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This volume was prepared by Jens Ruhose while he was working at the Ifo Institute. It was completed in December 2014 and accepted as a doctoral thesis by the Department of Economics at the University of Munich. It includes four self-contained chapters that contribute to the understanding of the performance of migrants in the host society and the impact of migrants on the citizens of these societies. Given a large increase in the migrant population of many developed countries in recent decades, it is important to know both how migrants integrate into the host countries and how immigration affects natives. - The introduction in Chapter 1 of the volume summarizes three studies of the author that deal with explanations for migrant selection and the importance of migrant selection to labor force quality. Chapter 2 quantifies non-pecuniary migration costs that are incurred due to selective migration along cultural traits. Chapter 3 discusses whether early performance-based tracking of children into different school types impede migrant integration. Chapters 4 and 5 cover the effect of immigration on the host societies by showing that growing up in high immigration area increases intergenerational income mobility among natives and by showing that immigration may, under specific circumstances, increase crime.

The level of urbanization has increased from 17.2% to 49.7% in the last three decades. The urbanization process in Java is occurring more dramatically and rapidly compared to that in outer Java. There is a growing trend of urbanization in the Java Islands, where the level of urbanization has increased from 11.55% to 33.64% in 1971-2010. The ratio of urban population of all the provinces in Indonesia was greater than 20% in 2010 exclude East Nusa Tenggara. There is a strong positive relationship between the level of regional economic development and level of urbanization. Evaluation of urbanization can be improved from two aspects: first, the forward conditions of urbanization can be analyzed, such as the number of non-farm jobs, infrastructure level and the supply capacity of public services. Second, the forward effects of urbanization should be comprehensively evaluated, including economic, social, and environmental sustainability.

Successive censuses have shown that the Aboriginal populations of Canada are very mobile with strong tendencies to move to urban areas, but little is known about the consequences of these circular movements on the development of First Nations, the welfare of individual members and their families, and the costs and benefits to their larger communities. This article reviews the large body of literature on the nexus between mobility and development of countries in the developing world with a view to developing insights that may be relevant to the development of First Nation communities. While there are clear differences, the two contexts may be similar enough – in terms of socio-economic well-being, service levels, and institutional barriers to socio-economic development – for such analysis to contribute to understanding the effects of migration on the migrants themselves, their households, and their communities and countries of origin. The experience of developing countries suggest that there are positive gains not only in earnings but also in education and health for those who move internally and more so for those able to move internationally, even if there remain some concerns about negative effects on migrants' families left behind, especially on the children. What seems clear is that migration plays an important role in family survival strategies. Money migrants send home finance the education of children, enable better health care, and improve housing. They shield migrants' families against all kinds of "shocks". However, emigration may reduce the human capital stock (brain drain), thus adversely affecting productivity. The loss of health professionals can set back critical medical services in remote communities, and disrupt formal and informal systems for transferring know-how. These "spill-over effects" or externalities on origin communities can be significant, imposing burdens on those left behind. Finally, the article looks at how diaspora communities have served as sources of information, linkages, or networks with businesses, markets for sovereign bonds, mediums for the transfer of technology and know-how, and a market for tourism.

How do social group boundaries evolve? Does the appearance of a new outgroup change the ingroup's perceptions of other outgroups? We introduce a conceptual framework of context-dependent categorization, in which exposure to one minority leads to recategorization of other minorities as in- or outgroups depending on perceived distances across groups. We test this framework by studying how Mexican immigration to the US affected White Americans' attitudes and behaviors towards Black Americans. We combine survey and crime data with a difference-in-differences design and an instrumental variables strategy. Consistent with the theory, Mexican immigration improves Whites' racial attitudes, increases support for pro-Black government policies and lowers anti-Black hate crimes, while simultaneously increasing prejudice against Hispanics. Results generalize beyond Hispanics and Blacks and a survey experiment provides direct evidence for recategorization. Our findings imply that changes in the size of one group can affect the entire web of inter-group relations in diverse societies.

In a world in transition and an era of transformation, Mahtaney calls for reflection and an analysis of a wide canvas of global economic experience. Her new work initiates a thorough review of the strategies and policies that have been pursued over the past two decades. The economic meltdown compelled the beginning of the next phase of globalization and she contends that the future will see an increase in globalization. As crucial questions arise about the direction in which globalization is headed and the sustainability of economic growth and reform, the fundamental objective of this exciting work is to elucidate crucial insights about the next phase of development in the world economy.

This paper seeks to extend discussion of the areas of state activity that are relevant to economic performance. It does this by linking several literatures that are now usually considered in isolation from each other. These are institutionalist theory, developmental state theory, and comparative and historical institutionalism. The paper focuses particularly on the experience of the east Asian developmental states. The paper suggests a new role for the state as catalyst in the formation of ideas, choice sets and motives concerning economic performance. It can play this role at national and policy community levels and in relation to desired overall outcomes, export or cluster development and innovation. The notion that economic globalization will inexorably drive convergence between states is discounted. On the contrary, this is as likely to nourish miscomprehension or incomprehension between citizens of different states. This is an additional reason for attending to the quality of opinion formation by states.

International courts are called upon to decide upon a wide range of issues of global importance, yet public knowledge of international judges and the process by which they are appointed remains very limited. Drawing on empirical research, this book explains how the judges who sit on international courts are selected

CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION 9 New wars 11 Dilemma 1: the absence of 14 Dilemma 2: Theory 16 Dilemma 3: Text 20 II. FEMINIST POSITIONING ON GENDER CONSTRUCTS 23 Mix of Methodology 27 II. 1. GENDERED CITIZENSHIP 35 Civic Myth 42 Gendered Citizenship 44 Southern Sudan: Citizen Perspective 46 Militarized Gendered Citizenship 48 II. 2. FEMINIST CONFLICT THEORY 52 Origin of Feminist Conflict Theory 52 Basic Assumptions of International Relations and Feminist Conflict Theory 54 Power and Control: How to create a myth 58 Myth of Protection and Security 60 Myth of Caretakers 62 II. 3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE GENDERED BODY 67 Soldier Bodies 69 Caretaker Bodies 72 Female Soldier Bodies 73 III. WAR 81 Power 82 Power State – State of Power 84 III. 1. TECHNIQUES OF STATE FORMATION 87 III. 2 STATE FORMATION AS THE END OF INNOCENCE 95 Changes in the Dimensions of War 96 The Commodification of Killing 98 The War Machine 99 Logic of War 100 Changes in Speed and Space 103 Changes in Economic and State Dimension 108 Eros of War 111 III. 3 MODELS OF INSURGENCIES 114 Civil war 114 Just War 116 Political and military dimensions 118 Insurgencies 122 Warlord Insurgency – Personal Rule 129 Refugee Camps as State Models 132 III. 4. ACCEPTANCE OF MILITARY RULE IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT 134 Post Colonial Regimes 140 State 142 Soldier-Ruler and Military States 145 Civil Society 147 Army Constitutes State 148 Nation State 150 Ethnicity 155 Economy 157 Foreign Powers and Militarizm 162 III. 5. HISTORY AND DYNAMICS OF INSURGENCY IN SUDAN 165 Representation Vanguard 166 Regular Army – Revolutionary Force 169 Historical Background and the Evolution of the Guerilla 170 Identity in Internal Liberation Struggle 171 Southern Parties 175 AnyaNya 186 III. 6. SUDAN PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY/MOVEMENT 191 Discipline and Control 194 Leadership 196 AnyaNya II 205 Nasir Faction, South Sudan Independence Movement/Army and SPLA United 207 Political Assessment 210 Economic Factors of Armed Groups 212 III. 7. THE POLITICAL PROFILE AND ORIENTATION OF THE SUDAN PEOPLE's ...