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The long history of experimental research on the prisoner's dilemma (PD) has primarily used a methodology that eliminates cues to participants. Researchers, however, have interpreted participants' choices as cooperative or competitive. The authors' research shows that giving participants researchers' interpretive labels of the game, the choices, and the outcomes, compared to no labels, led to significantly more cooperation; labels such as trust and cooperate/defect augmented cooperation even more. A second experiment found that independent evaluations of the labels led to perceptions that were similar to individuals' choices in the first experiment. These results suggest that we might need to rethink the import of many of our previous findings and their applicability to everyday interactions.

This dossier is the result of the 1st International Conference on Language Ethnography Studies, which in 2015 brought together researchers from different areas and research fields to discuss the multiple aspects of language, especially narrative, treated here from the ethnographic prism. As a first edition, we tried to reflect on a set of issues in order to problematise epistemological, aesthetic and political assumptions, often reduced to the opposition between orality and writing. Faced with this classic dichotomy, we chose to open a broad debate about language, through different ethnographic fields, diverse theoretical perspectives and not always converging analytical focuses, so that this multiplicity would be able to represent, on the one hand, the wide range of alternatives around approaches to discourse and, on the other, to draw attention to the impossibility of keeping the discussion focused on these two concepts still in force. Currently, narrative studies are claimed and worked on by the most varied fields of knowledge, from canonical areas such as, for example, those linked to the Faculty of Letters (discourse analysis, linguistics, among others), to gender studies, or even the most varied fields of medical sciences, psychology, philosophy, and so on. If we wanted to expand the argumentative potential, we could include here the uses made of these concepts by countless social movements, among them, feminist movements, LGBTs, vindicatory movements linked to the question of land, movements around ethnic or religious causes, among so many others that have testimony in the most varied parts of the planet. Thus, the idea, in that first moment, was to conceive an encounter where the conformation of the group did not pass so much through an analytical homogeneity (in terms of fields of knowledge and / or theoretical approaches), but that the researchers converged in methodological terms. We were then interested in providing a collection of ethnographic materials that, produced in different temporalities and spaces, could allude to the infinite richness that narrative studies can unleash. Thus, this collection is inclined to debate processes and research questions around language. One of the challenges emerging from this discussion is, as mentioned above, the transversality with which the theme of discourse / narrative operates. Consequently, it is common that in works on such themes, we find them associated with the discussion on memory, performance, texts, emotions, ethnography of speech, orality, folklore, etc.Here, our initial orientation around the treatment of the idea of narrative/discourse arose from localized questions, especially in the anthropological field. ; Este dossier es fruto de la I Jornada Internacional de Estudios sobre Etnografías del Lenguaje, que reunió en 2015 a investigadorxs de diferentes áreas y campos de investigación para discutir los múltiples aspectos del lenguaje, en especial, la narrativa, tratada aquí desde el prisma etnográfico . En tanto primera edición, pretendimos reflexionar sobre un conjunto de cuestiones en función de problematizar presupuestos epistemológicos, estéticos y políticos, reducidos a menudo a la oposición entre oralidad y escritura. Frente a esa clásica dicotomía, elegimos abrir un amplio debate acerca del lenguaje, a través de campos etnográficos distintos, perspectivas teóricas diversas y focos analíticos no siempre convergentes, de manera que esa multiplicidad fuera capaz de representar, por un lado, la amplia gama de alternativas en torno a abordajes sobre el discurso y, por otro, de llamar la atención sobre la imposibilidad de mantener la discusión centrada en esos dos conceptos aún vigentes. Actualmente, los estudios sobre narrativas son reivindicados y trabajados por los más variados campos de conocimiento, desde áreas canónicas como, por ejemplo, aquellas ligadas a la facultad de Letras (análisis del discurso, lingüística, entre otras), hasta estudios de género, o incluso, los más variados campos de las ciencias médicas, de la psicología, filosofía, etc. Si quisiéramos ampliar el potencial argumentativo, podríamos incluir aquí los usos hechos de esos conceptos por incontables movimientos sociales, entre ellos, movimientos feministas, LGBTs, movimientos reivindicatorios ligados a la cuestión de la tierra, movimientos en torno a causas étnicas o religiosas, entre tantos otros de los que e tienen testimonio en las más variadas partes del planeta. Así, la idea, en ese primer momento, fue la de concebir un encuentro donde la conformación del grupo no pasara tanto por una homogeneidad analítica (en términos de campos de conocimiento y / o de abordajes teóricos), sino que lxs investigadorxs convergieran en términos metodológicos. Nos interesó entonces proporcionar una reunión de materiales etnográficos que, producidos en temporalidades y espacios distintos, pudieran aludir a la riqueza infinita que los estudios sobre las narrativas pueden desencadenar. Así, esta colección se inclina a debatir procesos y cuestiones de investigación en torno al lenguaje. Uno de los desafíos que emergen de esta discusión es, como citamos anteriormente, la transversalidad con la que el tema del discurso / narrativa opera. En consecuencia, es común que en trabajos sobre tales temáticas, las encontremos asociadas a la discusión sobre memoria, performance, textos, emociones, etnografía del habla, oralidad, folclore, etc.Aquí, nuestra orientación inicial en torno al tratamiento de la idea de narrativa / discurso surgió de cuestiones localizadas, especialmente, en el campo antropológico.

This dossier is the result of the 1st International Conference on Language Ethnography Studies, which in 2015 brought together researchers from different areas and research fields to discuss the multiple aspects of language, especially narrative, treated here from the ethnographic prism. As a first edition, we tried to reflect on a set of issues in order to problematise epistemological, aesthetic and political assumptions, often reduced to the opposition between orality and writing. Faced with this classic dichotomy, we chose to open a broad debate about language, through different ethnographic fields, diverse theoretical perspectives and not always converging analytical focuses, so that this multiplicity would be able to represent, on the one hand, the wide range of alternatives around approaches to discourse and, on the other, to draw attention to the impossibility of keeping the discussion focused on these two concepts still in force. Currently, narrative studies are claimed and worked on by the most varied fields of knowledge, from canonical areas such as, for example, those linked to the Faculty of Letters (discourse analysis, linguistics, among others), to gender studies, or even the most varied fields of medical sciences, psychology, philosophy, and so on. If we wanted to expand the argumentative potential, we could include here the uses made of these concepts by countless social movements, among them, feminist movements, LGBTs, vindicatory movements linked to the question of land, movements around ethnic or religious causes, among so many others that have testimony in the most varied parts of the planet. Thus, the idea, in that first moment, was to conceive an encounter where the conformation of the group did not pass so much through an analytical homogeneity (in terms of fields of knowledge and / or theoretical approaches), but that the researchers converged in methodological terms. We were then interested in providing a collection of ethnographic materials that, produced in different temporalities and spaces, could allude to the infinite richness that narrative studies can unleash. Thus, this collection is inclined to debate processes and research questions around language. One of the challenges emerging from this discussion is, as mentioned above, the transversality with which the theme of discourse / narrative operates. Consequently, it is common that in works on such themes, we find them associated with the discussion on memory, performance, texts, emotions, ethnography of speech, orality, folklore, etc.Here, our initial orientation around the treatment of the idea of narrative/discourse arose from localized questions, especially in the anthropological field. ; Este dossier es fruto de la I Jornada Internacional de Estudios sobre Etnografías del Lenguaje, que reunió en 2015 a investigadorxs de diferentes áreas y campos de investigación para discutir los múltiples aspectos del lenguaje, en especial, la narrativa, tratada aquí desde el prisma etnográfico . En tanto primera edición, pretendimos reflexionar sobre un conjunto de cuestiones en función de problematizar presupuestos epistemológicos, estéticos y políticos, reducidos a menudo a la oposición entre oralidad y escritura. Frente a esa clásica dicotomía, elegimos abrir un amplio debate acerca del lenguaje, a través de campos etnográficos distintos, perspectivas teóricas diversas y focos analíticos no siempre convergentes, de manera que esa multiplicidad fuera capaz de representar, por un lado, la amplia gama de alternativas en torno a abordajes sobre el discurso y, por otro, de llamar la atención sobre la imposibilidad de mantener la discusión centrada en esos dos conceptos aún vigentes. Actualmente, los estudios sobre narrativas son reivindicados y trabajados por los más variados campos de conocimiento, desde áreas canónicas como, por ejemplo, aquellas ligadas a la facultad de Letras (análisis del discurso, lingüística, entre otras), hasta estudios de género, o incluso, los más variados campos de las ciencias médicas, de la psicología, filosofía, etc. Si quisiéramos ampliar el potencial argumentativo, podríamos incluir aquí los usos hechos de esos conceptos por incontables movimientos sociales, entre ellos, movimientos feministas, LGBTs, movimientos reivindicatorios ligados a la cuestión de la tierra, movimientos en torno a causas étnicas o religiosas, entre tantos otros de los que e tienen testimonio en las más variadas partes del planeta. Así, la idea, en ese primer momento, fue la de concebir un encuentro donde la conformación del grupo no pasara tanto por una homogeneidad analítica (en términos de campos de conocimiento y / o de abordajes teóricos), sino que lxs investigadorxs convergieran en términos metodológicos. Nos interesó entonces proporcionar una reunión de materiales etnográficos que, producidos en temporalidades y espacios distintos, pudieran aludir a la riqueza infinita que los estudios sobre las narrativas pueden desencadenar. Así, esta colección se inclina a debatir procesos y cuestiones de investigación en torno al lenguaje. Uno de los desafíos que emergen de esta discusión es, como citamos anteriormente, la transversalidad con la que el tema del discurso / narrativa opera. En consecuencia, es común que en trabajos sobre tales temáticas, las encontremos asociadas a la discusión sobre memoria, performance, textos, emociones, etnografía del habla, oralidad, folclore, etc.Aquí, nuestra orientación inicial en torno al tratamiento de la idea de narrativa / discurso surgió de cuestiones localizadas, especialmente, en el campo antropológico.

AbstractWe examine the ability of immigrants to transfer the occupational human capital they acquired prior to immigration. We first augment a model of occupational choice to study the implications of language proficiency on the cross‐border transferability of occupational human capital. We then explore the empirical predictions using information about the skill requirements from O*NET and a unique dataset that includes both the last source country occupation and the first four years of occupations in Canada. We supplement the analysis using Census estimates for the same cohort with source country occupational skill requirements predicted using detailed human capital related information such as field of study. We find that male immigrants to Canada were employed in source country occupations that typically require high levels of cognitive skills, but rely less intently on manual skills. Following immigration, they find initial employment in occupations that require the opposite. Consistent with the hypothesized asymmetric role of language in the transferability of previously acquired cognitive and manual skills, these discrepancies are larger among immigrants with limited language fluency.

The present research study was conducted in one of the private sector universities of Lahore city in Pakistan. This study has utilized a quantitative paradigm that included a single group pre-test post-test experimental design. The problem identified was a less developed English language grammar skill in the students and also how to teach English language successfully to the large classes i.e. consisting of 50 to 60 students. The main purpose was to develop some plans to facilitate the large classes. A single group quasi-experiment was conducted for four months (one semester) to find out whether the implementation of the Learning Management System (LMS) for the teaching of the English language is successful or not. The rationale of the study was to provide detailed lesson plans and analysis of how the teaching is done through the LMS in large English language classes like having 50 to 65 students per class. The results showed that LMS or the Learning Management System proved to be successful for teaching English to large classes as it saved time for the teachers and students both along with providing ample guidance and support. The present study is significant as it provides a guideline for other institutes on how they can also utilize this software effectively for teaching the English language.

The article is devoted to the review of the olfactory image representation in fiction. The relevance of the research is determined by the linguists' interest in description of the linguistic features of the designation of odoric sensations in the pragmalinguistic aspect. In this regard, relevant is the linguo-pragmatic study of the olfactory image formation and means of its description in German. The purpose of the article is a description of the means and methods of forming of men and women olfactory image in the German language. The material of the research were the examples from German-language fiction works that are part of the national German language corps DWDS. In total, 1184 text fragments from 30 works by German-speaking authors were analyzed. In this research, the authors describe in detail the structure of the lexical-semantic field "smell" in German, which is used to form olfactory images in a gender aspect and acts as a pragmatic marker. Based on the analysis of text fragments, the authors describe the means of olfactory images forming of men and women. The analysis shows that the olfactory image of a woman focuses on the pleasant smell that occurs while using cosmetics and while mentioning the woman's natural smell. By describing an olfactory image of a man, vocabulary with a negative connotation dominates, and the "unpleasant smell" acts as a marker. Quantitative results of the study showed that the prevailing female image is positive, which causes positive emotions in the reader, while negative is prevailing by creating a male olfactory image. This pattern can be explained by social expectations from a woman who, in any circumstances, should look attractive. A negative olfactory image of a man can be an indicator of his masculinity, strength.

Post-colonial theory recognizes that European and American scholars have traditionally defined the themes that are of interest in literary criticism; in Moroccan studies, these themes have tended toward questions of migration, identity, secularism, and religious fanaticism typically questions regarding Morocco in its relationships with colonizing nations. This book intends to re-define the themes of interest in Moroccan studies, looking toward more local themes and movements and relationships of sub-cultures and languages within Morocco. Questions in this volume regard concepts of the self, conflicting discourses, intersections of self-identity and community, and Moroccan reclamation of identity in the post-colonial sphere.

This article restores the peculiar ethical-cultural cartography from the philosophical fragments of Ancient Greek Cynicism. Namely, the fragments of Anthistenes, Diogenes of Sinope, Crates, Dio Chrysostom as well as of the ancient historians of philosophy (Diogenes Laertius and Joanes
Stobaeus) are mainly analyzed and interpreted. The methods of comparative analysis as well of rational restoration are applied in this article.The authors of the article concentrate on the main characteristics of the above mentioned cartography, that is, the contradiction between maps
of nature and civilization. The article comes to the conclusion that the basis of this contradiction is the concept of the main value as well as virtue in the above mentioned cynicism, namely, natural radical temperance. According to ancient cynics, this virtue is absolutely incompatible with
pleasure-driven civilization, as the latter annihilates the former. Therefore, cynics interpreted the whole territory of the world known at that time as divided between maps of nature and civilization that never overlap or even intersect. Moreover, according to ancient cynics, the territory
covered by maps of civilization is considerably smaller than that enframed by the maps of nature. Moreover, the areas of nature are continuously being diminished, as civilization resolutely goes ahead. In such a situation that threatens survival of human nature the only possible way out is
a return to the natural value of radical temperance. After cynics, the only effective strategy of achieving that challenging goal is askesis as excercises of temperance dedicated both to body and spirit.The authors of the article also give a certain SWOT analysis of the above mentioned
cartography in the context of contemporary society. According to them, such a cartography possesses both strong and weak points. The main weak point is the contradiction itself between maps of culture and civilization. As a matter of fact, civilization does not annihilate the possibility of
natural temperance, whereas a human being, according to his/her nature, is a creator of culture and civilization. On the other hand, the main positive aspect is an emphasis on virtue of temperance, which is actual, significant and relevant in any epoch, culture and civilization, and which
is pretty much forgotten nowadays.

Anthony Giddens argues that theoretical analysis in sociology can demonstrate why lay agents can have only "partial" and "confined" understandings of the larger structures in which they are embedded. His notion of double hermeneutic rests on the assumption that such partial and imprecise knowledge shared by the social agents can be corrected through the injection of the sociological knowledge "from without." In this article, by juxtaposing and comparing Giddens's externalist approach to the change of language game—his double hermeneutic—with what the author would call the internalist approach, the author will show why Giddens's theory of double hermeneutic fails to do what it professes to do.