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National audience ; The Relations Between Science and Technology: what Implications for Public Policy? This article proposes an analysis of the science-technology interactions. The first part is historical and focuses on the transformations that resulted from the passage of a prescriptive knowledge (techniques) to a scientifically based knowledge (technology). The contemporaneous relations between science and technology are much more characterized by their interdependence, in the sense that they are in a co-evolution process, rather than by the linear model in which the richness of the industrial applications results from the development of an autonomous fundamental research activity. The second perspective, more policy-oriented, tries to explain the persistent gap between the United States and the European Union in terms of their GDP per capita and productivity growth, in the period preceding the last financial and economic clash. The reviewed explanations of this gap include the performance of the academic activity, the gap between the scientific knowledge and its transformation in the economy, the research and development intensity, the importance of the churning effect in the destructive creation process and the role of the young innovative firms. ; L'objet de cet article est d'analyser les relations entre la science et la technologie selon un double prisme. Le premier, de nature historique, cherche à comprendre comment s'est opéré le passage des savoir-faire fondés sur des connaissances prescriptives (techniques) à des savoir-faire fondés sur des connaissances scientifiques (technologies) et quelles en sont les conséquences sur le plan économique. Le détour historique permet également de caractériser les relations contemporaines comme relevant davantage d'un processus coévolutif science-technologie plutôt que d'une relation verticale où le développement des applications technologiques en aval serait entièrement dépendant des progrès de la recherche fondamentale en amont. Le deuxième prisme, plus orienté ...

After the 2008 food price crisis, food security once again became a priority on the international political agenda. This introduction to the special issue tackles the links between this reprioritisation of food security on the one hand, and science and technology on the other hand. First, this special issue introduces the new controversies emerging around food security. Trying to articulate food security with other global issues, actors involved into these debates have elaborated at least two new food security frames, global food security and food sustainability. Second, this issue highlights the role played by knowledge infrastructures in shaping debates on food security. The formal constraints of models or foresights tend to format our ability to assess and act upon food insecurity. A sociological analysis of knowledge infrastructures thus helps to democratise food policies. Third, technosciences are embedded in dense fields of meaning, moral values and contribute to the making of sociotechnical imaginaries. The articles in this issue show that food security research is not just about knowledge, but also about how life ought to be lived. Last, food security articulates science with politics and policies. In particular, the debates about technologies are complemented by disputes about the regulations that should encourage or oppositely restrict their implementation.

Misinformation occurs when people hold incorrect factual beliefs and do so confidently. The problem, first conceptualized by Kuklinski and colleagues in 2000, plagues political systems and is exceedingly difficult to correct. In this review, we assess the empirical literature on political misinformation in the United States and consider what scholars have learned since the publication of that early study. We conclude that research on this topic has developed unevenly. Over time, scholars have elaborated on the psychological origins of political misinformation, and this work has cumulated in a productive way. By contrast, although there is an extensive body of research on how to correct misinformation, this literature is less coherent in its recommendations. Finally, a nascent line of research asks whether people's reports of their factual beliefs are genuine or are instead a form of partisan cheerleading. Overall, scholarly research on political misinformation illustrates the many challenges inherent in representative democracy.

This book is the second volume in a new series on 'Great Minds in Regional Science,' which seeks to present a contemporary view on the scientific relevance of the work done by great thinkers in regional science. This volume presents, among others, Adam Smith, Johann Heinrich von Thunen, and Alan Wilson. Each chapter combines factual biographical information about the Great Mind, a description of their major contributions, and a discussion of the broader context of their work, as well as an assessment of its current relevance, scientific recognition, and policy impact. The book attempts to fill a gap in our knowledge and to respond to the growing interest in the formation and development of the field of regional science and its key influential figures.

Citizenship is notterra incognitafor political science, but it is not home ground either. Citizenship is more art than science, more practice than theory, and in the education of citizens, political science is subject to two obvious limitations.In the first place, the basic character of citizens is formed before they become students of political science and even before they are taught civics by the schools. The first principles by which they perceive the world and relate to others already have been shaped by the family, by the laws and by early education generally. In that sense, political science influences citizens most profoundly when it teaches their teachers, although in a more superficial way political science can and does instruct citizens themselves.Second, as Aristotle taught us, civic virtue is not identical with human goodness, and citizenship is a questionable excellence. The art of citizenship is specific to and limited by the regime in which the citizen is to practice it. In the ordinary sense of the term, a good citizen accepts the laws and "works within the system," and even if we argue that citizens should pursue ends which are universal and by nature, citizenship requires them to do so inwayswhich are adapted to a particular people, place and time.

"Science and violence converge in modern warfare. While the finest minds of the twentieth century have improved human life, they have also produced human injury. They engineered radar, developed electronic computers, and helped mass produce penicillin all in the context of military mobilization. Scientists also developed chemical weapons, atomic bombs, and psychological warfare strategies. Rational Fog explores the quandary of scientific and technological productivity in an era of perpetual war. Science is, at its foundation, an international endeavor oriented toward advancing human welfare. At the same time, it has been nationalistic and militaristic in times of crisis and conflict. As our weapons have become more powerful, scientists have struggled to reconcile these tensions, engaging in heated debates over the problems inherent in exploiting science for military purposes. M. Susan Lindee examines this interplay between science and state violence and takes stock of researchers' efforts to respond. Many scientists who wanted to distance their work from killing have found it difficult and have succumbed to the exigencies of war. Indeed, Lindee notes that scientists who otherwise oppose violence have sometimes been swept up in the spirit of militarism when war breaks out. From the first uses of the gun to the mass production of DDT and the twenty-first-century battlefield of the mind, the science of war has achieved remarkable things at great human cost. Rational Fog reminds us that, for scientists and for us all, moral costs sometimes mount alongside technological and scientific advances"--

Cover Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication Page; Acknowledgments; Contents; Contributors; Introduction; 1 Early Judaism; 2 Modern Judaism; 3 Early Christianity; 4 Modern Christianity; 5 Early Islam; 6 Modern Islam; 7 Early Chinese Religions; 8 Indic Religions; 9 Buddhism; 10 African Religions; 11 Unbelief; 12 Which Science? Whose Religion?; A Guide to Further Reading; Index

In an introduction to this edited volume (see related abstracts in IRPS No. 87), the field of cultural studies & its relation to science & technology are discussed. It is suggested that the traditional belief in the primacy of cause/effect relationships fails to recognize the complexity & interdependence of variables in the modern world. Culture, science, & technology are not distinct entities, but overlapping fields, which transform & are transformed by each other. Although science & technology have permeated modern society, they do not independently determine the outcomes of social situations & evolution. It is argued that traditional deterministic social sciences must be replaced by a theory of complexity that erodes the boundaries between distinct forms of knowledge & perspectives, & seeks to consider cause in terms of multiple & merging influences. Further, region-oriented communities are becoming less important as technology allows easy communication with distant others, & thereby facilitates the bypass of local ties. It is concluded that the field of cultural studies is best equipped to deal with the rapidly changing circumstances of the modern world due to its appropriation of knowledge from diverse perspectives, & its lack of fundamental & fixed principles. T. Sevier

This thesis examines the effect of the shift in political structure and values on Myanmar's foreign policy. It analyses political-institutional settings to determine a political regime. Another domestic factor of state weakness is analysed in conjunction with political regimes. Foreign policy means of influential external actors as external factors are also examined in relation to state weakness and political regimes. The foreign policy approaches of influential external actors link state weakness and identity politics with foreign policy means to influence a political regime in internal-external interaction. The thesis argues that there is a nonlinear nexus between a political regime and foreign policy which can be explained through state weakness and foreign policy approaches of influential external actors. The thesis finds that relative shifts occurred between the political regime and state weakness which drove and constrained foreign policy. Regardless of political regime, the political will of the central decision-maker(s) for establishing social order was externalized in foreign relations and thus drove the foreign policy. The balancing between individual rights and security and collective rights and community security and between community formation and the law-making and the institution building informed the political-institutional settings and constrained the actions of political regimes. The autonomy of the central decision-maker of the authoritarian regime was mostly susceptible to measures of influential external actors for influence or leverage, the autonomy of the central decision-makers of the transformational regime was actually constrained by the formal and informal check-and-balance. While the authoritarian regime tackled state weakness, the transformational regime addressed both state weakness and political regime for a better delivery of public goods. The foreign policy approaches of political regimes reflected domestic drivers and constraints and various measures of influential external actors for influence or leverage. Although the foreign policy approach changed from balancing to friendly relations with all countries, Myanmar's larger foreign policy role was constrained in balancing community formation with the law-making and the institution building. While peacefulness was irrespective of regime type, the conduciveness to community formation, security space and national law-making determined the cooperativeness of political regimes.