Suchergebnisse

This article addresses what it identifies as the over-extension of the concept of passive revolution in recent writing on international political economy. It traces the evolution of the concept in the Prison Notebooks, where it is rooted in Antonio Gramsci's development of the Marxist theory of bourgeois revolutions to account for episodes of what he called 'revolution/restoration' such as the Italian Risorgimento. But, in his attempt to offer a comprehensive alternative to the great liberal philosopher Benedetto Croce, Gramsci extends the concept to cases such as Mussolini's fascism. The core meaning common to these uses is that of socio-political processes in which revolution-inducing strains are at once displaced and at least partially fulfilled. In more recent Marxist work, even this meaning is in danger of being lost. The article concludes by seeking to relocate passive revolution within Gramsci's non-determinist, but still firmly materialist, understanding of Marx's theory of history.

AbstractScholars have paid little attention to Maoist forces and legacies, and especially to the influences of Maoism on people's everyday dress habits during the Cultural Revolution. This article proposes that people's everyday clothing during that time – a period that has often been regarded as the climax of homogenization and asceticism – became a means of resistance and expression. This article shows how during the Cultural Revolution people dressed to express resistance, whether intentionally or unintentionally, and to reflect their motivations, social class, gender and region. Drawing on oral histories collected from 65 people who experienced the Cultural Revolution and a large number of photographs taken during that period, the author aims to trace the historical source of fashion from the end of the 1970s to the 1980s in Guangdong province. In so doing, the author responds to theories of socialist state discipline, everyday cultural resistance, individualism and the nature of resistance under Mao's regime.

As far as the bourgeois revolutions were concerned, Antonio Gramsci used the term 'passive revolution' to contrast the form taken by the Italian Risorgimento and comparable 'revolutions from above' with that of the French Revolution, where the main dynamic had come 'from below'.1 The key era of passive revolution in this sense lies between 1859 and 1871. From the closing decades of the 17th century, however, a different set of circumstances had already led to a comparable revolution in Scotland which, although little known, is one of the decisive turning points for the transition in Western Europe. The context for this transformation was the global inter-systemic conflict between England and France, in which Scotland was one of the main battlefields. The process had four key moments: first, a subsistence crisis at home and imperial failure abroad, the combined effects of which sent Scottish capitalist development into reverse. Second, and in response to the first, was the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707, which dissolved the Scottish state while leaving the feudal jurisdictions of the Scottish lords intact. Third, the failure of a French-backed attempt at counter-revolution in 1745—6, which led to the military suppression and juridical abolition of feudal social relations north of the border; and fourth, the imposition of capitalist social relations in the Scottish countryside by an alliance of former feudal landlords, 'improving' tenant farmers and Enlightenment intellectuals, who then theorised the entire process in their discussion of 'civil society'.

Highlights the centrality of 'socialist-feminism' to the movement. Instead of insisting on a fundamental antagonism between feminism and socialism, modern socialist-feminists accept the tension and aim to create a powerful progressive politics. Presents a consideration of the origins of the woman-suffrage demand in conjunction with the revolutions of 1848, and its temporary disappearance in the conservative decades that followed. Examines left-wing partriarchalism and the life of the leading woman of the SPD, Clara Zetkin. (SJK)

Pt. 1 contains historial interpretations and provides a number of general themes, a.o. female rulers and feminist thought in ancient China, influences of foreign cultures on the Chinese woman, the Chinese woman past and present, historical roots of changes in women's status in modern China. The brief autobiographical sketches in Pt. 2 offer individual perspectives on Chinese women's lives in the first half of the 20th century. These women come from different regions of China, from different family backgrounds, and from different socio-economic groups, and have different levels of education. (DÜI-Alb)