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The book provides a comprehensive overview of the Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure – CLARIN – for the humanities. It covers a broad range of CLARIN language resources and services, its underlying technological infrastructure, the achievements of national consortia, and challenges that CLARIN will tackle in the future. The book is published 10 years after establishing CLARIN as an Europ. Research Infrastructure Consortium.

"The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching" is a collection of seminal papers explaining the theoretical background to the notional, functional and communicative approaches to English language teaching. The papers are linked by commentaries drawing attention to points of central importance and indicating how the various ideas discussed relate to each other. The book is divided into four main sections: the linguistic background; the background to teaching; applications and techniques; and methodological perspectives. It should prove an invaluable aid for the trainee teacher who wishes to understand the development of the ideas behind current educational theories.

For the first time Russian and Western philosophical traditions distinction is spent as basic distinction of language basic. Russian tradition is based on language-symbol priority, western – on languagesign domination.

This article, relying on Bakhtin's approach to canonization, demonstrates an empirical link between language and ideology. The authors employ content and discourse analysis to examine political discourse exemplified in editorial writing as a particular speech genre. They scrutinize editorials in four newspapers published in Catalonia, two of them in Castilian and two in Catalan. Despite political differences between the papers in each language, the authors discern a Catalan‐language discourse style that differs significantly from the Caslilian‐language discourse style. They conclude that the historically canonized discourse styles, different in Catalonia's Castilian and Catalan press, reflect the intimate relationship between language of use and ideology.

ISSP DataWizard - Computer Assisted Merging and Archiving of Distributed International Comparative Data

AbstractProgram evaluation has been all but eliminated from government as a normal part of program management and needs to be rebuilt. Although early evaluation efforts can be criticized as costly, time‐consuming, and in need of clearer focus, critics overlook the fact that evaluation is a relatively new profession and will require time to develop a solid place in public management.

Background: Policy makers seek to replace the "thumbs up–thumbs down" of conventional hypothesis testing with statements about the probability that program effects on key outcomes exceed policy-relevant thresholds. Objective: We develop a Bayesian model that addresses the shortcomings of a typical frequentist approach to estimating the effects of the Comprehensive Primary Care (CPC) initiative, a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services demonstration. We compare findings from the two approaches to illustrate the relative merits of introducing additional assumptions through Bayesian methods. Research design: We apply Bayesian and frequentist methods to estimate the effects of CPC on total Medicare expenditures per beneficiary per month for Medicare beneficiaries attributed to participating practices. Under both paradigms, we estimated program effects using difference-in-differences regressions comparing the change in Medicare expenditures between baseline and follow-up for Medicare patients attributed to 497 primary care practices participating in CPC to Medicare patients attributed to 908 propensity score-matched comparison practices. Results: Results from the Bayesian and frequentist models are comparable for the overall sample, but in regional subsamples, the Bayesian model produces more precise etimates that exhibit less variation over time. The Bayesian results also permit probabilistic inference about the magnitudes of effects, offering policy makers the ability to draw conclusions about practically meaningful thresholds. Conclusions: Carefully developed Bayesian models can enhance precision and plausibility and offer a more nuanced understanding of where and when program effects occur, without imposing undue assumptions. At the same time, these methods frame conclusions in flexible, intuitive terms that respond directly to policy makers' needs.

AbstractA number of scholars have recently shown that key social policy concepts like 'welfare state' are both vague and problematic. Drawing on the international literature on the role of ideas in social policy, this article compares the development of two major policy concepts in two countries where the language of social policy is openly contentious: the USA and France. Focusing on the last three decades, the article discusses the meaning and development of the concepts of 'social security'/'sécurité sociale' and 'welfare state'/'État‐providence' in both countries. As suggested, these two concepts have long been controversial, in part because they are typically involved in the inherently political drawing and redrawing of the contested boundaries of state action. Overall, the article explains how the comparative analysis of social policy language can help scholars adopt a more reflexive approach.

Defenders of politically correct language claim that it is a civilizing influence on society, that it discourages the use of words that have negative or offensive connotations and thereby grants respect to people who are the victims of unfair stereotypes. In this view, the purpose and effect of politically correct language are to prevent bullying and offensive behavior and to replace terms loaded with offensive undertones with allegedly impartial words. So, for example, people are discouraged from referring to someone with a mental disability as 'mentally retarded' and instead encouraged to refer to him as being 'differently abled' or as 'having special needs.' Similarly, one can no longer refer to 'garbagemen' or even the gender-neutral 'garbage collectors'-no, they are 'environmental service workers,' thank you very much! Adapted from the source document.

In a classroom of preschool deaf children, language development proceeds slowly and is based on clear communication, frequent repetitions, basic sentences, and an environment which stimulates and rewards communication attempts. The majority of children go home after school to a situation devoid of true symbolic communication, no matter how loving and well-intentioned the family is. Children whose parents sign to them demonstrate an obvious superiority in lanugage skills, as shown in records kept in the classroom. The records are kept primarily to provide reinforcement and guidance for the teacher, however, distinctions are clear concerning the home communication environment. The following study resulted from a 2¼-year record of one child's utterances which showed a growth in language skills and concepts that argues favorably for the use of Total Communication and Signed English in the home and school.

Publicat en accés amb el permís de l'editor / Published in open access with the permission of the publisher. ; The space domain demands increased performance, reliable and easy to verify and validate platforms tomatch the requirements of highly autonomous missions and systems that need to undergo qualification and certification against safety guidelines, and be commercialized worldwide minimizing export restrictions. Unfortunately, commercial platforms either fail to match domainspecific requirements for space (e.g. safety requirements), are limited by US export regulations, or simply fail both sets of requirements. This paper introduces De-RISC, a novel HW/SW platform meeting space requirements for safety- and mission-critical applications by construction, with explicit support to ease performance validation and diagnosis, and based on the RISC-V instruction set architecture. The De-RISC platform, which builds upon fentISS' XtratuM hypervisor and a Cobham Gaisler (CG) NOEL-V based MPSoC, will reach commercial maturity in 2022, and will be assessed against a space use case. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement EIC-FTI 869945. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

A report on a factor analysis of the dimensional structure of crime victim programs in the 50 US states. Programs designed to aid victims through public action (eg, victim compensation programs) tend to be found in more metropolitan states & in states with higher crime rates. However, mandatory restitution programs tend to exist in sparsely populated states that have conservative electorates & conservative Republican parties. Adoption of restitution programs, which make no claim on the public treasury, is essentially unrelated to the amount of crime in the state. 4 Tables, 39 References. Modified AA