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The term "social sciences" ('ulūm-i-ijtimā'ī) has gained currency in Iran only during the last fifteen years or so, but some of the disciplines falling within its purview have been in existence for a longer period. Thus the first institution for teaching political science was established in 1899, and the first chair of sociology was created in 19 35 in the University of Tehran. Besides, iike Molière's bourgeois gentillhomme who belatedly realized that he had been making prose all his life without being aware of it, some Iranian scholars too have long been engaged in writing, translating and conducting research on social problems or using sociological concepts without being conscious of themselves as social scientists.Since from a chronological viewpoint, political science appeared in Iran prior to other disciplines of social sciences and its studies involve problems of a distinct nature, the present paper is divided into two parts: the first dealing with political science, and the second with sociology and related disciplines.

Judgments of explanatory exclusion are a necessary part of the explanatory practice of any historian or social scientist. In this article, the author argues that all explanatory exclusion results from mutual explanatory incompatibility of some sort. Different types of exclusion arise primarily as a result of the different elements composing "an explanation." Of most philosophical interest are judgments of explanatory exclusion resulting from the incompatibility of explanatory relevance claims. The author demonstrates that an ontic theory of explanation is necessary to make sense of this type of exclusion and in so doing develops an analysis similar to Jaegwon Kim's well-known analysis of explanatory exclusion. To conclude, the author demonstrates the differences and connections between Kim's analysis and his own.

Chapter 1. Compositional bullet lead analysis -- Case study: James Otto Earhart -- Exquisite measurements, erroneous inferences: comositional bullet lead analysis -- Chapter 2. Microscopic hair comparison -- Case study: Colin Campbell Ross and James Driskell -- Is microscopic hair comparison a legitimate science? -- Chapter 3. Arson -- Case study: Cameron Todd Willingham -- Confronting inaccuracy in fire cause determinations -- Chapter 4. Shaken Baby Syndrome -- Case study: Ken Marsh -- Shaken Baby Sybdrome and abusive head trauma -- Chapter 5. Bite mark evidence -- Case study: Ray Krone in his own words -- Bite mark evidence -- Chapter 6. Firearms identification -- Case study: Antony Hinton -- Firearms identification evidence: emergeing themes from recent criticism, research, and case law -- Chapter 7. DNA evidence -- Case Study: Amanda Knox -- Essential elements of a critical review of DNA evidence -- Chapter 8. Presumptive and confirmatory blood testing -- Case study: Lindy Chamberlain -- Presumptive and confirmatory blood testing -- Chapter 9. Bloodstain pattern analysis -- Case study: David Camm -- Bloodstain pattern analysis -- Chapter 10. Crime scene reconstruction -- Faulty crime scene reconstruction: Glenn Ford -- Crime scene reconstruction -- Chapter 11. Fingerprints -- Case study: Brandon Mayfield -- The fingerprint expert: do you really have one?

PreÌface, par EÌmile Boutroux.--Morale positive. Art et science. Vues d'ensemble, par E. Delbet.--Classification des ideÌes morales du temps preÌsent, par A. Darlu.--L'uniteÌ morale, par Marcel BerneÌ€s.--De L'orientation morale du temps preÌsent, par le pasteur Wagner.--La justice et le droit, par le R.P. Vincent Maumus.--ChariteÌ et seÌlection, par G. Belot.--L'eÌthique du socialisme, par G. Sorel.--La morale de Tolstoi, par Maxime Kovalevsky.--Justice et chariteÌ, par Charles Gide.--L'ordre des joies, par LeÌon Brunschvicg.--Le devoir present de la jeunesse, par F. Buisson.--Morale et politique, par E. de Roberty.--La morale individuelle et la morale sociale, par P. Malapert.--La morale des Grecs et la crise morale contemporaine, par Lionel Dauriac. ; Mode of access: Internet.