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Concerns about public misinformation in the United States—ranging from politics to science—are growing. Here, we provide an overview of how and why citizens become (and sometimes remain) misinformed about science. Our discussion focuses specifically on misinformation among individual citizens. However, it is impossible to understand individual information processing and acceptance without taking into account social networks, information ecologies, and other macro-level variables that provide important social context. Specifically, we show how being misinformed is a function of a person's ability and motivation to spot falsehoods, but also of other group-level and societal factors that increase the chances of citizens to be exposed to correct(ive) information. We conclude by discussing a number of research areas—some of which echo themes of the 2017 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Communicating Science Effectively report—that will be particularly important for our future understanding of misinformation, specifically a systems approach to the problem of misinformation, the need for more systematic analyses of science communication in new media environments, and a (re)focusing on traditionally underserved audiences.

1. Introduction -- 2. The Fundamental Questions of Philosophy -- 3. The "Foundation" of the Human Sciences -- 4. The Foundation of Utopics -- 5. The Prehistory of Human Science -- 6. The History of the Birth of Utopics -- 7. The Fundamental Problem of Utopics -- 8. The Unification of Human Knowledge.

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Mihi Whakatau -- Introduction -- Part I: The Big Picture -- 1. The Purposes of Research -- 2. Science and Social Science -- 3. Research with Māori: Learning from Kaupapa Māori Research -- 4. Doing Cross-cultural Research in New Zealand -- 5. Feminist Social Science Research in New Zealand -- 6. Politics and Ethics: Ethical Research Following the Canterbury Earthquakes -- Part II: The Basics -- 7. Literature Review -- 8. Research Design -- 9. Collecting and Analysing Quantitative Data -- 10. Collecting and Analysing Qualitative Data -- 11. Writing about Your Research -- Part III: Techniques of Social Research -- Quantitative Methods -- 12. Research with National Surveys -- 13. Evaluation -- 14. Longitudinal Research -- 15. Official Statistics -- 16. Secondary Sources -- 17. Predictive Modelling -- Qualitative Methods -- 18. Visual Ethnography -- 19. Historical Research: Pulling Together a History of New Zealand's Teenagers -- 20. Focus Groups -- 21. Action Research: Peer Researchers, Refugees and the Canterbury Earthquakes -- 22. Observation and Ethnographic Fieldwork -- 23. Using Conversation Analysis -- Mixed Methods -- 24. The Incredible Complexities and Tensions of Researching with Māori: A Mixed Methods Autoethnography -- 25. Distress Purchases: A Mixed Methods Study -- 26. Nature in Children's Environments: A Mixed Methods Study -- Conclusion: Many Paths to Understanding -- References -- Index -- Copyright Page

Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 Antecedents of Regional Science -- 2 Laying the Foundations of Regional Science -- References -- Antecedents of Regional Science -- Adam Smith (1723-1790): Uncovering His Legacy for Regional Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Factual Bio-Sketch -- 3 Theoretical Anticipations by Smith in the Fields of Regional Science -- 3.1 The Origin of Cities and Their Role -- 3.2 The City-Country Relationship: A Spatial Archetype -- 3.3 The City-Country Relationship and (Spatial) General Equilibrium -- 3.4 The City-Country Relation and Structural Dynamics: A Masterly Historical Picture -- 4 The Theory of Land Rent -- 4.1 Fertility Rent -- 4.2 The Theory of Land Rent: "Situation" Rent -- 4.3 Urban Land Rent: Ground and Building Rent -- 5 Some Themes and Theoretical Issues Overlooked by Regional Science -- 5.1 Economic Power and Spatial Income Distribution -- 5.2 "Sympathy" and "Reciprocity" Sentiments in Public Happiness -- 5.3 Long-Term Growth: Innovation, Institutions, and Policies -- 5.4 Social Inequalities and Income Distribution -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Johann Heinrich Von Thünen (1783-1850): A Systemic View of Human Interaction Within Space -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Consistent Thinker in a Changing Germany -- 2.1 Major Contributions -- 2.2 Land Use -- 2.3 Natural Wage -- 3 Quesnaysian Multipliers in Von Thünen's Model: The Path to a General Theory of Location -- 4 Scientific Recognition in the Literature -- 5 Policy and Societal Impact of Von Thünen's Studies -- References -- Alfred Weber (1868-1958): The Father of Industrial Location Theory and Supply-Chain Design -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Short Biography -- 3 An Emerging Perspective on Weber's Work on Industrial Location -- 4 Understanding the Details and History of the Locational Triangle.

Introduction1 Science, Rationality, and Scientific Temper in Postcolonial India 2 Beyond Disenchantment: Scientists, Laboratories, and Religion 3 The Making of Scientist-Believers 4 Being Atheistic, Being Scientific: Scientists as Atheists 5 Caste, Religion, and the Laboratory LifeConclusionBibliography