their social identity came under question during the July Monarchy and 1848 Revolution

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Introduction: Explaining Cultural Evolution: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor -- 1. Articulating Babel: A Conceptual Geography for Cultural Evolution -- 2. Scientific Agency and Social Scaffolding in Contemporary Data-Intensive Biology -- 3. Creating Cognitive-Cultural Scaffolding in Interdisciplinary Research Laboratories -- 4. Arches and Scaffolds: Bridging Continuity and Discontinuity in Theory -- 5. Promiscuous Inventions: Modeling Cultural Evolution with Multiple Inheritance -- 6. Patented Technology as a Model System for Cultural Evolution -- 7. Modeling the Coevolution of Religion and Coordination in Balinese Rice Farming -- 8. Content Matters: The Materiality of Cultural Transmission and the Intersection of Paleolithic Archaeology with Cultural Evolutionary Theory -- 9. The Evolution of Language as Technology: The Cultural Dimension -- 10. Writing in Early Mesopotamia: The Historical Interplay of Technology, Cognition, and Environment -- 11. Cultural Scaffolding and Technological Change: A Preliminary Framework -- 12. The Evolution of the Social Self: Multidimensionality of Social Identity Solves the Coordination Problems of a Society -- 13. Wicked Systems and the Friction between "Old Theory and New Data" in Biology, Social Science, and Archaeology -- Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART ONE THE NATURE OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY -- 1 THE PROBLEM OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY -- The Divine Authority Theory -- Natural Subordination -- Authority from the Good -- Consent-Based Theories of Authority -- Further Rending -- Notes -- 2 MODERN SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORIES -- Ancient and Medieval Contractarian Ideas -- Hobbes -- Problems with Hobbes's Alienation Social Contract Argument -- Locke -- Problems with Locke's Agency Social Contract Argument -- Further Reading -- Notes -- 3 CONSENT AND DEMOCRACY -- Why Do We Need a State? -- Political Authority -- The Governing Convention -- Agency and Mastery -- Consent -- Political Authority -- Solving the Paradox of Being Governed -- Modern Democracies -- Summary and Further Questions -- Further Reading -- Notes -- PART TWO THE EXTENT OF JUST POLITICAL AUTHORITY -- 4 DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE -- Utilitarianism -- Rawls's Theory of justice -- Libertarianism -- Egalitarianism -- Are We Too Late? -- Further Reading -- Notes -- 5 LIBERALISM, COMMUNITARIANISM, AND POSTLIBERAL THEORY -- Liberalism -- Communitarianism -- The Liberals Strike Back -- The Attempt to Construct a New "Postliberal" Political Theory -- Further Reading -- Notes -- 6 CITIZENSHIP, NATIONALISM, AND CULTURE -- Two Conceptions of Belonging -- Immigration, Nationalism, and Social Identity -- Liberalism and Community -- Multiculturalism -- Secession in Consent-Based States -- Further Reading -- Notes -- EPILOGUE -- Bibliography -- About the Book and Author -- Index

AbstractIntegrating social cognitive perspective, social exchange perspective, and social identity perspective, we developed a research model examining how leader humility affects follower prosocial behaviours via three psychological mechanisms (i.e., self‐efficacy, affective trust, and perceived insider status). We used two field survey studies to examine our research model. Using a three‐wave lagged design, Study 1 (N = 221) found that leader humility had positive indirect effects on employee knowledge exchange, an information‐based indicator of prosocial behaviours, through all three mechanisms. To constructively replicate and extend our findings, Study 2 (N = 230) used a multi‐source and three‐wave lagged design and incorporated two additional indicators of prosocial behaviours: helping behaviour and voice behaviour. The results showed that affective trust mediated the positive effects of leader humility on all indicators of prosocial behaviours, indicating that social exchange is a powerful theoretical lens in explaining the implications of leader humility. Self‐efficacy mediated the positive effect of leader humility on knowledge exchange and helping behaviour. However, perceived insider status did not exhibit any significant mediating effect. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for leadership.

This qualitative research investigates how Chinese restaurant owners negotiate their education opportunities, family solidarity, and social identity during their migration for success in the United States. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with nine Chinese restaurant owners in Western New York and identified two types of participants on the basis of their family backgrounds and educational attainments: the "family keepers" and the "career seekers". In short, "family keepers" tend to see ethnic business ownership as a way to sustain their families, while "career seekers" regard the ethnic business as a jumping-off point toward a new career. Incorporating the concept of transnational habitus from Bourdieusian scholars, this study argues that immigrants develop different transnational habitus within which they constantly reframe distinct mechanisms to evaluate their ethnic, family, and human capital for upward social mobility. By offering a comprehensive lens to understand immigrants' human agency in coping with social and racial inequity, this study suggests one's capital is dynamic and two-sided when transferring internationally. A certain type of capital denotes both advantages and disadvantages in immigrants' transnational journey. It also raises the significance of with-group variance in understanding new immigrants' upward social mobility.

AbstractHuman decision-making is controlled by various factors including material cost–benefit considerations, values and beliefs, social influences, cognitive factors and errors. Among social influences, those by external authorities (e.g. educational, cultural, religious, political, administrative, etc.) are particularly important owing to their potential reach and power. To better understand the effects of 'soft' power of authorities we develop a unifying theoretical framework integrating material, cognitive and social forces controlling the joint dynamics of individual actions and beliefs. We apply our approach to three different phenomena: evolution of food sharing in small-scale societies, participation in political protests and effects of priming social identity in behavioural experiments. For each of these applications, we show that our approach leads to different (or simpler) explanations of human behaviour than alternatives. We highlight the type of measurements which can be helpful in developing practical applications of our approach. We identify and explicitly characterise the degree of mismatch between individual actions and attitudes. We assert that the effects of external authorities, of changing beliefs and of differences between people must be studied empirically, included in mathematical models, and accounted for when developing different policies aiming to modify or sustain human behaviour.

Starting from the interpersonal communication theories that have incorporated the use of information and communication technologies (Walther, 2007, 2011, 2017) and the perpetual interconnectedness to understand human behavior in interaction with others (Walther et al., 2015), the current paper approaches challenges brought by the network society in the way we bridge our online and offline self. Castells' concepts are primarily used to explain macro-phenomena, for example, social movements (Castells, 2015), political and socio-economic transformation around the world (Castells, 2017), and to a lesser extent in discussing meso-phenomena, such as social isolation, exhaustion, the commodification of human interactions and interpersonal conflicts arise as part of individual's adaptation to the Information Age. The current paper creates links between Castells' main concepts of the network society theoretical framework and three meso-theories used in the interpersonal communication field to explain people's online behavior in interaction by focusing on the characteristics of the communication medium: The social presence theory, Media richness theory, and the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE). Sharing Castells' optimism on how network society creates efficiency and innovation in human interactions, we draw attention to less optimistic aspects related to the constant pressure of constructing relationships through virtual reality.

Abstract Children fathered and abandoned by United Nations peacekeepers are an unintended consequence of peacekeeping operations. Research suggests that the social identity of peacekeeper-fathered children (PKFC) is complex and contradictory. While economically disadvantaged, PKFC's biracial background confers elements of racial privilege. Using the Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study, the present research evaluates the impact of racial differences on PKFC's social standing. Drawing on in-depth interviews with a racially heterogeneous sample of 35 PKFC and 60 mothers, we analyse how race and poverty interact and cause PKFC's conflicting social role. The data demonstrates that being of mixed race leads to the expectation of a higher living standard. Since most PKFC live in extreme economic deprivation, their anticipated privilege contrasts with reality. We found that the stigmatizing effects of poverty were amplified by biracial identification, leading to additional disadvantage, epitomised in the term "Muzungu aliye homba" [white child gone bankrupt]. The findings add to research on 'children born of war' and show the role of culture in shaping youth's social identities. Based on PKFC's intersecting burdens, we make policy recommendations that address the nexus of race and poverty.

The specialty of the priayi group is based on high status in the social strata of indigenous peoples. Priayi group has access to the wider Western world than other indigenous peoples although it still has restrictions with Europe. Some planned to be like the predecessors who worked in the colonial government and others chose to elevate the status of their people just like the Europeans. Through Western education, they are hoping can advance indigenous peoples and create a new social identity. With the technique of literature studies and using historical methods, this study aims to find out the contribution of the priayi group to the existence of the Indonesian state through Western education during Dutch colonialism. Studies show the education they get becomes the solution to the social problems of the Dutch East Indies community. Social equality has inspired them to enculturate as a step of harmonization of indigenous peoples and form a nationalist spirit as the one Indonesian people. The struggles of the priayi group become a picture of supporting the success of Indonesian society that gives the fruit of the thought to live a community life today.

Mentors for adolescents are widely believed to improve life chances and reduce problem behavior. Using 42 retrospective qualitative interviews with undergraduate former high school athletes and social learning theory as a framework, we investigate what it means to adolescents to matter to their school‐based natural mentors. Findings indicate that natural mentors represent a fundamental social connection that helped participants feel like they mattered. We identify three structural domains of social identity in which mattering operates: relationship, gender, and athletic. Natural mentoring led to connecting with non‐kin, feeling important, and creating accountability to significant others. Mentorship and mattering were deeply gendered; in reinforcing attributes of athletic success and physical or mental growth, mentor relationships both contributed to and helped subvert the structure of traditional gender roles and provide insight into the ways men and women navigate the contested and gendered space of sport. Finally, these mentoring relationships demonstrated the intersectional nature of sport and its physicality by linking the body and soul. Mattering is the mechanism for social learning that facilitates these crucial relationships. The implications of these findings are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.

What are the main demographic and lifestyle predictors that influence motivation behind political consumerism? Do lifestyle predictors such as social networking site usage change in relation to demographic factors such as age, income, or educational attainment status? Using data from the 2013 Statistics Canada General Social Survey on Social Identity, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between age, educational attainment, the frequency of usage of social networking sites, and political consumerist activities. Specifically, the political consumerist acts of boycotting and buycotting are analyzed. Findings suggest that political consumerism is most common amongst highly educated citizens and non-visible minorities. Additionally, across all age categories individuals with higher levels of annual income are more likely to participate in political consumerism. These findings are important because they contribute to the literature around demographic characteristics of political consumerists in Canadian society. Further, this study reinforces academia that suggests boycotting and buycotting are emerging practices of political activism in the form of consumerism. These acts challenge traditional notions of activism by influencing corporate practices and increasing ease and accessibility for citizens to express political opinions. Faculty Mentor: Shelley Boulianne Department: Sociology (Honours)