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Ethno-religious conflicts have found its way into every sphere of Nigeria. The consequences of these conflicts have extended beyond the borders of Nigeria into neighboring countries in Africa such as Cameron and chad. It has also gained headings at the international level. The spread of ethno-religious conflict in Nigeria includes the prominent Niger Delta Avengers (NDA) which is bases on ethnic motivation recognition and Boko Haram insurgence which clearly have its origin on religious ideologies; the harm caused by these two groups cannot be underestimated. Amongst other factors, this thesis ascribe the cases, emergence and flourishing of the two groups to be as a result of weak state institutions in Nigeria. So far, the Nigeria government has clearly shown ineffectualness in curbing these insurgencies. Thus, this research aims to find a balance on the roles of international community in resolving ethno-religious conflict in Nigeria. The research is divided into six chapters: The first chapter is the introduction. It introduces the research and states the questions which the research tend to answer, significants of the study, the hypotheses, methodology, and the theoretical framework of the research. The next chapter critically reviews important literature in ethno-relgious conflict and international instittions present in the Nigeria. The third chapter gives an overview and Comparison of Boko Haram and Niger Delta Avengers. Chapters four and five provides evidence for the hypotheses and the sixth chapter concludes and gives further recommendations. ; ÖZ: Dine dayalı çatışmalar ve şiddet Nijerya"nın hemen her yerinde kendisini her daim göstermenin bir yolunu bulmuştur. Bu çatışmalar sonuçlarını sadece Nijerya"da değil komşu ülkelerde de (örneğin Çad ve Kamerun) etkilerini göstermişlerdir. Din kökenli çatışmalar uluslararası arenada da yankı bulmuştur. Din kökenli çatışmaların Nijerya"daki yayılmasında belirgin olarak karşımıza etkin kökene dayalı Nijer Deltası İntikam Birlikleri ve Boko Haram terör örgütünün (ki Boko Haram da radikalist dine dayalı bir terör propogandası yürütmektedir) verdikleri zarar hafife alınmayacak kadar ciddi boyuttadır. Diğer tüm faktörlerin yanında bu tezde yukarıda bahsi geçen terör örgütlerinin verdikleri vahim zararda Nijerya"daki zayıf eyalet kuruluşlarının da rol oynadığı savunulmaktadır. Şu ana kadar Nijerya yönetimi bu tarz terör eylemlerinin önünü almada yetersizlik (etkisizlik) göstermiştir. Bu yüzden bu çalışmada amaçlanan uluslararası kamuoyunun etnik ve dine dayalı terör eylemlerini çözümlemedeki denge rolünü araştırmaktır. Bu çalışma altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde araştırma hipotezi ve araştırmada cevabı bulunacak sorular, ayrıca çalışmanın önemi yöntemi ve teorik çerçevesi anlatılmıştır. Takip eden ünitede ise Nijerya"daki etnik ve din kökenli şiddet eylemleriyle ve Nijerya"daki uluslararası kuruluşlarla ilgili etraflıca bir literatür taraması verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde ise Nijer Deltası İntikam Birlikleri ve Boko Haram ile ilgili karşılaştırmaya yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü ve beşinci bölümler hipotezi bulgularla desteklerken, altıncı ünitede sonuç ve gelecek için birtakım politik önerilere yer verilmiştir. ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of International Relations, 2017. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Riza Acar Kutay.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Translators -- Introduction -- 1. The Tribulations of an "Umbrella Term" -- What is a diaspora? -- Diaspora debates -- Essentialisation of the group -- Diasporas, migrations, minorities -- Diasporic networks -- 2. Shared Memory, Culture, and Religion -- The original homeland -- Foundational trauma -- Narratives of exile -- The impact of the original homeland -- Language -- Diasporic iconography -- The "small fatherland" -- Shared destiny and collective redemption -- The culture of martyrdom -- Messianic destinies -- Ethnicising difference -- 3. Migration and Social Ties -- The complex issue of marriage -- Doing business amongst themselves -- Men and women on the move -- Itinerant occupations -- The educational and religious grand tour -- Female merchants and refugees --Diasporic exceptions? -- Charity and translocal solidarity -- 4. Diasporic Metropolises -- The appeal of the city -- The melting pot of communities -- Metropolises and metropolisation -- Times and seasons -- Functions and hierarchies -- 5. Temporalities and Diasporic Segments -- Diasporic cycles -- "Diasporas within a diaspora" -- From formation… -- … to structuration -- Us, the others -- Beginnings and dilutions -- 6. Diasporas and Political Authorities -- Persecution and conflicts of loyalty -- Granting asylum -- Conditions of asylum -- Documents and statutes -- Privileges and protection -- Minorities and the balance of power -- 7. Aggregation, Segregation, Neighbouring -- Aggregation and dispersion: Where to live? -- Living together or apart… -- … but not just anywhere -- Situating social interaction -- Next-door neighbours, church neighbours -- Places of friction -- 8. Minorities in the City -- Place and avowal: Integration -- Belonging to social bodies.

1. Introduction -- Part 1. After the secular city: religion and urban effervescence. 2. Religion in the street: a popular neighborhood in Mexico City / Hugo José Suárez (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico) ; 3. Staging green spirituality in the parks of Lausanne and Geneva: a spatial approach to urban ecological festivals / Irene Becci (Université de Laussane, Switzerland) and Salomé Okoekpen ; 4. Constructing a religioscape: the case of Pushkinskaya Square in Moscow / Nadezda Rychkova (Russian State University for the Humanities, Russia) ; 5. Festivals of religions and religious festivals: Heritigized Heterotopias / Alberta Giorgi (University of Bergamo, Italy) and Mariachiara Giorda (Roma Tre University, Italy) -- Part 2. The politics of religion in urban spaces: power and symbolism in the city. 6. A bridge too far: yoga, spirituality, and contested space in the Pacific Northwest / Paul Bramadat (University of Victoria, Canada) ; 7. "It's the first Sukkah since the Inquisition!": Jewish celebrations in public spaces in Barcelona / Julia Martínez-Ariño (University of Groningen, the Netherlands) ; 8. Spatial discourses of sanctity as means of struggle and empowerment in a contested city / Nimrod Luz (Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Israel) ; 9. Decoding strategic secularism in Madrid: religion as ambience in three scenarios / Monica Cornejo-Valle (Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain) -- Part 3. Public religious rituals, urban transcendence and embodied spirituality. 10. Urbi et Orbi: Pope Benedict's visit to Berlin and the emplacement of communicative events / Hubert Knoblauch (TU Berlin, Germany) ; 11. Turning spirituality into a public event: the popularization of collective meditations and mindfulness marches in the urban space / Mar Griera (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain), Anna Clot-Garrell (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain) ; 12. God's warriors: embodying Evangelical Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in Rio de Janeiro / (Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID), Switzerland) ; 13. Feeling sufis: an essay on intimate religion in Berlin, Omar Kasmani (Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) ; 14. Epilogue / Sophie Watson (The Open University, UK).

Abstract
The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is not a constant. As human rights law has progressively acquired a conceptual status as a means of reconciling tensions, the substantive legal content of the right to freedom to manifest religion or belief has widened. This paper argues that the admittance of claims of religious morality within this expanded understanding of the right exposes the conceptual imprecision underlying the right and presents a complex challenge to human rights supervisory bodies to address such claims without undermining their founding objectives. The first part of the paper traces the historical treatment of the right to freedom of religion or belief as a means of understanding its evolving and multifaceted nature. Part II draws on this overview to develop a taxonomy of aspects of the right and, in particular, it suggests that claims of religious morality ought to be viewed and treated as a distinct facet. The final part of the paper examines a group of recent cases before the European Court of Human Rights to explore current judicial responses to such claims and considers the risks posed by claims of religious morality for the contemporary right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.

Preliminary Material /Daniel Enstedt , Göran Larsson and Enzo Pace -- Introduction: Religion and Internet /Daniel Enstedt , Göran Larsson and Enzo Pace -- Cyber Sisters: Buddhist Women's Online Activism and Practice /Emma Tomalin , Caroline Starkey and Anna Halafoff -- Virtualization of Ritual: Consequences and Meaning /Tetske van Dun , Peter Versteeg and Johan Roeland -- Sleepwalkers and Higher Selves: The Mediatisation of Personality and Essence in Online Enneagram Teachings /Daniel Enstedt -- Cyberrapture: The Role of Risk on the Youvebeenleftbehind.com Website /Salvador Jimenez Murguia -- Mediatisation, Empowerment, and Sexual Inclusivity: Homosexual Protestant Activism in Contemporary China /Ping Huang and Shun-hing Chan -- Digital Catholicism: Internet, the Church, and the Vatican Website /Andrew P. Lynch -- The Internet as a Challenge for Traditional Churches: The Case of the Catholic Church in Poland /Sławomir Mandes -- Handling Deficiencies: Conditions, Modes, and Consequences of Using Online Christian Discussion Boards /Anna Neumaier -- Religious Belonging in the Facebook Era: Muslims Online, Young People Offline /Viviana Premazzi and Roberta Ricucci -- Islam Online: A Netnography of Conversion /Khalid Rhazzali -- "Stop Dudley Super Mosque and Islamic Village": Overview of the Findings from a Pilot Study /Chris Allen -- Muslim Perceptions of Identity, Community, Diversity and Authority in the Internet Age /Franz Volker Greifenhagen -- Index /Daniel Enstedt , Göran Larsson and Enzo Pace.

This volume examines the ways by which Iranian Shiite scholars have re-articulated state-religion-society relations beyond the Islamic state paradigm. Despite its promises, the Islamic state has systematically prioritized political considerations over religious precepts, inadvertently generating a reformist religious discourse that questions the very foundations of the Islamic state. This book investigates this counter-discourse by developing the seemingly oxymoronic term 'religious secularity' to highlight the paradoxes inherent in the Islamic state ideal

Religious communities and the internet -- Considering the religious-social shaping of technology -- History and media tradition: discovering baselines for religious approaches to new media -- Community value and priorities: contextualizing responses to new media -- Negotiating with new media: to accept, reject, reconfigure, and/or innovate? -- Considering communal discourse: framing new media appropriation -- Studying the religious shaping of new media: the case of the kosher cell phone -- Insights from the religious-social shaping of new media.

Intro -- here -- _GoBack -- The author -- Acknowledgements -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- Brief background to this book -- Overview of topics covered -- 2 The attack on freedom of conscience -- The Obamacare mandate -- The UK midwives -- Canadian euthanasia -- The EU versus conscience -- Weddings, adoptions, holidays, operations -- 3 The state of the law: unclear and inadequate -- UK: freedom of conscience needs a microscope -- The law is a mess -- Participation is not enough -- 4 Law needs philosophy: ethical principles of cooperation -- How might you act wrongly? Let me count the ways -- Types of cooperation -- Dispensability -- Proximity -- Balancing goods and bads -- Should you sign? It depends -- 5 Application to contested cases -- Hobby Lobby: what it got right, what it got wrong -- Zubik v. Burwell: an opt-out or a trigger? -- Doogan and Wood cannot stand -- Equality Acts and regulations: a charter for inequality -- 6 Freedom of conscience: how far can it go? -- Pluralism to the rescue? -- Freedom of dissociation -- When monopoly is coercion -- The Satanist nurse -- Sex and race -- What kind of society? -- 7 Policy guidelines: time for parliaments and courts to take notice -- How to take freedom of conscience seriously without harming others -- Does the UK need a Religious Freedom Restoration Act? -- General statutory guidelines -- The role of case law -- Sincerity is not enough -- Conclusion -- References -- About the IEA -- Blank Page.

"Much contemporary research ignores or is dismissive of the growth of global religiosity, even though 90% of the global population sees the world through a commitment to some kind of faith. Reimagining Faith and Management addresses this issue and extends the research on the impact of faith in the various aspects of management, such as negotiation, leadership, entrepreneurship, governance, innovation, ethics, finance and careers. Faith impacts how individuals and organisations envision, manage and respond to their various stakeholders, communities, the natural environment and the world around them. This book presents various facets of how faith, values and/or ideological outlook which informs, influences and adds mystery that inspires and impels individuals and organisations. The twenty-one chapters are based on academic research and offer practical managerial recommendations. The book is divided into three sections: Faithful futures impacting individuals; Faithful futures impacting organisations; and Faithful futures impacting society. Each chapter presents a theoretical base and includes practical implications. The book is therefore ideal reading for educators, researchers and students of business, management, career studies, faith-based organisations, corporate governance, and business ethics, as well as religious studies, including applied theology"--

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: HIV is a social phenomenon whose investigating needs to take culture, traditions, and religious beliefs of the society into account. Given that, the aim of this study is examining the role of religion in policies made to control AIDS in Iran.Method: This qualitative study adopted the content analysis technique with inductive approach in which 30 policymakers, key informants, stakeholders and AIDS patients were given semi-structured interviews and also 21 documents on related policies were analyzed considering factors influencing AIDS policymaking. Then, the data were analyzed using framework method and MAXQDA. In this study, the ethical issues were all considered and the authors declared no conflict of interest.Results: After coding, approximately 300 primary codes were extracted. These codes were checked again and then categorized into three areas: the functions of religion and its preventive and encouraging factors in the related policies; different roles of the clergy as religious authorities, politicians and advisors; and the way religious institutes and organizations play their roles in AIDS policymaking process.Conclusion: Religion and its corresponding ideology have critical encouraging and preventive functions in implementing plans for control and prevention of AIDS. Neglecting religious aspects of the Iranian society in policymaking has led to less effectiveness of policies and failure in controlling AIDS.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.

Research on the post-WWII generations offers the opportunity to examine significant trends in US religion that will shape the early decades of the next century. A reclaiming of the spiritual, the more experiential aspects of religion, is at the very heart of these changes for younger cohorts of Americans. It is questioned whether religious institutions will adapt to these experiential quests & provide the symbolic resources needed to sustain them. Drawing on insights from Ernst Troeltsch, several possible scenarios for the new century are described. 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

chapter 1. Accessing the sacred through the five senses / Ori Z. Soltes -- chapter 2. Beauty and religion / Bryan S. Rennie -- chapter 3. The human figure in religious art / Diane Apostolos-Cappadona -- chapter 4. The communicative agency of religious architecture / Thomas Barrie -- chapter 5. Dance as religious studies / Angela Yarber -- chapter 6. The material religion of film / Sheila J. Nayar -- chapter 7. Music and sound as an entry point into religious studies / Jason C. Bivins -- chapter 8. Religion, evolving media, and distant suffering / Jolyon Mitchell, Joshua Ray -- chapter 9. Performing devotion as a mode of religious study / Jill Stevenson -- chapter 10. Photography and religion / Rachel McBride Lindsey -- chapter 11. Sacred place / Crispin Paine -- chapter 12. Relics and rituals / Diane Apostolos-Cappadona -- chapter 13. Objects of religious belief and practice / Leonard Norman Pimiano -- chapter 14. Beauty is the color og truth / Ronald Y. Nakasone -- chapter 15. Exhibiting the sacred / Rowena Loverance -- chapter 16. Exhibiting Christian art / Jennifer Sliwka -- chapter 17. Exhibiting outsider art / Jerry Cullum -- chapter 18. Reviewing the religious in art / Menachem Wecker.

"Religious zeal has supported war since ancient times. This volume offer carefully nuanced and historically grounded discussions of eight classical religious foundations for war, five just war theories, five accounts of religious nationalism, and five foci on featured conflicts. The introduction summarizes the field as well as the chapters"--