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Purpose This paper aims to elaborate on the crucial effects that a seemingly detrimental policy change in Spain has had on the international entrepreneurial activities of domestic renewable energy (RE) firms. Design/methodology/approach Primary data were collected from nine RE companies in Spain and then triangulated with secondary data and interviews from informants in other local institutions. Findings Domestic RE firms, due to an institutional scape driver action, reacted to an increasingly uncertain and generally more adverse renewable energy policy framework in this country by preferring to internationalise towards foreign markets that had lower political uncertainty than the domestic one. Research limitations/implications This paper complements previous research primarily on firm-specific factors that enhance internationalising firms' survival and growth through a focus on the impact of a changing institutional-political environment at the home country-level. Practical implications Practitioners in the RE sector should analyse the risk of focusing only on the home market, as it can be too dependent on uncontrolled variations in domestic energy policy. Social implications The findings indicate that a more stable and supportive, long-term perspective in the domestic RE policy is essential for the sustained growth and development of this emerging industry. Originality/value To analyse the strategy by which a number of purposefully selected companies were able to use international expansion as a survival-seeking strategy against a drastic policy-level change in the domestic RE market. ; publishedVersion ; © Alex Rialp-Criado, Seyed Meysam Zolfaghari Ejlal Manesh and Øystein Moen. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence.

In the last ten years the ready meals market has had considerable growth with an average of 4.0% in value and 3.0% in volume per year. Several factors have contributed to this growth. The changes in the lifestyle of individuals in the Western world have increased the demand for convenience in the preparation of meals. Consumers work more hours, spend more time in traffic and wish to maximize their increasingly diminished leisure time; therefore, they demand both products and services that facilitate and support a busy life. As a reaction to this demand the Food Industry has expanded its options of ready-to-eat food. The main objective of this study is to characterize the influence of lifestyles in the habit of eating these meals. We present an analysis about the health, flavor, convenience and tradition dimensions in the consumption of ready-to-eat products and eating habits of consumers' samples from São Paulo and Rome. The concepts of lifestyles, multiculturalism, eating habits and the consumption of ready meals are revised. According to the results, the consumers of both cities present different styles regarding eating habits. More elderly populations from southern Europe are traditional regarding their eating habits. Similarly, in this work, consumers of Rome in general present greater concern with tradition and health in comparison to São Paulo. The Germanic cultures are more concerned with health, while in Italy the sensorial element would matter more. This study indicated that in São Paulo there is a great emphasis in convenience and flavor. The city of São Paulo takes pride in being a gastronomical center and many of the social activities of the city's habitants takes place at gatherings that involve feeding; therefore the importance of flavor aspect is easily explained. Simultaneously, the convenience aspect is supported by another characteristic of the city: the fact that it is a large urban center. The circumstances of contemporary life and the impacts of advertisement have changed the acquisition and consumption of food, highlighting the relevance of prepared food in São Paulo. It is believed that the results of this line of investigation are relevant not only to professionals that work on the development of new products, positioning of brands and products that operate in the current markets, but also to the distributors that commercialize food products and the food packaging industry

ii. Accepted manuscript version. Published version available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.004 . Accepted manuscript version, licensed CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. ; Background : Traceability of food products has become the focus of regional and national legislation, of many research and technical development initiatives and projects, and of many scientific articles. However, most of the scientific publications do not differentiate between the components of a traceability system, and those who do to some degree use inconsistent terminology and definitions. This weakens the analysis and the conclusions, and it can lead to misunderstanding in relation to what a traceability system is, what the components are, and how system functionality can be improved. Scope and approach : This paper provides a structure for describing and analyzing a traceability system and emphasizes the difference between the system mechanisms as opposed to the attributes of the units that are traced. The basis for the classification outlined in this article is practical experience from traceability system implementations in the food industry, and participation in international standardization processes relating to food traceability. The references and the authors' experience are from the food sector, but the component description is likely to be relevant and applicable to any product traceability system in a supply chain. 'Traceability system' is used as a generic term in this article, encompassing the principles, practices, and standards needed to achieve traceability of food products, regardless of how these are implemented. In practice in the food industry, most traceability systems are computerized and they are implemented through extensive use of information and communications technology (ICT), but in principle a traceability system could be manual and paper-based (as was indeed common practice only a few years ago), and the components hierarchy outlined in this article would still be applicable. Key findings and conclusions : This paper identifies the general components of a traceability system to be the identification of the units under consideration, the recording of the joining and splitting of these units as they move through the supply chain (the transformations), and the recording of the unit attributes. The distinction between the different components is particularly important when describing and comparing traceability systems, and when recommending improvements. In both these cases, the respective components need to be considered separately.

Abstrak Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) dan Koperasi, merupakan salah satu pilar serta tulang punggung perekonomian bangsa, yang menyerap banyak tenaga kerja dan kesempatan berusaha pada sektor informal. Pandemi Covid-19 dan disrupsi industri 4.0 telah merubah tatanan sosial-ekonomi, turut mempengaruhi jenis industri ini. Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi oleh UMKM dan Koperasi saat ini, masih rendahnya literasi akuntansi dan tatakelola keuangan, ditambah dengan transformasi tatanan sosial-ekonomi dari sistem konvensional ke sistem digital. Salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan UMKM dan Koperasi terhadap dunia digital yang berhubungan dengan literasi akuntansi dan tatakelola keuangan yaitu melalui pelatihan, pendampingan dan penelitian. Pelatihan, pendampingan dan penelitian terhadap para pelaku UMKM dan Koperasi ini dilakukan dengan metode berinteraksi langsung melalui tatap muka dan observasi lapangan. Implikasi dari hasil pelatihan, pendampingan dan penelitian, merekomendasikan agar pelatihan dan pendampingan yang dilakukan oleh akademisi bersinergi dengan Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM, perlu terus dilakukan secara berkesinambungan. Karena, dengan pelatihan dan pendampingan yang berkesinambungan, literasi dan keterampilan akuntansi berbasis SAK ETAP dan tatakelola keuangan berbasis teknologi digital Android UMKM dapat ditingkatkan. Sehingga efisiensi dan kinerja usaha dapat tercapai. Terutama pada era pandemi Covid-19 dan normal baru, agar pelaku usaha UMKM tetap dapat eksis dan mampu berkompetisi dalam menghadapi persaingan usaha. Kata Kunci: umkm dan koperasi, efisiensi dan kinerja usaha, akuntansi berbasis android, digitalisasi takakelola keuangan, covid-19, normal baru. Abstract Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and Cooperatives are one of the pillars and backbone of the nation's economy, which absorbs a lot of labor and business opportunities in the informal sector. The Covid-19 pandemic and industrial disruption 4.0 have changed the socio-economic order; it also affects this type of industry. One of the challenges faced by MSMEs and Cooperatives today is the low accounting literacy and financial governance, coupled with the transformation of the socio-economic order from conventional to digital systems. One solution to increase the skill and knowledge of MSMEs and Cooperatives to the digital system related to accounting literacy and financial governance is through training, mentoring, and research. Pieces of training, mentoring, and research on MSMEs and Cooperative members are conducted by interacting directly through face-to-face and field observation. The implications of the results of this training, mentoring and study, recommend that the training and mentoring undertaken by academics in synergy with Cooperatives and MSMEs Government need to continue to be carried out on an ongoing basis. With continuous training and mentoring, literacy, and accounting skills based on SAK ETAP and financial governance based on Android, MSMEs can be improved to achieve the business's efficiency and performance. Especially in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic and the new normal, MSMEs are still available to exist and compete in the business competition. Keywords: msmes and cooperative, efficiency and business performance, android-based accounting, digitization of financial governance, covid-19, new normal.

Due to ever increasing demand, the electronics industry has been growing at a rapid pace, and therefore handling and management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has become one of the key problems in the modern world. Improper handling and management of WEEE in developing countries can cause a huge environmental damage and threats on human health. In some developed countries, policies have been set up and strategies have been implemented by aiming recuperation of materials from WEEE while conserving resources and controlling environmental pollution. For instance, in Japan, the home appliance recycling law like strategies have been implemented for achieving a recycling-oriented society. In this study, socio-economic and environmental effects from end-of-life home appliances recycling such as washing machines, Refrigerators, Air conditioners and Televisions have been assessed. Recycling mechanism of end-of-life home appliances in Fokuoka Prefecture under Japan's home appliances recycling law was evaluated via life cycle assessment perspective. Life cycle based methodology was developed for the assessment considering all the phases life cycle of WEEE recycling such as collection, primary and secondary transportation, pre-processing (dismantling), recycling and material recovery. Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and net resource savings potentials were quantified as the key indicators to measure the major environmental impacts while green jobs creation potential and income based community well-being was quantified to assess the socioeconomic attributes of end-of-life home appliances recycling. Further, recycling mechanism in India was assessed and the results obtained from the case studies was compared for identifying the most appropriate approach of recycling and then for supporting policy making process. In the case of Japan, the results demonstrated that it would be possible to avoid more than 50% of GHG emissions and 55-80% of abiotic resource consumption as for all kind WEEE recycling that would some way or another happen through the production of the equivalent amount of materials from conventional processes. Further, 165 employment opportunities have been created and an annual income of 686 million Japanese yen can be generated due to handling and managing of 700,000 units of WEEE. In the case of India WEEE management activities are shown lower GHG emissions potential from recycling process and therefore, it would positively contribute for more GHG savings and fossil resource savings by recuperating significant amount of materials from WEEE. The authors argue that this kind of tangible information will be helpful for decision and policy-making process and for strengthening and implementing a set of comprehensive policies and legislation for achieving a recycling-oriented society in Japan as well as other countries. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/Mijst.2016.23.183199 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

[Background] Population demography and gene flow among African groups, as well as the putative archaic introgression of ancient hominins, have been poorly explored at the genome level. ; [Results] Here, we examine 15 African populations covering all major continental linguistic groups, ecosystems, and lifestyles within Africa through analysis of whole-genome sequence data of 21 individuals sequenced at deep coverage. We observe a remarkable correlation among genetic diversity and geographic distance, with the hunter-gatherer groups being more genetically differentiated and having larger effective population sizes throughout most modern-human history. Admixture signals are found between neighbor populations from both hunter-gatherer and agriculturalists groups, whereas North African individuals are closely related to Eurasian populations. Regarding archaic gene flow, we test six complex demographic models that consider recent admixture as well as archaic introgression. We identify the fingerprint of an archaic introgression event in the sub-Saharan populations included in the models (~ 4.0% in Khoisan, ~ 4.3% in Mbuti Pygmies, and ~ 5.8% in Mandenka) from an early divergent and currently extinct ghost modern human lineage. ; [Conclusion] The present study represents an in-depth genomic analysis of a Pan African set of individuals, which emphasizes their complex relationships and demographic history at population level. ; This study was funded by the Spanish MINECO grants CGL-2013-44351-P, CGL-2016-75389-P, and the "Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu" MDM2014-0370. BLG was supported with a Beatriu de Pinós (BP-DGR 2014) fellowship. O.L. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MEIC) with reference RYC-2013-14797, a BFU2015-68759-P (MEIC/FEDER) grant and the support of Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 937). O.L. also acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MEIC) to the EMBL partnership; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa; CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MEIC) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Generalitat de Catalunya through Departament de Salut and Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement; the co-financing by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MEIC) with funds from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) corresponding to the 2014-2020 Smart Growth Operating Program. GSV was supported by a FI (2017FI_B2 00010) scholarship. LFKK was supported by an FPI fellowship associated with BFU2014-55090-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE). VNP was financially supported by the Ministry of Health, Government of Catalonia [grant SLT002/16/00496] and a grant from Otto A. Malmi Foundation (Finland). TMB is supported by BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), U01 MH106874 grant, Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social >La Caixa> and Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880).

Presently,people are facing a condition called VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) where this condition is described as a turbulent, uncertain, complicated, unclear condition. The world of work and industry is changing quickly, driven by the development of technology, information and communication. Advances in computer technology, artificial, intelligence, robotics which is also called as the industrial revolution 4.0 eras, are of significant influence on environment and people. A time where humans must learn quickly, and an era where the future is unpredictable, where choices for various conditions are increasing and mindsets are changing.The big challenge for educational institutions, especially Islamic educational institutions today, is how to prepare young peopleon various aspects of cognitive, mental, and spiritual preparedness to face the changing environment. Development in the real world is far more complex than what is learned in the classroom, so it is necessary to educate and transform curriculum that is directed in accordance with the demands of present times. The 6th International Conference on emerging trends in technology for education in facing VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity) is designed not only to share research, but also to offer recommendations to governments, educational institutions and other stakeholders to improve the quality of education through technology-based educational programs. The conference was held by Faculty of Education UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Scholars, researchers, policy makers, teachers, and students from various countries participated and worked together to discuss how to improve the quality of education in the Muslim community. Guided by UIN Jakarta, the 6th ICEMS of 2020 provided opportunities for various educational stakeholders especially in Muslim Communities around the world to share their creative and innovative works, opinions, and experiences in open academic forums.

This book explores how gender equality, a central part of the Nordic imaginary, is used in the political communication of Nordic states. The analyses presented move beyond conventional images and discourses of Nordic gender- and women-friendliness by critically investigating how and to what extent gender equality serves nation-branding in the Nordic region. Nation-branding is an unescapable part of globalisation, which is a market-oriented process dominated by the West and predicated on the creation of winners and losers. Hence, efforts to strengthen the national brand or reputation of specific Nordic countries with the aid of gender equality as a political and symbolic value inevitably help to reinforce already established global hierarchies where the Nordics play the role of moral superpower. This book comprises scholars from various fields of specialisation, and provides evidence and understanding for the growing interaction between gender-equality policies and nation-branding in all five Nordic countries. It does so by exploring a variety of policy fields and issues including women's rights, foreign policy, rape and legislation, female quotas and business policies, in addition to the index industry. The rise of the global indexes has reproduced forceful images of the Nordic countries as frontrunners of gender equality, which indeed help the Nordic countries to further position themselves as 'best at being good'. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of Nordic gender equality in political science, sociology, law, criminology, political psychology and history, as well as those interested in nation branding, Nordic studies and exceptionalism. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003017134, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

What is online risk? How can we best protect children from it? Who should be responsible for this protection? Is all protection good? Can Internet users trust the industry? These and other fundamental questions are discussed in this book. Beginning with the premise that the political and democratic processes in a society are affected by the way in which that society defines and perceives risks, Children in the Online World offers insights into the contemporary regulation of online risk for children (including teens), examining the questions of whether such regulation is legitimate and whether it does in fact result in the sacrifice of certain fundamental human rights. The book draws on representative studies with European children concerning their actual online risk experiences as well as an extensive review of regulatory rationales in the European Union, to contend that the institutions of the western European welfare states charged with protecting children have changed fundamentally, at the cost of the level of security that they provide. In consequence, children at once have more rights with regard to their personal decision making as digital consumers, yet fewer democratic rights to participation and protection as 'digital citizens'. A theoretically informed, yet empirically grounded study of the relationship between core democratic values and the duty to protect young people in the media-sphere, Children in the Online World will appeal to scholars and students across the social sciences with interests in new technologies, risk and the sociology of childhood and youth.

Book: The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

This article discusses the life of Suku Anak Dalam or usually called as SAD who live in rural area of Jambi Province, Indonesia. Transmigration program at SAD area in Merangin Regency creates multi-language areas. Transmigration and multilanguage makes SAD life experiences social change and its origin language and culture are threatened of extinction. Another factor is Industry Revolution 4.0 that has given positive impact towards SAD life. Beside that, its negative impact is that the cultural heritage which is the nation civilization can be extinct. Therefore an effort of maintaining the language needs to be done. A qualitative research was used to describe the data. Beside that, this article is also a multidisciplinary science in this case studying the social change occurs in SAD life then sociology study was employed. Meanwhile, language plan in the effort of maintaining the language is a language science study especially sociolinguistics. The research data were obtained from interview result and field observation. Social changes that occur in SAD life are residences, using communication devices, owning religion, vehicle, and fashion style. There are seven languages used in the transmigration area such as SAD language, Malay language, Indonesian language (national language), Javanese, Minangese, Sundanese, and Batak Language. The efforts for conserving the language done by the government (The Ministry of Education and Culture, Jambi Province Government, Jambi Language Center) are making the policy and SAD language dictionary but these actions are not optimal yet. Beside that, SAD also has done some actions in the effort of maintaining their language and culture. Based on the findings of this research, a special attention about SAD life is pivotal so that their language and culture do not become extinct.

[EN] Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are introduced to tackle the packing problem. The scheduling in Additive Manufacturing (AM) is also dealt with to set up a managed market, called "Lonja3D". This will enable to determine an alternative tool through the combinatorial auctions, wherein the customers will be able to purchase the products at the best prices from the manufacturers. Moreover, the manufacturers will be able to optimize the production capacity and to decrease the operating costs in each case. ; This research has been partially financed by the project: "Lonja de Impresión 3D para la Industria 4.0 y la Empresa Digital (LONJA3D)" funded by the Regional Government of Castile and Leon and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF, FEDER) with grant VA049P17 ; Castillo-Rivera, S.; De Antón, J.; Del Olmo, R.; Pajares, J.; López-Paredes, A. (2020). Genetic algorithms for the scheduling in additive manufacturing. International Journal of Production Management and Engineering. 8(2):59-63. https://doi.org/10.4995/ijpme.2020.12173 ; OJS ; 59 ; 63 ; 8 ; 2 ; Ahsan, A., Habib, A., Khoda, B. (2015). Resource based process planning for additive manufacturing. Computer-Aided Design, 69, 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2015.03.006 ; Araújo, L., Özcan, E., Atkin, J., Baumers, M., Tuck, C., Hague, R. (2015). Toward better build volume packing in additive manufacturing: classification of existing problems and benchmarks. 26th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium - an Additive Manufacturing Conference, 401-410. ; Berman, B. (2012). 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business Horizons, 55: 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2011.11.003 ; Canellidis, V., Dedoussis, V., Mantzouratos, N., Sofianopoulou, S. (2006). Preprocessing methodology for optimizing stereolithography apparatus build performance. Computers in Industry, 57, 424-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2006.02.004 ; Chergui, A., Hadj-Hamoub, K., Vignata, F. (2018). Production scheduling and nesting in additive ...

This paper discusses the integration of emergent ICTs, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), the Arrowhead Framework, and the best practices from the area of condition monitoring and maintenance. These technologies are applied, for instance, for roller element bearing fault diagnostics and analysis by simulating faults. The authors first undertook the leading industry standards for condition-based maintenance (CBM), i.e., open system architecture–condition-based maintenance (OSA–CBM) and Machinery Information Management Open System Alliance (MIMOSA), which has been working towards standardizing the integration and interchangeability between systems. In addition, this paper highlights the predictive health monitoring methods that are needed for an effective CBM approach. The monitoring of industrial machines is discussed as well as the necessary details are provided regarding a demonstrator built on a metal sheet bending machine of the Greenbender family. Lastly, the authors discuss the benefits of the integration of the developed prototypes into a service-oriented platform, namely the Arrowhead Framework, which can be instrumental for the remotization of maintenance activities, such as the analysis of various equipment that are geographically distributed, to push forward the grand vision of the servitization of predictive health monitoring methods for large-scale interoperability. ; The present work has been part of the MANTIS Cyber-Physical System based Proactive Collaborative Maintenance project, which has received funding from the Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 662189. The work was further developed in the context of the Productive 4.0 project, which has received funding from the Electronic Component Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 737459. The ECSEL Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research program. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations, thanks to a generous grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The histories of East and West Germany traditionally emphasize the Cold War rivalries between the communist and capitalist nations. Yet, even as the countries diverged in their political directions, they had to create new ways of working together economically. This book examines the material culture of increasing economic contacts in divided Germany from the 1940s until the 1990s. Trade events, such as fairs and product shows, became one of the few venues for sustained links and knowledge between the two countries after the building of the Berlin Wall. The book uses industrial design, epitomized by the furniture industry, to show how a network of politicians, entrepreneurs, and cultural brokers attempted to nationally re-inscribe their production cultures, define a postwar German identity, and regain economic stability and political influence in postwar Europe. What started as a competition for ideological superiority between East and West Germany quickly turned into a shared, politically legitimizing quest for an untainted post-fascist modernity. This work follows products from the drawing board into the homes of ordinary Germans to offer insights into how converging visions of German industrial modernity created shared expectations about economic progress and living standards. The book reveals how intra-German and European trade policies drove the creation of products and generated a certain convergence of East and West German taste by the 1980s.

The objective of this paper is to explain the importance of teacher's role in improving the quality of education in Indonesia particularly in facing the era of industry revolution 4.0. It is undeniable that the quality of teachers in Indonesia is really low. It can be seen through the fact that the output of Indonesian education, based on the data from Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM), is in the 10th rank out of 14 developing countries in the world, while the quality of teacher is in the 14th rank of of 14 developing countries in the world. There are 4 factors that contribute to the low quality of teachers: teachers' inaccurate perspective on their profession, qualification of teachers who are not bachelors, low professional development and research, and ineffective teacher recruitment method. The research method used in this paper is literature research with showing arguments from literature reviews and authors' ideas. Research shows that a good quality of Indonesian education can be achieved through three things: first is through continuously increasing teacher's understanding of the duty and calling in the education world through professional development programs and school mentoring. The second way is through supervision and correct application of UU No 14 tahun 2005 about teacher and lecturer. Government has to collaborate with private parties and universities to from a research forum to improve the quality of teaching profession. The third way is to better the ineffective teacher recruitment strategy, the government and school leadership have to apply the accuracy principle in recruitment, which is the accuracy of individual and organization, between teacher and school, between teacher and student, and as well the accuracy between teacher qualification and teaching context.

This is the second volume of the Advances in Global Services and Retail Management Book Series. This volume has the following parts: Part 1: Hospitality and Tourism Part 2: Marketing, E-marketing, and Consumer Behavior Part 3: Management Part 4: Human Resources Management Part 5: Retail Management Part 6: Economics Part 7: Accounting and Finance Part 8: Sustainability and Environmental Issues Part 9: Information Technology ISBN: 978-1-955833-03-5 Hospitality and Tourism Significance of VR in the spa: A spatial analysis Irini Lai Fun Tang, Schultz Zhi Bin Xu, and Eric Chan Social media marketing in rural hospitality and tourism destination research Samuel Adeyinka-Ojo and Shamsul Kamariah Abdullah All aboard! Is space tourism still a fantasy or a reality: An investigation on Turkish market Emrah Tasarer, Vahit Oguz Kiper, Orhan Batman, and Oguz Turkay Strategic consciousness and business performance relationship of open innovation strategies in food and beverage businesses Muhsin Halis, Kazim Ozan Ozer, Hasan Cinnioglu, and Zafer Camlibel The effects of COVID-19 epidemic on guided tours and alternative tour samples from Turkey Bayram Akay The effect of COVID-19 phobia on holiday intention Halil Akmese and Ali Ilgaz The effect of the usage of virtual reality in tourism education on learning motivation Sarp Tahsin Kumlu and Emrah Ozkul The impact of effective implementation of customer relationship management to the success of hotels in Afikpo North local government of Ebonyi State, Nigeria Ogboagha Callister and Managwu Lilian The influence of study travel on quality-oriented education: The case of Handan, China Wang Jingya and Alaa Nimer Abukhalifeh The impact of U.S. Cuba policies on Cuban tourism industry: Focus on the Obama and Trump Administration Jukka M. Laitamaki, Antonio Diaz Medina, and Lisandra Torres Hechavarria Determination of students' characteristics and perspectives about social entrepreneurship: A case of Anadolu University Muhammed Kavak, Ipek Itir Can, and Emre Ozan Aksoz The place of Kazakhstan tourism sector in the countries of the region in terms of transportation infrastructure Maiya Myrzabekova, Muhsin Halis, and Zafer Camlibel What are tour guides most praised for? A sharing economy perspective Derya Demirdelen-Alrawadieh and Ibrahim Cifci An examination of representations for USA in tourism brochures for Chinese market Yasong Wang An exploratory study on cognitive internship perception of tourism students Ozge Buyuk and Gulsah Akkus Are you afraid to travel during COVID-19? 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