Suchergebnisse

Tiefgreifender Wandel für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung impliziert immer noch als erstes die Frage: Wer oder was soll sich in welche Richtung wandeln? Das Wer oder Was wird mittlerweile durchgängig so beantwortet, dass die herkömmlichen Produktions- und Konsummuster, -logiken oder -strukturen geändert werden müssen, um eine dauerhafte Wirtschaftsweise zu ermöglichen. Die Zielgruppe der Veränderung sind alle wirtschaftenden Einheiten, folglich die Konsumenten, die Unternehmen, die sozialen Systeme der Gesellschaft, der Staat und letztlich sogar die Weltgemeinschaft insgesamt. Die Querschnittsarbeitsgruppe Steuerung und Transformation im Förderschwerpunkt Sozialökologische Forschung des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (QAG) versucht, die in den geförderten Projekten immanenten Verständnisse von Transformation und Steuerung zu einer nachhaltigen Wirtschaftsweise zu identifizieren, Gemeinsamkeiten und Gegensätze herauszuarbeiten, um Elemente einer Steuerungstheorie sozial-ökologischer Transformationsprozesse zu ermitteln. Die Autoren gehen davon aus, dass zwar klar ist, dass sich das Beziehungsmuster Gesellschaft - Natur ändern muss, dass aber unklar ist, wie die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Gesellschaft und Natur letztlich funktionieren, was Nachhaltigkeit in diesem Sinne schlussendlich bedeutet und wie die Akteure ohne zentrale Kontrolle zu verändertem Verhalten bewegt werden sollen. Bezogen auf dieses Problemverständnis von Nachhaltigkeit verfolgt der Beitrag verfolgt drei Erkenntnisziele: (1) Rationalität als Maßstab des Handels soll gestärkt werden. (2) Es gibt verschiedene Rationalitäten, auch im ökonomischen Kontext. (3) Rationalitäten als Werkzeuge werden nur handlungsleitend in einem Wertekontext. (ICD2)

This article describes 30 instructional resources produced by the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis suitable to address topics related to diversity and inclusion in the undergraduate economics classroom. These resources employ FRED® data to broach a wide range of topics in the areas of gender, race, and inequality. The resources take the form of FRED Blog Reading Questions and Answers, Page One Economics essays, and Lesson Plans. Borrowing from the science, technology, mathematics, and engineering literature, we argue for the use of examples and demonstrations that draw connections between formal instruction and the social context of the learning process itself. To that end, we put forward examples for leveraging economics data from FRED® in instructional settings emphasizing active learning and the development of practical data-related skills. JEL codes: A10, A22

To make Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and services accountable and regulated in the European Union market, in April 2021, the European Union Parliament published a proposal `Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)', widely known as Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act). Since then, many concerns have been raised in terms of compliance and whether the regulations are enforceable. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of them provided an explicit technical analysis of the challenges in enforcing the regulation. Among 85 Articles in the AI Act, we emphasize on the Article 10, the central regulatory requirement for data and data governance. In this paper, we have analyzed a specific requirement, the data quantity, to show the challenges of enforcing this requirement in a principled way. In our analysis, we have used deep learning modeling and machine learning generalization theory.

PurposeThis study aims to conduct the first original research on mass fatality management in nearly 30 years.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research design captured local perspectives within a culturally‐appropriate context to examine roles and responsibilities of government officials within the State of Tamil Nadu and District of Naggapattinam (spellings reflect the most commonly‐used local choice), India. Research data were gathered in the context of the Indian Ocean Tsunami that claimed nearly 300,000 lives across approximately 13 nations.FindingsLocal officials and residents faced unprecedented challenges during the hours immediately following the tsunami. These included removing debris that covered bodies, body identification, health and sanitation issues, and the necessity of creating mass graves. The findings identify prior experience with disasters, familiarity with the local area, the quality of pre‐existing networks among officials, a strong desire to rescue those yet living and the presence of linkages between government and non‐governmental organizations as critical factors affecting an expedited management process.Practical implicationsPractical implications include the value of general disaster training that can transcend specific circumstances, the pre‐establishment of mutual aid agreements, strong lines of horizontal and vertical cooperation and inter‐organizational coordination and an understanding of local culture and customs.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to scant social science understanding of mass fatality management processes and furthers a line of inquiry applicable to a wide variety of hazards such as pandemics, terrorism and natural events.

The integration of scientific knowledge about possible climate change impacts on water resources has a direct implication on the way water policies are being implemented and evolving. This is particularly true regarding various technical steps embedded into the EU Water Framework Directive river basin management planning, such as risk characterisation, monitoring, design and implementation of action programmes and evaluation of the "good status" objective achievements (in 2015). The need to incorporate climate change considerations into the implementation of EU water policy is currently discussed with a wide range of experts and stakeholders at EU level. Research trends are also on-going, striving to support policy developments and examining how scientific findings and recommendations could be best taken on board by policy-makers and water managers within the forthcoming years. This paper provides a snapshot of policy discussions about climate change in the context of the WFD river basin management planning and specific advancements of related EU-funded research projects. Perspectives for strengthening links among the scientific and policy-making communities in this area are also highlighted.

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we develop a new estimation method that is suitable for censored models with two high dimensional fixed effects and that is based on a sequence of least squares regressions, yielding significant savings in computing time and hence making it applicable to frameworks in which standard estimation techniques become unfeasible. We propose to apply this estimation method to investigate the role of firms in individual wage variation. Using a longitudinal match employer‐employee dataset from Spain, we show that the analysis of wage determination can be misleading when wages are censored. In particular, the role of firm wage policies in wage dispersion is overestimated by more than ten percentage points, while the role of time‐invariant individual characteristics is underestimated by fifteen percentage points. Hence, controlling for censored wages appears to reinforce the idea that when explaining individual wage dispersion, what workers 'are' is more important than what workers 'do'.

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature on poverty dynamics in the U.S. It surveys the most prevalent data, theories, and methods used to answer three key questions: How likely are people to enter, exit, and reenter poverty? How long do people remain in poverty? And what events are associated with entering and exiting poverty? The paper then analyzes the combined findings of the literature, discussing overarching patterns of poverty dynamics, differences among demographic groups, and how poverty probabilities, duration, and events have changed over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and avenues for future research. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

Data quality is becoming an increasingly important issue in environments characterized by extensive data replication. Among such environments, this article focuses on cooperative information systems (CISs), for which it is very important to declare and access quality of data. The article describes a general methodology for evaluating quality of data, and the design of an architectural component, named quality factory, that implements quality evaluation of XML data. The detailed design and implementation of a further service, named data quality broker, are presented. The data quality broker accesses data and related quality distributed in the CIS and improves quality of data by comparing different copies present in the system. The data quality broker has been implemented as a peer-to-peer service and a set of experiments on real data show its effectiveness and performance behavior.

Im Verlauf der letzten 40 Jahre wurden für Forschung mittels Fallstudien substanzielle methodologische Weiterentwicklungen erzielt. Hieraus sind pragmatische und flexible Zugangsweisen erwachsen, die ein tiefgehendes Verständnis unterschiedlichster Themen für zahlreiche Disziplinen erlauben. Wandel und Fortschritt resultierten aus der parallelen historischen Entwicklung von Forschungsansätzen und den Design-Präferenzen, -Perspektiven und -Interpretationen individueller Forscher/innen. Letztere gehören verschiedenen Wissenschaftsrichtungen zu, sie arbeiten vor dem Hintergrund ebenfalls unterschiedlicher philosophischer Annahmen und mit einer großen Vielfalt an Definitionen und konkreten methodischen Umsetzungen. Insbesondere für Forschende, die sich neu und ohne Vorwissen für Fallstudien entscheiden, resultiert hieraus einige Konfusion. Wir befassen uns deshalb in diesem Beitrag zunächst mit der Geschichte dieses Ansatzes und mit seinen methodologischen Variationen. Anschließend skizzieren wir einige Leitlinien, die aus unserer Perspektive essenziell sind und hoffentlich für Forschende, die an der Nutzung von Fallstudien in ihrer Arbeit interessiert sind, Hilfen bei der Wahl zwischen den verfügbaren Optionen bieten.

BACKGROUND: Key populations who bear a disproportionate burden of HIV, including female sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who use drugs, transgender people, and incarcerated populations, have been understudied, especially in the context of broadly generalized HIV epidemics. Program and investment planning documents often do not take into account the data that do exist. Prior systematic reviews have been comprehensive, but lack sustainability and relevance over time. This review aims to synthesize all available data for key populations and present the data through an accessible, updatable user-friendly graphic interface. The outputs of this systematic review will serve as a resource for decision-makers, providing government stakeholders and donors with the tools to make evidence-based decisions for national planning. METHODS: We will conduct a systematic review of data published or made available between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2019, that captures the burden of HIV, both prevalence and incidence estimates, HIV prevention and treatment cascades, key population size estimates, experienced violence, consistent condom use, and engagement with healthcare systems for female sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who use drugs, transgender people, and incarcerated populations. A team of reviewers will use Covidence to conduct two independent reviews of both title/abstract and full text for each article. REDCap will be used for data abstraction and storage. DISCUSSION: Findings from this systematic review and the development of the enhanced graphical interface to display data, along with ongoing efforts to build capacity among key stakeholders to better use and interpret available data, will help ensure that available epidemiologic data related to key populations can be appropriately used to guide large-scale HIV funding and programmatic responses. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROPSERO CRD42016047259 .

Social experiments can play an important role in policy research & policy making. It is necessary, however, to move beyond the narrow conception of experimentation that has dominated such efforts as the NJ guaranteed income experiment. While that effort is to be commended as a pioneering venture, it ignored important issues such as the way in which recipients of the guarantee perceived the experiment & its influence on their present & subsequent actions, the way in which policymakers viewed the experiment, & the impact of the experiment on the orientation & subsequent actions of the researchers themselves. A possible experiment in guaranteeing jobs is outlined, which would include: (1) development of a model that considers the relevant social systems affecting the experimental situation -- including subjects, policymakers, & researchers; (2) collecting data on experimental outcomes as well as on orientations of actors that guide action; (3) bringing together representatives of the several systems to discuss research results; & (4) achieving an overall view of how & why important persons in important social systems would react to turning the experimental effort into national policy. AA.