Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yakehalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yakehalli-1 Microwatershed of Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 426 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 68 ha by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 3 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 1 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75 - 100 cm) and 85 per cent soils are very shallow to shallow (0.75%) and 22 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 59 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 27 per cent is high (> 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus of the microwatershed. An area 52 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) and 34 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium of the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 67 per cent area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 6(1) Guava - 6(1) Maize 6(1) - Sapota - 6(1) Bajra 6(1) - Pomegranate - 6(1) Groundnut 6(1) - Musambi - 6(1) Sunflower - 6(1) Lime - 6(1) Redgram - 6(1) Amla 6(1) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - 6(1) Cotton - - Jackfruit - 6(1) Chilli 6(1) - Jamun - - Tomato 6(1) - Custard apple 6(1) - Brinjal 6(1) - Tamarind - - Onion 6(1) - Mulberry - 6(1) Bhendi 6(1) - Marigold 6(1) - Drumstick - 6(1) Chrysanthemum 6(1) - Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Yakehalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 54' 41.246" and 160 53' 0.287" and East longitude 770 10' 46.228" and 770 8' 51.112" covering an area of about 493.09 ha coming under Yakehalli, Baggalamadu and Samanapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Yakehalli-1 micro watersheds of Yakehalli sub-watershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 14 were marginal, (40.00 %) were small 10 (28.57%), 4 (11.43 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (59.33%) men and 61 (40.67 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (51.33%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 62.00 per cent illiterates, 29.32 per cent pre university education and 4.67 per cent attained graduation. About, 60.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.00 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 60.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 20.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 37.14 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.19 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.52. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 55.80 per cent (35.98 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.28 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 4.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Groundnut, ridge gourd, Cotton, Green gram and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. Out of the sample households 77.14 percent possessed bank account and 54.29 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 37.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. 2 Among the credit borrowed by households, 16.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 33.33 per cent from grameena bank. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Cotton, Groundnut, Green gram, Jowar and Ridge gouard was Rs.67020.33, 75701.54, 33109.11, 40710.07 and 40779.68 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.9, 1: 0.8, 1: 2.3, 1: 1.6, and 1: 0.7, respectively. Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 144040.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 80211.43 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 24 horticulture trees and 55 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2948.57 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 42.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Majority of the farmers (31.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 57.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 48.57 per cent of the households and 62.86 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (34.29%), pulses (28.57%) and oilseeds (54.29%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (60.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (31.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (54.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.00%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (48.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (62.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Goudgera Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 456 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 64 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) and 29 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 39 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 37 per cent clayey soils and 17 per cent are sandy soils at the surface. Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 91 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3). An area of about 7 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 47 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 21 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4), 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4-9.0) and 1 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (>9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon. About 60 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 27 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent low in available phosphorus. About 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 8 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent low. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 87 per cent. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 422(87) Sapota - - Maize - 107(22) Pomegranate - 315(64) Bajra - 422(86) Musambi - 315(64) Groundnut - 87(18) Lime - 315(64) Sunflower - 315(65) Amla - 422(86) Redgram - 233(47) Cashew - - Bengal gram 82 (17) 340(70) Jackfruit - - Cotton 82 (17) 340(70) Jamun - 315(64) Chilli - 422(86) Custard apple - 422(86) Tomato - 107(22) Tamarind - 315(64) Drumstick - 315(64) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 422(86) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 422(86) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Goudagera is located at North latitude 160 39' 31.328" and 160 38' 0.861" and East longitude 770 15' 4.974" and 770 13' 17.424" covering an area of about 492.85 ha coming under Gowdagera and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Goudagera micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 6 (16.67 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 10 (27.78 %) were Semi medium and 5 (13.89 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (48.53%) men and 105 (51.47 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (42.16%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.35 per cent illiterates, 40.19 per cent pre university education and 1.47 per cent attained graduation. About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.96 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 5.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 13.89 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 41.67 per cent possess bullock cart and 16.67 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent possess local cow and 33.33 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.68 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.13. Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.10 per cent (51.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.90 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 11.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2 Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.56 per cent. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram was Rs.27664.31, 39010.47, 28479.44, 25585.40 and 28479.44 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.50, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.90 respectively. Further, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 50.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 139136.11 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60108.33 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 83 horticulture trees and 185 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 102.78 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (19.44%) and oilseeds (8.33%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (5.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (2.78%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Goudgera Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 456 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 64 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) and 29 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm). About 39 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 37 per cent clayey soils and 17 per cent are sandy soils at the surface. Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 91 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3). An area of about 7 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 47 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 21 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4), 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4-9.0) and 1 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (>9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon. About 60 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 27 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent low in available phosphorus. About 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 8 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent low. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 87 per cent. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 422(87) Sapota - - Maize - 107(22) Pomegranate - 315(64) Bajra - 422(86) Musambi - 315(64) Groundnut - 87(18) Lime - 315(64) Sunflower - 315(65) Amla - 422(86) Redgram - 233(47) Cashew - - Bengal gram 82 (17) 340(70) Jackfruit - - Cotton 82 (17) 340(70) Jamun - 315(64) Chilli - 422(86) Custard apple - 422(86) Tomato - 107(22) Tamarind - 315(64) Drumstick - 315(64) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 422(86) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 422(86) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Goudagera is located at North latitude 160 39' 31.328" and 160 38' 0.861" and East longitude 770 15' 4.974" and 770 13' 17.424" covering an area of about 492.85 ha coming under Gowdagera and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Goudagera micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 6 (16.67 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 10 (27.78 %) were Semi medium and 5 (13.89 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (48.53%) men and 105 (51.47 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (42.16%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.35 per cent illiterates, 40.19 per cent pre university education and 1.47 per cent attained graduation. About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.96 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 5.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 13.89 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 41.67 per cent possess bullock cart and 16.67 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent possess local cow and 33.33 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.68 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.13. Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.10 per cent (51.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.90 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 11.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2 Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.56 per cent. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram was Rs.27664.31, 39010.47, 28479.44, 25585.40 and 28479.44 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.50, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.90 respectively. Further, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 50.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 139136.11 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60108.33 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 83 horticulture trees and 185 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 102.78 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (19.44%) and oilseeds (8.33%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (5.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (2.78%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 1015 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 883 ha (87%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 58 ha (6%) by rock outcrops and about 73 ha (7%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 87 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 38 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), 26 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) and about 14 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 26 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 23 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), about 68 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 17 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed. Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 2 per cent, about 45 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 40 per cent is low (1.0 ppm) in about 4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. An area of about 83 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 286(28) 305(37) Guava - 261(26) Maize 252(25) 410(40) Sapota - 261(26) Bajra 252(25) 410(40) Pomegranate - 395(39) Groundnut - 335(33) Musambi 35(3) 360(35) Sunflower 35(3) 360(35) Lime 35(3) 360(35) Redgram - 588(57) Amla 252(25) 118(12) Bengal gram 35(3) 99(10) Cashew - - Cotton 35(3) 359(35) Jackfruit - 261(26) Chilli 126(12) 342(34) Jamun - 35(3) Tomato 126(12) 208(20) Custard apple 35(3) 433(43) Brinjal 126(12) 208(20) Tamarind - 35(3) Onion 126(12) 208(20) Mulberry - 261(26) Bhendi 126(12) 342(34) Marigold 126(12) 342(34) Drumstick - 296(29) Chrysanthemum 126(12) 342(34) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 50' 6.06" and 160 46' 4.614" and East longitude 770 8' 20.378'' and 770 6' 35.654" covering an area of about 1014.53 ha coming under Bheemanagara, Chamanahalli. Yadhagiri. B and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-2 micro watersheds of Yadgiri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bandehalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 2 (5.71%) were marginal, 23 (65.71%) were small and 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (56.21%) men and 67 (43.79 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4. Majority of the respondents (33.33%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 40.52 per cent illiterates, 49.02 per cent pre university education and 7.84 per cent attained graduation. About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 56.86 per cent of the household members. In the study area and 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 54.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 14.5 and hired labour (women) available was 10.83. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (43.62 ha) of the area is under dry condition. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2 The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum and Groundnut was Rs.24826.29, 23996.08, 17039.52 and 43988.83 and with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.90 and 1: 0.90 respectively. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 70237.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48865.71 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 164 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1257.14 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (34.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 94.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (2.86%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kunikeri-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 76 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by mining/industrial, 16 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. An area of about 47 per cent has loamy and 30 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 52 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 72 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 4 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 12 per cent are slightly acid (ph 6.0-6.5), 14 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 39 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH pH 7.8-8.4) and 0.75%) in 59 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in area of about 13 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 64 per cent in the microwatershed. About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 24 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 40 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144 (33) 45 (10) Sapota 144 (33) 29 (7) Maize 91 (21) 99 (22) Pomegranate 144 (33) 31 (7) Bajra 144 (33) 112 (25) Musambi 144 (33) 31 (7) Groundnut 53 (12) 237 (54) Lime 144 (33) 31 (7) Sunflower 144 (33) 2 (<1) Amla 144 (33) 186 (42) Red gram 144 (33) 2 (<1) Cashew 53 (12) 120 (27) Bengalgram 2 (<1) 225 (51) Jackfruit 144 (33) 29 (7) Cotton 144 (33) 45 (10) Jamun 144 (33) 31 (7) Chilli 144 (33) 43 (10) Custard apple 144 (33) 186 (42) Tomato 144 (33) 43 (10) Tamarind 144 (33) 28 (6) Brinjal <1 (<1) 221 (50) Mulberry 144 (33) 106 (24) Onion <1 (<1) 221 (50) Marigold 144 (33) 45 (10) Bhendi <1 (<1) 221 (50) Chrysanthemum 144 (33) 45 (10) Drumstick 144 (33) 77 (17) Jasmine 144 (33) 43 (10) Mango 144 (33) <1 (<1) Crossandra 144 (33) 43 (10) Guava 53 (12) 120 (27) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Kunikeri-2 is located at North latitude 150 18' 9.483" and 150 16' 46.442" and East longitude 760 14' 59.98'' and 760 13' 26.382" covering an area of about 440.89 ha coming under Kunakeri and Hirebaganala villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Kunikeri-2 micro watersheds of Karkihalli subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 11 (32.35 %) were marginal, 10 (29.41%)were small, 6 (17.65 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 73 (56.15%) men and 57 (43.85 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (40.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 46.15 per cent illiterates, 52.31 per cent pre university education and 3.08 per cent attained graduation. About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 59.23 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 88.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 2.94 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 23.53 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.33, women available in the micro watershed was 2.90, hired labour (men) available was 11.37 and hired labour (women) available was 10.4. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.79 per cent (42.23 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 9.21 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 2.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2 Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.88 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Cowpea and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.02 per cent. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Cowpea, Sunflower and 0 was Rs.28244.35 , 30308.95, 8072.04 and 41631.88 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 4.20 and 1: 2.30 respectively. Further, 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57382.35 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 44852.94 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 22 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 88.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants. Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (73.53%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 8.82 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 97.06 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (20.59%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (11.76%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (70.59%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (20.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52.94%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.41%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(23.53%) and Less rainfall (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Uzbekistan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).
Background Sustainable United Nations (SUN) is an initiative of UNEP that coordinates operational activities and supports different UN organizations in their efforts to implement the UN climate neutral strategy and environmental management systems (EMSs). The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Swedish EPA), with its long experience of working with international standards for EMS and coordinating and guiding 190 government agencies in their environmental management systems work, is supporting the work of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by advising the SUN team and building the capacity of UN entities to establish and maintain EMSs. The Swedish EPA - UNEP partnership (2014-2018), funded by Sida, is laying the foundations for the future mainstreaming of environmental management in UN. These efforts are focusing on the environmental impacts of internal management offacilities and operations1. A broader process hosted by the UN Environment ManagementGroup (EMG) encompasses both environmental and social impacts and expands the scope beyond facilities and operations to include programmes and projects. Collaboration with the EMG Secretariat is therefore an integral part of the partnership. An important issue for the donor is the gender perceptive, which should also be taken into consideration whenever relevant, when implementing and maintaining an EMS. One of the main purposes of the United Nations (UN) is to help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy,and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms2. For the UN tosucceed in its purposes and to be a credible organization, it needs to account for its environmental impact, reducing risks and unintended negative impacts and maximizing benefits to people and their environment. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were endorsed by the General Assembly in September 2015. These will function as a common basis for the work of all UN organizations. Implementing an EMS will provide UN agencies with a documented, systematic and transparent tool to motivate, track and report on progress over time, whilst working towards the internalisation of the environmental dimension of the SDGs in their management processes in a systematic manner. Purpose The purpose of the stocktaking exercise was to provide an overview of the current status of environmental management systems of different UN organizations, to make sure future activities in the Swedish EPA - UNEP partnership build on existing work, and to reach a better understanding of how to introduce EMSs to the UN system. Based on the findings made, the stocktaking exercise provides recommendations for improvements. Methodology The experts at the Swedish EPA, in collaboration with the SUN team and the sustainability focal points in the UN EMS Working Group, have conducted a stocktaking exercise on the stage of development and implementation of EMSs across the UN system. The stocktaking exercise report references EMS requirements under accepted international standards such as ISO 14001:2015, and is based on the Swedish EPA experts' experiences and findings in the field. Knowledge of the UN status quo on EMSs was obtained through reviews of documentation from a selection of UN organizations and UN bodies, and information from IMG focal points. Conclusions The stocktaking exercise shows that many UN organizations work actively on environmental issues both at corporate management level and in their programming. The results from a minor EMS survey conducted in April 2015 reflect that the majority of the responding organizations are in the initial stage of the EMS implementation. Given that the UN is governed by many Member States and driven by a political process, decision-making takes long time. There are a number of constraints under which the UN operates, particularly the many stakeholders with varied interests, which could make it difficult to secure a consensus around environmental measures. Implementing an EMS gives an opportunity for UN organizations to contribute to the One UN initiative for a more coherent and efficient delivery. The One UN reform is focused on more coherent programmes, strengthened accountability, monitoring and evaluation, and improved outcomes. An EMS directly supports this effort by providing a systematic and uniform approach to improved control, efficiency and reporting. EMS in UN organizations can bring many benefits. Implementing an EMS gives an opportunity for the UN organizations to demonstrate that they have relevant policiesand systems in place to satisfy the environmental requirements from stakeholders. The General Assembly has signalled expectations of the UN to walk the talk on sustainability measures, while environmental requirements are becoming a precondition for funding from donors such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF). EMS in UN organizations represents an opportunity to mainstream environmental considerations in policies, strategies, projects and programmes. Literature studies, experience from Swedish EPA's guidance to public agencies, and discussions with members if the EMS working group as part of the stocktaking exercise, confirms that it is very important for the implementation of any EMS to ensure that senior management and staff are all involved in its development and implementation. Experience from the work in guiding 190 public authorities in Sweden has shown that when organizations include both operations and facilitates, and programmes and projects in their EMS, it will engage the senior management and the staff to a greater extent, and the understanding of an EMS in the daily work will increase. A properly functioning environmental management system results in improved management of natural resources and identified cost efficiencies such as improved management of electricity, fuel and travel3, and could free up funding for applying the mandated objectives of the various missions of the United Nation organizations. Recommendations The main recommendations for creating proper institutional conditions to implement an EMS are described below. They are described according to best practice, with the purpose to limit the environmental impact, speed up the implementation of EMS and to reduce the costs for the implementing organizations. Each recommendation must be undertaken within a context of respect for the institutional obligations arising from other policies, such as policies on gender and indigenous peoples. These together may form the approach to internalising sustainable development principles in UN corporate management. The recommendations are not given in a specific order of priority since they are connected to each other. Literature, discussions with members of the EMS working group, and the earlier experience of the Swedish EPA experts, confirms that the leadership, the involvement of staff and the integration of the EMS in the existing management structure, is crucial for a successful EMS implementation within the UN. Certain core functions should be managed on a common UN-wide basis, to streamline and coordinate efforts, and to avoid duplication of efforts and costs. This brings advantages such as economies of scale and a coherent way of working with sustainability issues in the spirit of the One UN reform. According to best practice, the UN system is recommended to adopt the following activities, through a permanent central coordination: Develop the existing central EMS support, by increasing the number of training activities, and the exchange of experience between the organizations, for achieving more powerful synergies Identify how the Sustainable Development Goals, and also standards for best practice on social responsibility, can be tools and the next steps for the UN organizations for working in a systematic manner with both environmental and social issues. Make sure that competence in environmental law is available to support UN organizations. Provide and encourage the use of coherent and common EMS guidelines and voluntary templates customized for the UN, e.g. for initial environmental review and for developing internal environmental objectives. Develop EMS indicators that the UN organizations should report on centrally and to their governing body, and accelerate the work with the four endorsed sustainability indicators (GHG gases, water use, waste management and environmental training). Coordinate internal environmental audits between the UN organizations, by supporting the auditors with regards to training and sharing experience. The internal auditors could audit each other's organizations. Consider how the EMS support may be extended from environmental aspects in operation and facilities to environmental aspects in policymaking, programming and projects. Develop how the gender perspective could be integrated in a logical structurefor an EMS based on the PDCA-cycle (Plan, Do, Check and Act). Through the work of SUN and the IMG on Environmental Sustainability, many of the above mentioned steps are already well underway. At the end of the stocktaking exercise report, a mapping of existing networks and teams working with environmental sustainability within the UN can be found. Also actions taken concerning internal environmental sustainability, such as strategic plans and major projects, are described, together with a timeline over internal commitments on environmental sustainability within the UN system. According to best practice, each UN organization is recommended to adopt the following activities: Conduct a SWOT4 - or PESTLE5 - analysis, to reach a better understanding of the factors that impact the EMS and the environmental context in which the organization operates. Show how the demands from relevant stakeholders have been internalized into the organization's own policy, strategic documents and at the operational level. Include environmental objectives and environmental performance measures in the "Senior Manager's Compact". Make the support from senior management visible, by sponsoring an initialenvironmental review, adopting an environmental policy, ensuring organization- wide communication of the environmental work and endorsing internal environmental objectives. Integrate both environmental objectives and action plans in existing strategic documents and activity plans. Make sure that the allocation of resources, not least human resources, for the EMS is an integrated part of the ordinary budget process already in place. Improve the monitoring and management of significant environmental aspects. Complement possible emergency management systems already in place, with procedures for environmental consideration. Integrate environmental risks and opportunities considerations in existing risk management, and evaluate possible changes in the EMS, such as a revised list of significant environmental aspects. Ensure appropriate competencies to be able to conduct regular evaluations of adherence to environmental compliance obligations. Conduct regular environmental audits and environmental management reviews. Include sustainability considerations in purchasing and procurement, which can have an impact on the enabling of a green economy. Develop the work to continuously identify nonconformities and taking corrective action in the environmental work, and integrate it in the existing handling of nonconformities for other areas, such as quality, conformity with project procedures etc. Describe the results of the monitoring and evaluation of the environmental performance in an annual sustainability report, used for communication with donors, UN staff, and other stakeholders, to ensure the mechanism for accountability and transparency within the UN. Have a tolerant and encouraging culture, where identified nonconformities are found to represent opportunities for improvement, and have well- functioning communication channels for the exchange of experiences, all to accomplish continual improvement.
[SPA] Las emisiones de gotas ocasionadas por el principio de funcionamiento de torres de refrigeración son indeseables por diferentes motivos, pero principalmente porque suponer un deterioro de la salud humana( por ejemplo por contagio por legionella). Pese a su mayor eficiencia energética, derivada del menor nivel de presión introducido en el condensador prohibiendo el empleo de este tipo de sistemas al ser catalogados como fuentes potenciales de contaminación. El nivel de emisiones del dispositivo así como su eficiencia energética, dependen en mayor medida de las condiciones de operación del sistema y de los elementos constructivos del mismo (binomio sistema de distribución-separador de gotas y relleno). La presente Tesis Doctoral muestra un estudio detallado de la influencia del binomio sistema de distribución-separador de gotas así como de las condiciones de operación en el comportamiento térmico y en las emisiones de torres de refrigeración con objeto de optimizar el funcionamiento de la misma. Asimismo se estudia la dispersión de las emisiones para evaluar el impacto de la instalación. La metodología de trabajo ha sido principalmente experimental, donde los resultados relativos a la influencia de estos elementos sobre el comportamiento térmico, las emisiones y la dispersión de las mismas ha sido determinada en la instalación experimental de torre de refrigeración dispuesta para tal efecto. Se ha empleado una torre meteorológica para la determinación de las variables atmosféricas. Se ha llevado a cabo un modelo numérico para obtener un mayor conocimiento del campo fluido en el interior de los componentes de la torre, cuyos resultados se han comparado con los obtenidos experimentalmente en el túnel de medida de presión experimental (construido ex profeso para ello). El estudio del comportamiento térmico de la torre en función del binomio y de las condiciones de operación ha dejado como resultados significativos que la eficiencia de la torre puede verse modificada en un 20% de media cambiando el sistema de distribución para los separadores ensayados. Se han propuesto correlaciones adimensionales para cada geometría ensayada valiadas con datos experimentales con 1% de diferencia y se han valorado las implicaciones energéticas. El impacto energética que puede ocasionar el cambio del elementos-condiciones de operación para un sistema se ha evaluado a través de la temperatura de salida del agua, la cual puede ser de hasta 1ºC inferior de media. El estudio del binomio y las condiciones de funcionamiento sobre el nivel de emisiones de la torre se ha realizado en método del papel hidrosensible. La mayor contribución realizada a la metodología es el desarrollo de una aplicación informática con un clasificador automático que permite determinar si los cambios de tonalidad detectados en el papel tienen su origen en una gota o no. Se ha determinado la cantidad y forma de las gotas a la salida para un amplio rango de casos y condiciones de operación. La combinación de mínimo arrastre, 0,00009%, se ha obtenido para la combinación separador de gotas de estructura de panal de abeja y sistema de distribución por gravedad. Se han comparado los resultados con las normativas internacionales vigentes observando una posible revisión de las mismas debido a las bajos niveles de emisión alcanzados por las tecnologías actuales de componentes, muy por debajo de los valores establecidos en las normativas. Un resultado relevante es la determinación de las curvas experimentales de eficiencia captura de los separadores ensayados. El estudio de emisiones se ha completado con la determinación de la dispersión de las mismas en entornos urbanos mediante la técnica del papel hidrosensible para ocho experimentos. Se ha analizado la influencia de las condiciones ambientales en la deposición obteniendo tendencias decrecientes con la velocidad de viento y la distancia con respecto a la torre. Se ha observado que la zona de ensayo tiene influencia sobre los resultados (hasta un 70% en función del nivel de velocidad de viento). Para completar el trabajo experimental se ha generado un modelo numérico para los separadores de gotas de tipología de lamas ensayados, comparado con datos experimentales propios y validados a través de resultados bibliográficos. Se ha determinado la influencia de cerrar el conjunto de ecuaciones que gobiernan el problema con modelos RANS y LES. La discretización de las ecuaciones con este último no supone una mejora sustancial en la precisión de los resultados obtenidos con respecto a los modelos RANS. Sin embargo sí se ha encontrado la necesidad de modelar la capa líquida de agua formada en el separador. Mediante el análisis de esta información se ha obtenido un amplio conocimiento de la influencia del binomio sistema de distribución-separador de gotas en el comportamiento de una torre de refrigeración. La metodología aplicada permitirá mejorar los futuros diseños de estos componentes así como optimizar las condiciones de operación, siempre teniendo en cuenta que se debe alcanzar un compromiso entre el impacto energético (comportamiento térmico, pérdida de presión) y las emisiones (arrastre, PM10) de la torre de refrigeración. ; [ENG] Cooling tower emissions are harmful for several reasons, but mainly due to human health hazards (i.e. Legionella outbreaks). Despite the higher performance of this kind of devices, because of the lower condensating pressure level originated by water-cooled systems, many local governments are limiting or banning these systems as they have been listed as potential sources of contamination. The cooling tower level of emissions as well as its thermal performance depend mostly on the operating conditions and its elements (the couple of elements water distribution system and drift eliminator, also known as binomial, and the fill). The present Doctoral Thesis presents a detailed study on the influence of the binomial water distribution system-drift eliminator and the operating conditions on cooling tower thermal performance and emissions. The dispersion of the emissions is also studied. A broad experimental study has been undertaken. Experiments related to thermal performance, emissions and dispersion in an urban areas have been carried out in the cooling tower experimental facility. A weather mast has been used to characterize ambient conditions. To achieve a higher knowledge of the flow inside the tower, a numerical model of the drift eliminators has been developed. Numerical results have been compared to those observed in the experiments carried out in the experimental drop-pressure tunnel. Cooling tower thermal behavior as a function of the binomial and the operating conditions has led to differences about 20% between distribution systems for the eliminators tested. Dimensionless correlations for all the tested geometries have been proposed. These correlations have been validated through experimental results with about 1% differences. The energy consumption of the system has been evaluated through the calculation of the outlet water temperature, which can be 1ºC lower on average depending on the distribution system. The influence of the binomial and the operating conditions on cooling tower emission has been carried out using the sensitive paper method. One of the most relevant contributions to the methodology is the developed automatic classifier which allows to discern between the stains coming from real drops. The number and shape of exiting droplets have been calculated for each combination tested. The lowest level of emissions, 0, 00009%, has been observed for the combination honeycomb-type drift eliminator and the gravity distribution system. Results are discussed according to international standars. According to the limits, a review of these standars is proposed because today technologies can guarantee lower drift rates. The experimental collection efficiency for the tested eliminators has found to be an important result. Cooling tower emission study is completed with the experimental determination of the downwind deposition. The sensitive paper method is also used for experimentally investigating drift deposition in urban areas for eight tests. The influence of ambient conditions on cooling tower drift deposition has been investigated. Decreasing patterns of deposition have been found when increasing the distance from the tower and the wind velocity. The test zone also affects the results (70% differences depending on the wind velocity). To complete experimental results, a numerical model for the lath-type eliminators has been developed. This model has been compared to the experimental results derived in this document and those available in the literature (numerical). It is has been investigated the difference between closing the systems of fundamental equations using RANS and LES approaches. The LES model does not improve results comparing them with the results obtained with RANS models. However, the need of modeling the water film formed in the eliminators has been highlighted. The accomplishment of this information provides a deep knowledge on the influence of the binomial water distributions system-eliminator and the operating conditions on cooling tower performance. This methodology provides with the necessary knowledge to improve future designs and to ensure better operating conditions, always reaching a compromise between the energy consumption (thermal behavior, pressure losses) and emissions (drift and PM10). ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de doctorado en Tecnologías Industriales
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Hamas's attack into Israel and massacre of Israelis, followed by Israel's war of obliteration on Gaza backed by the United States, is a political earthquake in the Middle East. Its tremors are shaking up the politics of the Horn of Africa, bringing down an already tottering peace and security architecture. It's too early to discern the shape of the rubble, but we can already see the direction in which some of the pillars will fall.The most obvious impact is that the Israel-Palestine war has legitimized and invigorated protest across the wider region. Hamas showed that Israel was not invincible, and Palestine would no longer be invisible. Many in the Arab street — and Muslims more widely — are ready to overlook Hamas's atrocious record as a public authority and its embrace of terror, because it dared stand up to Israel, America, and Europe.Hamas's boldness has given a shot in the arm to Islamists, such as Somalia's al-Shabaab. As the African Union peacekeeping operation in Somalia draws down, al-Shabaab remains a threat— and will likely be emboldened to intensify its operations both in Somalia and neighboring Kenya.Kenyan President William Ruto gave strong backing to Israel while also calling for a ceasefire. For the U.S. and Europe, Kenya is now the anchor state for security in the Horn — but it desperately needs financial aid if it is to shoulder that burden.The war is consuming Egyptian attention and terrifies President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, who is treading a fine line between sponsoring pro-Palestinian protests and suppressing them.Red Sea SecurityThe Red Sea is strategic for Israel. One quarter of Israel's maritime trade is handled in its port of Eilat on the Gulf of Aqaba, an inlet of the Red Sea. Eilat is Israel's back door, vital in case the Mediterranean coast is under threat. Israel has long seen the littoral countries of the Red Sea — Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia — as pieces in the jigsaw of its extended security frontier.Historically, Egypt has shared the same concern. Last year, revenues from the Suez Canal were $9.4 billion— its third largest foreign currency earner after remittances from Egyptians working in the Gulf States and tourism. Neither Israel nor Egypt can afford a disruption to maritime security from Suez and Eilat to the Gulf of Aden.The Red Sea is also the buckle on China's Belt and Road Initiative, with China's first overseas military base — strictly speaking a "facility" — in the port of Djibouti near the Bab al-Mandab, the narrow straits between the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. More than 10 percent of world maritime trade is carried on 25,000 ships through these straits every year.Having long neglected its Red Sea coastline, Saudi Arabia has reawakened to its significance in the last decade. In the 1980s, amid fears that Iran might block tanker traffic through the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia built an east-west pipeline from the Aqaig oil fields to the Red Sea port of Yanbu al Bahr. Its strategic significance is back in focus.In parallel, the United Arab Emirates is well on track to securing a monopoly over the ports of the Gulf of Aden, which forms the eastern approaches to the Red Sea. It has de facto annexed the Yemeni island of Socotra for a naval base. The UAE is looking for a foothold in the Red Sea proper, and a string of satellite states on the African shore.All these factors intensify the scramble for securing naval bases in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Djibouti is already host to the U.S.'s Camp Lemonnier along with French, Italian, Japanese, and Chinese facilities. Turkey and Russia are actively seeking bases too, focusing on Port Sudan and Eritrea's long coastline.Empowered Gulf StatesWell before the recent crisis, the Horn of Africa was becoming dominated by Middle Eastern powers. This process is now intensified. Decades of competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran for alignment of Sudan and Eritrea has swung different ways. Sudan's General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, formerly political partner of Benjamin Netanyahu and signatory to the Abraham Accord, cut an ill-timed deal with Iran in early October, to obtain weapons, which has embarrassed his outreach to Egypt and Saudi Arabia. More recently, Turkey and Qatar's regional ambitions have clashed with Riyadh and Abu Dhabi, especially over the Muslim Brothers — supported by the former, opposed by the latter. The latest emerging rivalry is between Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.Saudi Arabia has positioned itself as the regional anchor. While running for president, Joe Biden called Saudi Arabia a "pariah." But it is now indispensable to the U.S.Among the Arab states. the UAE has been the most restrained in condemning Israel for its actions in Gaza. It has also said that it doesn't mix trade and politics— meaning that it will continue to implement the economic cooperation agreements it signed with Israel following on from the Abraham Accords. The UAE is also positioned at the center of the U.S.-sponsored India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC), unveiled at the September G20 summit in India as a response to China's Belt and Road Initiative.The UAE also has a free hand in the Horn of Africa, and in the last five years it has moved more rapidly and decisively than Saudi Arabia.Sudan's Fate between Riyadh and Abu DhabiAfter the eruption of war in Sudan in April, the joint Saudi-American mediation was in large part a gift from Washington to try to mend fences with the Kingdom. Talks in Jeddah resumed in late October, with the modest agenda of a ceasefire and humanitarian access, and a pro forma "civilian track" delegated to the African Union, which has shown neither commitment nor competence.Meanwhile, the Emiratis are backing General Mohamed Hamdan Dagolo, known as "Hemedti," who is currently driving the Sudan Armed Forces out of their remaining redoubts in Khartoum. This followed more than six months of fighting in which Hemedti's Rapid Support Forces gained a reputation for military prowess and utter disregard for the dignity and rights of civilians. Despite widespread revulsion against the RSF, especially among middle class Sudanese, UAE President Mohamed bin Zayed al Nahyan, known as MBZ, stuck with his man.In charge of the ruins of Sudan's capital city, Hemedti will soon be in a position to declare a government, perhaps inviting civilians for the sake of a veneer of legitimacy. What's holding him back is the ceasefire talks in Jeddah. His rival, Gen. al-Burhan is meanwhile floating a plan to form a government based in Port Sudan — raising the prospect of two rival governments, as in Libya. The real negotiations there are between Riyadh and Abu Dhabi. If the two capitals agree on a formula, the U.S. and the African Union will applaud, and the Sudanese will be presented with a fait accompli.Ethiopia Goes RogueIn Ethiopia, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's rule is underwritten by Emirati treasure. MBZ has reportedly paid for Abiy's vast new palace, a vanity project whose $ 10 billion price tag is paid for entirely off-budget. Abiy told lawmakers that this bill was none of their business as it was funded by private donations, directly to him. Other megaprojects in and around the capital Addis Ababa, such as glitzy museums and theme parks, have similarly opaque finances.Ethiopia's wars have depended on largesse from the UAE. Ethiopian federal forces prevailed against Tigray, forcing the latter into an abject surrender a year ago, on account of an arsenal — especially drones — supplied by the UAE. Abiy is currently rattling his saber against his erstwhile ally, Eritrea, demanding that landlocked Ethiopia be given a port, or it will take one by force. The likely target is Assab in Eritrea, though other neighbors such as Djibouti and Somalia have been rattled too.Eritrea unexpectedly finds itself as a status quo power and is relishing this role, tersely expressing its refusal to join in the confusing discourse from Addis Ababa. It suddenly has allies in Djibouti, Somaliland, Somalia and even Kenya — all of them threatened by Abiy's bellicosity.If Abiy does invade Eritrea, he will violate the basic international norm — the inviolability of state boundaries — and risk plunging his already failing economy deeper into disaster. This will pose a sharp dilemma for the UAE. It is ready to override multilateral principles, but whether it would bail out its errant client in Addis Ababa, and jeopardize its winning position in Sudan, is a different matter. It would also present Saudi Arabia with the dilemma of whether to back Eritrea's notorious dictator, President Isaias Afewerki.America and the Pax AfricanaPeace and security in the Horn of Africa isn't a priority for the Biden administration. Despite a rhetorical commitment to a rule-based international order, Washington has neither protected Africa's painstakingly-constructed peace and security architecture nor brought the Ethiopian and Sudanese crises to the U.N. Security Council.While the American security umbrella was in place over the Arabian Peninsula, the countries of the Horn of Africa had the chance to develop their own peace and security system, based on a layered multilateral structure involving the regional organization, the InterGovernmental Authority on Development, the African Union, and United Nations, with peacekeepers and peace missions funded by the Europeans. This emergent Pax Africana was already imperiled as the U.S. drew down and the Middle Eastern middle powers became more assertive. President Donald Trump authorized his favored intermediaries — Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia and the UAE — to pursue their interests across the Horn of Africa. The Biden administration has not pulled that back.It's possible that the administration cares about peace, security and human rights in Africa. But for as long as the U.S.'s Horn of Africa policy is handled by the Africa Bureau at the State Department — whose diplomats scarcely get the time of day from their counterparts in the Gulf Kingdoms — Washington's views will remain all-but-irrelevant. The Horn of Africa doesn't make the cut when staffers prepare talking points for President Biden, Secretary of State Antony Blinken or national security adviser Jake Sullivan to speak to their Arab counterparts. It's a prioritization that leaves the region in a deepening crisis, at the mercy of ruthless transactional politics.America's well-established practice of treating Israel as an exception to international law is rubbing off on Israel's allies and apologists across the Middle East, who are actively dismantling the already-tottering pillars of Africa's norm-based peace and security system. Those African countries most in need of principled multilateralism are paying the price.
ABSTRAKJudul tesis ini adalah Implementasi Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Kepada masyarakat MiskinDalam Rangka Mencari Keadilan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011tentang Bantuan Hukum (Studi di Kabupaten Bengkayang). Adapun latar belakangnyaadalah bahwa pelaksanaan bantuan hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang belum dilaksanakandengan baik. Adanya pembahuruan secara normatif tentang Bantuan Hukum, tentumembawa perubahan dalam implementasinya, hal inilah yang menjadikan penelitian inimenarik untuk diteliti. Maka, perlu diketahui lebih lanjut mengenai implementasi bantuanhukum, kepada masyarakat miskin dalam mencari keadilan di Kabupaten Bengkayang.Pemberian bantuan hukum secara Cuma-Cuma bagi masyarakat tidak mampu di KabupatenBengkayang mengalami banyak kendala yang ada, yaitu terbatasnya advokat ataupenasehat hukum yang ada di Kabupaten Bengkayang dan belum adanya LembagaBantuan Hukum yang terakreditasi oleh Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Republik Indonesia.Mengingat pentingnya bantuan hukum dalam menciptakan keadilan, menegakkan HAM danequality before the law, serta dalam mencapai due process of law, tentu menjadikankewajiban pemberian bantuan hukum menjadi hal yang penting untuk dapat dilaksanakansecara efektif. Penelitian ini sangatlah penting, mengingat manfaat yang sangat besar yangakan didapatkan ketika pelaksanaan bantuan hukum kepada masyarakat tidak mampu diKabupaten Bengkayang, dapat dilaksanakan secara efektif, selain itu juga memberikanbentuk upaya reformasi hukum dalam aspek pemerataan keadilan. Masalah adalah (1) tidakada Lembaga Bantuan Hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang yang diakreditasi OlehKementerian Hukum dn HAM Republik Indonesia (2) Tidak ada Advokat yang terdaftar diPeradi (3) bagaimana kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bengkayang mengatasimasalah tersebut ?Hasil penelitian tesis dapat disimpulkan, bahwa pertama, Implementasi Pemberian BantuanHukum Kepada Masyarakat Miskin Dalam Rangka Mencari Keadilan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 Tentang Bantuan Hukum (Studi Di Kabupaten Bengkayang)belum dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik karena adanya penyimpangan-penyimpangan2dalam prakteknya. Seperti, belum adanya masyarakat yang mengajukan PermohonanBantuan Hukum karena belum memahami sepenuhnya tentang Pemahaman Hukum, danbingung untuk mengajukan kepada siapa ketika hendak memperoleh Bantuan Hukum,pelaksanaan bantuan hukum melalui pendampingan advokat baru dapat dinikmati apabilamasyarakat miskin melakukan tindak pidana yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau 5 (lima)tahun atau lebih tersangka dan proses persidangan tetap berlanjut walaupun tanpa hadirnyaadvokat, walaupun advokat tidak ada yang menolak secara lansung memberikan bantuanhukum, tetapi advokat dinilai kurang profesional dan diskriminatif. Tidak adanya ketentuandan tidak diberikannya bantuan hukum kepada tersangka dan terdakwa yang melakukantindak pidana dengan ancaman pidana di bawah 5 (lima) tahun ketika mengikutipersidangan sehingga banyak masyarakat miskin yang mengikuti persidangan tanpa diwakiliAdvokat, Kedua : Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam Implementasi Pemberian BantuanHukum Kepada Masyarakat Miskin Dalam Rangka Mencari Keadilan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 Tentang Bantuan Hukum (Studi Di Kabupaten Bengkayang)didapat diklasifikasi dan dibedakan menjadi 3 faktor yakni, faktor substansi hukum (legalsubstance), struktur hukum (legal structure), dan budaya hukum (legal culture). Faktorsubstansi hukum yang menghambat salah satunya adalah kekurangan atau kelemahandalam substansi Pasal 56 ayat (1) KUHAP yang mengatur mengenai pembatasan penerimabantuan hukum berdasarkan kwalifikasi ancaman hukuman. Faktor struktur hukum yangmenghambat yakni, faktor penegak hukum dari segi internal dan eksternal yang jugameliputi sarana atau fasilitas. Faktor penegak hukum dari segi internal yang menghambatseperti, kurangnya integritas, moralitas, idealisme dan profesionalitas advokat. Faktorpenegak hukum dari segi eksternal dan sarana atau fasilitas yang menghambat sepertiTidak ada Lembaga Bantuan Hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang yang di akreditasi olehKementerian Hukum dan HAM dan Tidak ada Advokat yang terdaftar di Peradi, kurangnyapendanaan atau anggaran dari Pemerintah Daerah, kurangnya kontrol dan pengawasan,Faktor budaya hukum yang menghambat meliputi faktor budaya hukum atau faktorkebudayaan dan faktor masyarakat. Faktor budaya hukum atau kebudayaan dalam hal inimeliputi faktor budaya hukum atau kebudayaan dari masyarakat dan penegak hukum(penyidik dan advokat). Seperti, kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat terhadap hak atasbantuan hukum mengacu pada ketidakpercayaan, sikap pesimisme, serta sikap skeptisterhadap pelaksanaan bantuan hukum, dan elemen sikap, nilai-nilai, cara bertindak danberpikir advokat dan penyidik, yang terjadi secara berulang-ulang sehingga mengarah padasikap atau tindakan penyimpangan. Faktor masyarakat yang menghambat adalahpandangan masyarakat yang negatif tentang pelaksanaan bantuan hukum sertakekhawatiran dalam menggunakan bantuan hukum. Saran,(1) Sebaiknya di dalampersidangan pada pengadilan, bantuan hukum melalui pendampingan advokat dapat3dinikmati masyarakat pada saat tahapan awal bukan pada saat pemeriksaan tambahan dansebaiknya pemeriksaan tidak dilakukan sebelum hadirnya advokat. Integritas, moralitas,idealisme, dan profesionalitas aparat penegak hukum harus lebih ditingkatkan lagi. Perluadanya ketentuan untuk memberikan bantuan hukum kepada masyarakat yang menjaditersangka dan terdakwa yang disangka dan didakwa melakukan tindak pidana denganancaman pidana di bawah 5 (lima) tahun tanpa harus menunggu permohonan bantuan darimasyarakat miskin tersebut. (2) Agar Pemerintah Daerah Perlu untuk membentuk LembagaBantuan Hukum di Kabupaten Bengkayang, membuat Peraturan Daerah tentang BantuanHukum kepada masyarakat Miskin, dan juga perlu melakukan kerjasama dengan LembagaBantuan Hukum yang telah ada di Kalimantan Barat sehingga Bantuan Hukum kepadaMasyarakat miskin dapat segera diberikan sebelum terbentuknya Lembaga Bantuan Hukumdi Kabupaten Bengkayang.Kata Kunci: Lembaga Bantuan Hukum, Advokat, Peraturan Perundang-Undangan,Peraturan Daerah.ABSTRACTThe title of this thesis is the implementation of the public administration of the Legal Aid ToPoor In Order for Justice pursuant to Act No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid (Studies inBengkayang District). The background is that the implementation of legal aid in Bengkayangnot been implemented properly. Pembahuruan their normative on Legal Aid, certainlybrought changes in implementation, this is what makes this study interesting to study. So,you need to know more about the implementation of legal aid to the poor in seeking justice inBengkayang.The provision of legal assistance free of charge to the community can not afford inBengkayang encounter many obstacles that exist, namely the lack of an advocate or legalcounsel in Bengkayang and the absence of Legal Aid which is accredited by the Ministry ofJustice and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia.Given the importance of legal aid in creating justice, uphold human rights and equality beforethe law, as well as in achieving the due process of law, would make the obligation to providelegal assistance becomes important to be implemented effectively. This study is important,given the enormous benefits to be gained when the implementation of legal assistance to theunderprivileged in Bengkayang, can be carried out effectively, but it also provides forms oflegal reforms in the aspect of distributive justice. The problem is (1) no Legal Aid inBengkayang accredited by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Human Rights4dn (2) No Advocate registered in Peradi (3) how the Government policy Bengkayangovercome these problems?The results of the research thesis can be concluded, that the first, Implementation ProvidingLegal Aid To Poor People In Order for Justice Under Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid(Study In Bengkayang District) can not be implemented properly for their deviations inpractice. Such as, the lack of people who file the Application of Legal Aid because it has notfully understood about Understanding the Law, and confused to apply to anyone when tryingto obtain legal aid, execution of legal assistance through mentoring advocate can only beenjoyed if the poor committing a crime punishable by the death penalty or 5 (five) years ormore suspects and the court process continues even without the presence of lawyers, eventhough there is no denying advocate in directly providing legal aid, but advocates consideredless professional and discriminatory. The absence of provision and not given legalassistance to suspects and accused of committing criminal offenses punishable under 5(five) years when following the trial so many poor people who followed the trial without therepresented Advocate, Second: The obstacles encountered in the implementation of GivingLegal aid To Poor People In Order for Justice Under Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal aid (StudyIn Bengkayang District) obtained classified and divided into three factors namely, the factorof legal substances (legal substance), legal structure (legal structure), and legal culture(legal culture). Factors legal substances that inhibit one of which is the lack or weakness inthe substance of Article 56 paragraph (1) Criminal Code concerning restrictions on legal aidrecipients based on the qualifications of the threat of punishment. Factors that inhibit thelegal structures, law enforcement apparatus in terms of internal and external which alsoincludes facility or facilities. Factors law enforcement in terms of internal inhibits such as,lack of integrity, morality, idealism and professionalism advocates. Factors law enforcementin terms of external and facilities or facilities that inhibits such as No Legal Aid inBengkayang which is accredited by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights and NoAdvocate registered in Peradi, lack of funding or budgets of local governments, lack ofcontrol and supervision , cultural factors that inhibit law covering cultural factors of law orcultural factors and community factors. Legal culture or cultural factors in this regard includecultural factors of law or culture of the community and law enforcement officers (investigatorsand lawyers). Such as, the lack of public understanding of the right to legal aid refers tomistrust, pessimism and skepticism towards the implementation of legal aid, and elements ofattitudes, values, way of acting and thinking advocates and investigators, which occursrepeatedly leading to the attitudes or actions irregularities. Factors that inhibit community isnegative community views on the implementation of legal aid as well as concerns in the useof legal assistance. Suggestions: (1) We recommend that in the hearing at the court, legal5assistance through mentoring advocates can be enjoyed by people during the early stagesrather than when additional screening and examination should not be performed before thepresence of an advocate. Integrity, morality, idealism and professionalism of lawenforcement officers should be further enhanced. The need for provisions to provide legalassistance to people who become suspects and defendants are suspected of and chargedwith a criminal offense punishable under 5 (five) years without having to wait for assistancefrom poor communities. (2) For Local Governments Need to establish Legal Aid inBengkayang, create a Local Regulation on Legal Aid to the community of Poor, and alsoneed to cooperate with the Legal Aid Society who has been in West Kalimantan that LegalAid to Poor people may soon be given before the establishment of the Legal Aid Institute inBengkayang.Keywords: Legal Aid Society , Advocates , Laws and Regulations, Regional Regulation
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Irakallaguda microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 654 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soil, 8 per cent by rock out crops, 150cm) soils. About 2 per cent is sandy (loamy sand) at the surface, 37 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 48 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands, 83 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 85 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 8 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 78 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 19 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 53 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 58 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 77 (12) 210 (32) Pomegranate 46(7) 227(35) Maize 52 (8) 255 (39) Guava 46(7) 177(27) Bajra 143(22) 247(38) Jackfruit 46(7) 177 (27) Redgram 46(7) 147 (22) Jamun - 243(37) Bengal gram 28(4) 244(37) Musambi 71 (11) 202(31) Groundnut 46(7) 383 (59) Lime 71(11) 202 (31) Sunflower 71 (11) 147 (23) Cashew 49(7) 191(29) Cotton 25(4) 263 (40) Custard apple 190(29) 292(45) Chilli 125(19) 112(17) Amla 165(25) 317 (49) Tomato 128(20) 109(17) Tamarind - 111(17) Drumstick 86(13) 223 (34) Marigold 46(7) 240(37) Mulbery 86(13) 299(46) Chrysanthemum 46(7) 240(37) Mango - 86(13) Jasmine 46(7) 191(29) Sapota 46 (7) 177(27) Crossandra 46(7) 216(33) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 113 (54.59%) men and 94 (45.4%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4.19, small farmer were 5, a semi medium farmer was 4.33, medium farmers were 4 and for large farmers it was 4.22. There were 32 (15.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (39.52%) were in 16- 35 years of age, 35.24 (35.24 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (10%) were above 61 years of age. The Irakallaguda had 18.10 per cent illiterates, 4.76 per cent functional literates, 18.1 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.10 per cent of them had middle school education, 27.62 per cent of them had high school education, 10 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.95 per cent of them had diploma, 0.95 per cent of them had ITI, 5.24 per cent of them had degree education and 6.19 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 87.86 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 10.20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 64.76 per cent of the household members, 9.05 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.95 per cent were general labours, 3.81 per cent of them were in private sector and 13.8 per cent of them were students. The results shows that 2.86 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.95 per cent of them participated in user groups and 96.19 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 4.5 per cent of landless farmers have participated in self help groups and 95.24 per cent have not participated in any local institutions. Marginal farmers participated in self help group (12.50%) and user groups (12.5%). The results indicate that 16.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 79.59 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 4.08 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results shows that 6.12 per cent of the households possess radio, 77.55 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.35 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 32.65 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 36.73 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 83.37 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.366, television was Rs.3828, mixer grinder was Rs.1312, was Rs.837, motor cycle was Rs.37333 and mobile phone was Rs.2139. About 18 per cent of the households possess plough, 4.08 per cent of them possess tractor and 6.12 per cent of the households possess sprayer. The average value of 2 plough was Rs.759, the average value of tractor was Rs. 475000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2666. The results indicate that, 6.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 10.20 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 10.20 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 10.20 per cent of the households possess sheep and 4.08 per cent of the households possess goat. Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.78, average hired labour (men) available was 4.44 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.11. The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 65.63 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, 5 (2.38%) persons were migrated from the micro watershed which includes 9.52 persons from landless category and 3 persons from marginal farmers' category. People have migrated on average of 353.33 kms and average duration was months 11.33. Landless have migrated 260 kms and on an average 12 months in a year. Marginal farmers have migrated 400 kms and on an average 11 months in a year. Job/work was the reason for migration for all the migrants. Improved quality of the life was the major Positive consequences of migration for 100 per cent of the persons migrated from landless households, 33.33 per cent of migrated from marginal farm households. Households of the Irakallaguda micro watershed possess 32.11 ha (60.93%) of dry land and 21.33 ha (39.10%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 560644 and average value of irrigated was Rs.697749. There were 16 live bore wells and 11 dry bore wells among the sampled households in Irakallaguda micro watershed and one defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source for 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers. The results revealed that bore well was major irrigation source for 32.65 per cent of the households. Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.88 hectares, small farmers had 2.51 hectares, semi medium farmers had 20.39 hectares of irrigated land and medium farmers had 5.22 hectares of irrigated land. Farmers have grown arecanut (0.45 ha), chilly (0.4 ha), coconut (0.61ha), cotton (10.34ha), groundnut (17.92 ha), horsegram (0.81 ha) and ragi (5.17ha). Marginal farmers have grown arecanut (0.45 ha), cotton (1.74ha), ground nut (5.32 ha), and 3 ragi (3.76ha). Small farmers have grown cotton (1.88ha), ground nut (3.72ha), and ragi (1.42 ha). Semi medium farmers have grown chilly (0.4 ha), coconut (0.61 ha), cotton (2.31ha), ground nut (7.76 ha), horsegram (0.81 ha) and ragi (0.2ha). Medium farmers have grown cotton (4.41ha). Large farmers have grown groundnut (1.11ha). The cropping intensity in Irakallaguda micro watershed was found to be 41.54 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 41.53 per cent, for small farmers it was 39.31 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 42.42 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 34.21 per cent and large farmers had 40.49 per cent. The results indicate that, 95.92 per cent of the households possess bank account and 59.18 per cent of them have savings. With respect to category wise account, 100 per cent of land less, 90.91 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, semi medium, medium and large farmers possesses bank account. With respect to savings, 80 per cent of land less, 63.64 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small, 55.56 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers had savings in the bank account. The results indicate that, 40 per cent of landless, 62.64 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 66.37 per cent semi medium, 50 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 79.31 per cent have availed loan in commercial banks, 3.45 per cent have availed loan in cooperative bank, 10.43 per cent have availed loan from friends and relatives, 3.45 per cent have availed loan from moneylender and 24.41 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. Landless, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers have availed Rs.120000, Rs.137857, Rs. 113000, Rs.196666, Rs. 215000 and Rs.10000 respectively. The results indicate that, 72.41 per cent of the households have borrowed loan (institutional source) for agriculture and 3.45 per cent of them have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. Half of the land less have borrowed loan for animal husbandry. 78.57 per cent of marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small farmers, 83.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers availed loan for agriculture production. About 50 per cent of small and landless have availed loan for animal husbandry. The results indicate that, agriculture was the main propose for which credit (private source) is borrowed for 60 per cent of the households which includes 60 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers. About 10 per cent of them borrowed credit for Bore well/irrigation related equipments which includes 50 per cent of Semi medium farmers. About 10 per cent of them borrowed credit for Construction-cattle shed which includes 20 per cent of marginal farmers. 4 Landless have borrowed loan for household consumption and 20 per cent of marginal farmers have borrowed for education. The results indicate that, 70.83 per cent of the households have repaid institutional source credit partially which includes 100 per cent of landless, 66.67 per cent of marginal farmers, 50 per cent of small farmers, 80 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers. The data also shows that 29.17 per cent of the farmers have not repaid which includes 33.33 per cent of marginal and 50 per cent of small farmers. Results indicated that 90.91 per cent of the households have paid private source credit partially which includes 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal and large farmers, and 50 per cent of small farmer. About 9 per cent of the households have not paid which includes 50 per cent of marginal farmers. The results indicate that, 54.17 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.17 per cent of them opined that credit has higher rate of interest, 29.17 per cent opined that credit was easily accessible and 12.50 per cent. The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent have opined that credit was easily available, 9.09 opined that credit helped them to perform timely agricultural operations. The results revealed that 100 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, small and large farmers opined that credit was easily available. About 50 per cent of marginal farmers opined that credit helped them to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 18902. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11699.64. The net income from ground nut cultivation was Rs. -7203.0, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.62. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 12205. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18965. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 6760. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for ragi was Rs. 13661. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 15882. The net income from ragi cultivation was Rs. 2221, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 47444. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20430. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -27013. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.6. The results indicate that, 28 tones of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 142 days in a year. About 7 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 18 days in a year. The results indicate that, 18.37 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 22.73 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, 50 5 per cent of medium and 100 per cent of large farmers. The data revealed that only 6.12 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate which includes 4.55 per cent of marginal and 22.22 per cent of semi medium farmers. Sampled households have grown 496 coconut trees among them marginal farmers have grown 70, small farmers have grown 50 and semi medium farmers have grown 366. The results indicate that, households have planted teak, 4 Neem trees, 8 tamarind, 81 Pongamia and 1 banyan trees. Marginal farmers have planted 2 Neem, 3 tamarind, 47 Pongamia trees and 1 banyan tree. Small farmers have planted 4 tamarinds. Semi medium farmers have planted 2 Neem, 1 tamarind and 4 Pongamia trees. Medium farmers have planted 30 Pongamia trees. The results indicated that for land development 8.16 per cent depends on loan from bank, 65.31 per cent depends on own funds and 2.04 per cent depends on soft loan. For irrigation facility, 30.61 per cent expects government subsidy, 8.16 per cent anticipates loan from bank and 6.12 per cent depends on own funds. For improved crop production, 2.04 per cent depends on government subsidy, 14.29 per cent depends on loan from bank and 6.12 per cent through own funds. For iimproved livestock management, 8.16 per cent expects government subsidy and loan from bank and 14.29 per cent depends own funds. Arecanut, chilly, cotton, groundnut, horsegram and redgram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Ragi was sold 60.26 per cent of total production. The results indicated that, 2.04 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to agents/traders includes 4.55 per cent of marginal farmers. About 8 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 50 per cent of the medium farmers. About 10 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets includes 4.55 per cent of marginal farmers, 10 per cent of small farmers, 50 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers. About 4.08 per cent of the households have sold the agricultural produce to contract markets, which includes 4.55 per cent of the marginal farmers, 11.11 per cent of the semi medium farmers. The results indicated that 2.04 per cent of the households have use head load as mode of transport, 12.24 per cent have used cart, 65.31 per cent have used tractor, 4.08 per cent have used truck. The results indicated that, the results indicated that, 26.53per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems i.e. 36.36 per cent of marginal farmers, 30 per cent of small farmers, 11.11 per cent of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of medium farmers have faced soil and water erosion problem. 6 The results indicated that, 89.90 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent large farmers have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 61.22 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding. Summer ploughing was adopted by 89.90 per cent of the households about 8 per cent of the households have adopted mulching. Contour cultivation was adopted by 48.98 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 7 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that bunds are good, 23.0 per cent opined that bunds are slightly damaged, and 43.0 per cent of the households opined that bunds are severely damaged and 27 per cent opined that the bunds required full replacement. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 95.92 per cent includes 100 per cent of landless, 95.45 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers. Electricity was the major source of light for all the households in micro watershed. Kerosene was major source of light for 4.08 per cent of the households. The results indicated that,91.84 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of landless, 68.18 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 95.92 per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.31%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (67.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.35%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (63.27%), high rate of interest on credit (73.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (81.63%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.63%), inadequate extension services (63.27%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (87.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Oddarahatti microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 546 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils , 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 6 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 89 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 15 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 80 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 29 per cent are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 25 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) and 42 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in 66 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is high (>57 kg/ha) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 78 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent soils. Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the 1 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 89 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 70 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 53 (10) 200 (37) Sapota 16 (3) 180 (33) Maize 37 (7) 217 (40) Pomegranate 16 (3) 229 (42) Bajra 122 (22) 300 (55) Musambi 32 (6) 213 (39) Groundnut 22 (4) 323 (59) Lime 32 (6) 213 (39) Sunflower 28 (5) 156 (28) Amla 97 (18) 423 (78) Red gram 12 (2) 154 (28) Cashew 5 (1) 179 (33) Bengalgram 48 (9) 294 (54) Jackfruit 16 (3) 180 (33) Cotton 28 (5) 225 (41) Jamun - 190 (35) Chilli 18 (3) 187 (34) Custard apple 119 (22) 401 (74) Tomato 50 (9) 155 (29) Tamarind - 101 (18) Brinjal 87 (16) 215 (39) Mulberry 70 (13) 273 (50) Onion 22 (4) 232 (42) Marigold 1 (<1) 253 (46) Bhendi 22 (4) 280 (51) Chrysanthemum 1 (<1) 253 (46) Drumstick 70 (13) 192 (35) Jasmine 1 (<1) 204 (38) Mango - 85 (16) Crossandra 1 (<1) 222 (41) Guava - 195 (36) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SILENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY The results indicated that among 35 farmers, 17 (48.57%) were marginal farmers, 10 (28.57 %) were small farmers, 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium farmers, 1 (2.86%) medium farmers and 5 (14.29 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The data indicated that there were 128 population households were there in the studied micro-watershed. Among them 64 (50 %) men and 64 (50 %) were women. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 4, semi medium farmer was 4 and for landless farmers it was 4. The data indicated that 22 (17.19 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 49 (38.28 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (31.25 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (13.28 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Oddarahatti had 27.34 per cent illiterates, 35.16 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.16 per cent of them had both middle school and high school education, 6.25 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.78 per cent them had Diploma education, 7.81 per cent of them had degree education and 0.78 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicated with reference to occupation of the household showed that, 54.29 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, general labour, in Government service and in private service respectively. 8.57 per cent of the households were doing trade and business and 11.43 per cent of them were housewives. The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 50.78 per cent of the household members, 1.56 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.13 per cent were general labours, 1.56 percent were in government service, 1.56 per cent of them were in private sector, 4.69 per cent of them were trade and business, 19.53 per cent of them were students and 9.38 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 10.53 per cent were agricultural labourers, 15.79 per cent were general labour, 5.26 per cent in government service, 15.79 per cent were in trade& business, 21.05 per cent ware housewife and 26.32 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 60.94 per cent were agriculturist, 1.56 percent was in government service, 3.13 per cent were in trade and business and 18.75 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 55.88 per cent of them were agriculturist and 20.59 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 12.50 per cent of them were students. The results showed that 3.13 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.78 per cent of them participated in cooperative bank. Landless, semi medium farmers and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. 2 Marginal farmers and small farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions. The results indicated that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.86 per cent of them possess Thatched house. 100 percent of the landless, marginal and small farmers possess Katcha house. The results showed that 88.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 54.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results showed that the average value of television was Rs. 2112, mixer grinder was Rs.1121, refrigerator Rs.13500, bicycle Rs.1000, motor cycle was Rs.29250 and mobile phone was Rs.800. The results indicated that about 22.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 14.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 5.71 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 62.86 per cent of the households possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.660; the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22000, the average value of sprayer Rs.2480, the average value of weeder Rs. 39 and the average value of chaff cutter Rs.3000. The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of marginal farmers, 29.41 per cent of the households possess bullock and 5.88 per cent of the households possess local cow. In case of small farmers, 20 per cent of households possess bullock. In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per cent of the households possess bullock and local low respectively. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro-watershed was 1.23, average own labour (women) available was 1.03, average hired labour (men) available was 7.53 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.37. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.24, average own labour (women) was 1.12, average hired labour (men) was 4.94 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.82. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.10, average own labour (women) was 0.90, average hired labour (men) was 10.70 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.20. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 12.50 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. 3 The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicated that, households of the Oddarahatti micro-watershed possess 21.17 ha (71.84 %) of dry land and 8.26 ha (28.06 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 8.45 ha (91.25 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (8.75%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 10.70 ha (86.01%) of dry land and 1.74 ha (13.99 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (66.67%) of dry land and 1.01 ha (33.33%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.69 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 318724.91 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 363235.29. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 408313.36 for dry land and Rs. 494000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 261573.37 for dry land Rs. 746744.19 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247000 for dry land and Rs. 494000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 170344.82 for irrigated land. The results indicated that, there were 6 functioning and 7 defunctioning bore wells in the micro-watershed. The results indicated that, there were 2 functioning open wells in the micro-watershed. The results indicated that, bore well was the irrigation source for 17.14 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source for 5.71 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that, in case of semi medium farmers there was 1.01 ha of irrigated land. The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (3.94ha), cotton (1.77ha), crossandra (0.81ha), horse gram (1.32ha), maize (9.72 ha), navane (1.21 ha), papaya (0.91 ha),red gram (3.78 ha), sorghum(0.45 ha) and sugarcane (1.01 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, sorghum, crossandra and Redgram. Small farmers have grown Maize, cotton, horse gram, navane and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, bajra, and red gram. Medium farmers have grown papaya. The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Oddarahatti micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent in marginal farmers, small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers respectively. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 60 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 88.24 per cent of small farmers possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. Semi medium farmers possess 50 per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and medium category of farmers possess 100 per cent of bank account and also savings. 4 The results indicated that, 60 per cent of landless, 88.24 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small, 50 per cent semi medium and 100 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicated that, 56.67 per cent have availed loan in Grameena bank, 16.67 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 3.33 per cent have availed loan from commercial bank, input dealers/ suppliers and SHGs/CBOs respectively. The results indicated that,, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.62666.67, Rs. 80500, Rs50,000, and Rs. 100000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro-watershed is 63166.67. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production. The results indicated that, agriculture production, Construction-house, Construction-cattle shed and other reasons were the main purpose for which marginal, small farmers, semi medium farmers borrowed loan. About 71.43 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production and 14.29 per cent of the farmers taken loan for construction-house, Construction-cattle shed and other purpose respectively. Results indicated that 38.89 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially and 55.56 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 5.56 per cent of the households were fully paid their loan. Results indicated that 28.57 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially, 57.14 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 14.29 per cent of them fully paid their loan. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16072.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21880.63. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 5808.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 18362.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35368.63. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 17005.84. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.93. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 10533.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31122. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 20588.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 18020.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26596.61. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8576.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 17906.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31578.54. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 13671.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.76. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Horse gram was Rs. 12039.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31271.56. The net income 5 from Horse gram cultivation was Rs. 19232.37. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.60. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 220236.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 978120.00. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 757883.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.44. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 20286.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48946.79. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 28659.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.41. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for crossandra was Rs. 41401.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 97330.35. The net income from crossandra cultivation was Rs. 55928.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.35. The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. Among overall households 23.56 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30 per cent of small farmers and 50 per cent of semi medium farmers were opined that dry fodder was adequate. The results indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 16514.29, business Rs. 17571.43, wage Rs. 23971.43, agriculture Rs. 81182.86, farm income Rs. 3,800 and dairy farm Rs. 414. The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 76.47 per cent marginal farmers, 100 per cent small farmers, semi medium farmers and medium farmers respectively. The results indicated that for 68.57 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development. Similarly for the dependency was for irrigation facility was 77.14 percent and 20 percent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, chilly, cotton, Horse gram, Kanakambara flower, maize, navane, papaya, red gram, sorghum and sugar cane crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Only bajra was sold to the extent of 98.15 per cent. The results indicated that, 11.43 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants and 77.14 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. The results indicated that 75.51 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 28.57 per cent have used tractor. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 11.76 per cent of marginal, 60 per cent of small farmers, and 50 per cent of semi medium farmers. Results showed that summer ploughing was adopted by 82.86 per cent of the households i.e. 94.12 per cent of the marginal farmers and 100 per cent of the small and semi medium farmers respectively. Form pond was adopted by the farmers was 2.86 per cent. 6 The results indicated that 14.29 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government, 2.86 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the farmer's organization and another 5.71 per cent is constructed by others. The results indicated that, 74.29 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, and 25.71 percent of the households used LPG. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 94.12 per cent of marginal, 100 per cent of small farmers, semi medium and medium farmers respectively. The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light which was found to be 97.14 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households were used kerosene lamp as a source of light. The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 41.18 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.43 per cent of the sampled households not possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 8 per cent of the landless, 47.06 percent of the marginal, 30 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of cereals, pulses, milk and egg were adequate for the households. Vegetables and fruits were adequate only for 5.71 per cent and meat was adequate for only 2.86 per cent for the households respectively. The results indicated that, both vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, of the households. Oilseed was inadequate for 5.71 per cent. Meat was inadequate for 97.14 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 60 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (74.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.86 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (82.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (2.86). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hasgal-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 508 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soil, 24 per cent by rock outcrops and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 14 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. About 17 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 44 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 10 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 68 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 53 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 101(20) Sapota 34(7) 77(15) Maize 34(7) 101(20) Pomegranate 34(7) 130(25) Bajra 54(11) 145(28) Musambi 34(7) 130(25) Groundnut 54(11) 155(31) Lime 34(7) 130(25) Sunflower 34(7) 73(14) Amla 54(11) 246(48) Redgram 34(7) 73(14) Cashew - 112(22) Bengal gram 54(11) 87(17) Jackfruit 34(7) 77(15) Cotton - 135(27) Jamun - 164(32) Chilli 34(7) 48(10) Custard apple 54(11) 246(48) Tomato 34(7) 48(10) Tamarind - 87(17) Brinjal 20(4) 215(42) Mulberry 34(7) 232(45) Onion 20(4) 215(42) Marigold 34(7) 101(20) Bhendi 20(4) 215(42) Chrysanthemum 34(7) 101(20) Drumstick 34(7) 140(27) Jasmine 34(7) 48(9) Mango - 34(7) Crossandra 34(7) 48(9) Guava 34(7) 77(15) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 125 (53.42%) men and 109 (46.58%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.1, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 5.06, semi medium farmers' was 4.4 and medium farmers' was 6.4. The data indicated that, 52 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (41.03%) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (28.63%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (8.12 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hasgal-2 had 26.92 per cent illiterates, 0.85 per cent functional literates, 34.62 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.85 per cent did diploma, 0.43 per cent of them did ITI, 2.14 per cent of them had degree education and 0.43 per cent were in masters. The results indicate that, 76 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 4 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 20 per cent were general labourers, 2 per cent of them were housewives and 2 per cent of them were children. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.72 per cent of the household members, 8.12 per cent were agricultural laborers, 12.39 per cent were general labour, 2.56 per cent were in private, 23.50 per cent were students, 1.71 per cent were housewives and 2.14 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 74 per cent of the households possess Katcha house 4 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results show that 84 per cent of the households possess TV, 56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 46 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 4 per cent of them possess landline and 88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.7571, mixer grinder was Rs.1846, bicycle was Rs. 3347, motor cycle was Rs.37315, landline phone was Rs.3333 and mobile phone was Rs.1653. About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34 per cent of them possess plough, 2 per cent of them possess tractor, 22 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 80 per cent of them possess weeder, 4 per cent of them possess harvester, 2 per cent of them possess thresher, 10 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2 per cent of them possess JCB/Hitachi. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.21200, plough was Rs.1016, the average value of tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2844, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3300, the average value of harvester was Rs.6942, the average value of thresher was Rs.50000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2800, and the average value of weeder was Rs.77. The results indicate that, 36 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 4 per cent of them possess sheep, 2 per cent of the households possess goat and 2 per cent of them possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.85, average own labour (women) available was 5.55, average hired labour (men) available was 11.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.79. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hasgal-2 micro watershed possess 42.85 ha (64.97%) of dry land and 23.11 ha (35.03%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.80 ha (84.35%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (15.65%). Small farmers possess 18.34 ha (91.39%) of dry land and 1.73 ha (8.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.38 ha (37.95%) of dry land and 13.70 ha (62.05%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (62.53%) of dry land and 6.79 ha (37.47%) of the farmers possess irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293003 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 514763. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 470674 for dry land and Rs.1347272 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 414210 for dry land and Rs. 925526 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 155120 for dry land and Rs. 474298 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123500 for dry land and Rs.382717 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 28 per cent of the farmers, and open well was the source of irrigation for 2 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.14 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.83 meters. 3 The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.72 ha, 13.91 ha and 5.51 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.62 ha), cotton (1.78 ha), groundnut (5.15 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), maize (21.74 ha), navane (1.70 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sorghum (2.18 ha), tomato (0.89 ha), and watermelon (2.91 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, watermelon and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, paddy and watermelon. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, paddy, sorghum, tomato, watermelon and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, horsegram, paddy, redgram sorghum and maize. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hasgal-2 micro watershed was found to be 98.20 per cent. In case of marginal and semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of small farmers it was 101.67 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 87.23 per cent. The results indicate that, 62 per cent of the households have bank account and 40 per cent of the households have savings. The results indicate that, 44 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from cooperative bank, 22.73 per cent availed loan from grameena bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from money lenders and 36.36 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs.19285, Rs.90714, Rs.104285, and Rs.50000 respectively. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production which accounted for 63.64 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 18.18 per cent of the households borrowed for social functions, 9.09 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed and 9.09 per cent borrowed for household consumption. The results indicated that 80 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources, 13.33 per cent of the households partially paid and 6.67 per cent of the households fully repaid their loan. Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources, 9.09 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 9.09 per cent of the households fully paid their loans. 4 The results indicate that, around 46.67 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 40 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations. The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 27.27 per cent opined that the rate of interest was high in non institutional source of credits. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37771.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70523.07. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 32751.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 46621.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67059.85. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20438.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 16260.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23523.81. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 7263.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32823.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38634.10. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5810.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22880. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20415.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 2464.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18070.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46930. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 28859.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.6. The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 19107.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 10532.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55. The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 53952.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1264061.94. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 1210109.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:23.43. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 29826.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84288.75. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 54461.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.83. the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41184.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71007.93. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 29823.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.72. 5 the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 24868.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 158304.54. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 133435.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.37. The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 34 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 88,100 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,218.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 107,086.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 167,966.67, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 134,600. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,539.89. For landless households it was Rs. 7,100, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,611.85, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,368.06, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16,080. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconuts and 27 mangoes in their fields. They have also grown 5 coconut and 1 mango tree in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 23 teak trees, 79 neem trees, 4 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 1 peepul tree in their field. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,280, for irrigation facility Rs. 260, for improved crop production Rs. 720 and for improved livestock management Rs. 420. The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 16 per cent of the households for land development, 4 per cent for irrigation facility, 12 per cent for improved crop production and 14 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of funds for 2 per cent of the households for improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, maize, navane, paddy, redgram, tomato and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 77.37 per cent. The results indicated that, about 30 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 38 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 24 per cent of the farmers have sold through agents/traders and 8 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 84 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 2 per cent have used truck and 12 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 12.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 33.33 6 per cent of small farmers, 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 60 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 58 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 96 per cent used fire wood and 8 per cent of the households used LPG. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 12 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 42 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 50 per cent of the marginal, 26.67 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, 96 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 2 per cent did not possess PDS card. The results indicated that, 54 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 56 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 16 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 52 per cent, milk was adequate for 90 per cent, eggs were adequate for 84 per cent and meat was adequate for 66 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 4 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 46 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent, milk was inadequate for 6 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 6 per cent and meat was inadequate for 24 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 58 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (72%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (54%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56%), less rainfall (20%), inadequate extension services (44%), and source of agri-technology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (12%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-2microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 550ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86per cent is covered by soils, 17 per cent byrock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 11soil series and 21soil phases (management units) and 4land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m)in available water capacity. Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%)lands. An area of about 8 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and71 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 30per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),21 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and2 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is0.75%) in organic carbon. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in11 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm). Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 51 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent. Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 57 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 10 per cent area. Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24 (4) 21 (4) Pomegranate 18 (3) 167 (30) Maize 24 (4) 21 (4) Guava 18 (3) 167 (30) Bajra 43 (8) 172 (31) Jackfruit 18 (3) 167 (30) Red gram 18 (3) 26 (5) Jamun - 179 (33) Bengalgram - 75 (14) Musambi 18 (3) 167 (30) Groundnut 38 (7) 251 (46) Lime 18 (3) 167 (30) Sunflower 18 (3) 26 (5) Cashew 24 (4) 209 (38) Cotton - 45 (8) Custard apple 43 (8) 323 (59) Chilli 24 (4) 21 (4) Amla 43 (8) 323 (59) Tomato 24 (4) 21 (4) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick 18 (3) 129 (23) Marigold 24 (4) 21 (4) Mulberry 18 (3) 318 (58) Chrysanthemum 24 (4) 21 (4) Mango - 18 (3) Jasmine 24 (4) 21 (4) Sapota 18 (3) 167 (30) Crossandra 24 (4) 21 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared for the4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 87 (55.77%) men and 69 (44.23%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and large farmers' was 5. The data indicated that, 24 (15.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 70 (44.87%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (32.69%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.05 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Gabbur-2 had 30.77 per cent illiterates, 28.21 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.33 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.79 per cent of them had high school education, 7.69 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent of them did ITI and 2.56 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 78.95 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 13.16 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 2.63 per cent were general labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.95 per cent of the household members, 23.72 per cent were agricultural laborers, 7.05 per cent were general labour, 1.28 per cent had household industry, 4.49 per cent were in private, 19.87 per cent were students and 0.64 per cent were housewives. The results show that 98.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and only 1.28 per cent of the households participated in self help group. The results indicate that 2.63 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 92.11 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.26 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 68.42 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 68.42 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 28.95 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.2696, mixer grinder was Rs.1444, bicycle was Rs. 1038, motor cycle was Rs.31000 and mobile phone was Rs.1005. About 10.53 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 23.68 per cent of them possess plough, 21.05 per cent of them posses sprayer, 97.37 per cent of them possess weeder and 23.68 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15500, plough was Rs.1692, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3077, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2888, and the average value of weeder was Rs.33. 2 The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 10.53 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.26 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 6.72 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.36. The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 39.47 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, only 1.92 per cent of the population migrated from the micro watershed, which included 5.26 per cent of landless farmers and 4.44 per cent of semi medium farmers. The results indicate that, the average distance of migration was 800 kms and average duration was 5 months. The results indicate that, job/wage/work was the main purpose for migration. The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that their quality of life improved as a result of migration. The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-2 micro watershed possess 91.77 ha (84.24%) of dry land and 17.18 ha (15.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.30 ha (96.50%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.12 ha (11.45%) of dry land and 16.37 ha (88.55%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 64.35 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 72,977.06 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 399,832.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 431,586.03 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,620.69 for dry land and Rs. 617,500 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,682.60 for dry land and Rs. 389,067.76 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 258,000 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there was 3 functioning and 3 defunctioning open well in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 21.05 per cent of the farmers, open well was the source of irrigation for 7.89 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.57 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.43 meters. 3 The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha and 20.43 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (24.21 ha), paddy (7.77 ha), navane (4.66 ha), groundnut (2.43 ha), bajra (2.06 ha), mango (3.36 ha), sugarcane (1.36 ha), brinjal (0.81 ha), ladies finger (0.81 ha) and bengal gram (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, navane and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, navane, bajra and Bengal gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, paddy, navane, groundnut, mango, sugarcane, brinjal and ladies finger. Large farmers have grown maize only. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-2 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal and small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.40 per cent, and large farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 5.41 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.51 per cent availed loan from friends/relatives, 35.41 per cent availed loan from money lender, 35.14 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 10.81 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicate that, landless, marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers have availed Rs.81000, Rs.47500, Rs.46125, Rs.79636 and 135000 respectively. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions which accounted for 50 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 15 per cent of the households borrowed for agricultural production, 25 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed, 5 per cent have borrowed for health care and another 5 per cent have borrowed for purchase of vehicle. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan and 18.18 per cent of the households did not repay their loan. 4 The results indicate that, around 93.33 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.67 per cent of the households said that the credit was easily accessible. The results indicate that, around 18.18 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirements, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.55 per cent opined that the interest rate was higher in non-institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24971.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28026.25. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 3054.83, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27364.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 7646.45. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 594.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39. The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 100090.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 310099.43. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 210008.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.1. The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 29944.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95589. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 65644.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.19. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53586.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80670.20. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27083.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51. The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 35169.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 103740. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 68570.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95. The total cost of cultivation for Ladies finger was Rs. 31310.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113620. The net income from Ladies finger cultivation was Rs. 82309.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.63. The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67. The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 110481.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 477827.40. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 367345.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.32. 5 The results indicate that, 15.79 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.26 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also around 23.68 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.63 per cent of the households opined that green fodder is inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 114,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 82,850, for small farmers it was Rs. 112,442.19, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 271,250, and for large farmers it was Rs.148000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,585.06. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,937.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,343.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,624.01, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,500. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut, and 830 mango trees in their fields. 42.11 per cent of the households showed interest towards cultivation of horticultural crops. The results indicate that, households have planted 64 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 6,237.99, for irrigation facility Rs. 2,132.65, for improved crop production Rs. 684.32 and for improved livestock management Rs. 2,894.74. The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 55.26 per cent of the households for land development, 36.84 per cent for irrigation facility, 5.26 per cent for improved crop production and 5.26 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of investment for 5.26 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, all crops were marketed to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 92.11 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.63 per cent have sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement. The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 5.26 per cent have used truck and another 5.26 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of marginal farmers, 56.25 per cent of small farmers and 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 6 The results indicated that, 28.95 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding and 42.11 per cent of the households adopted summer ploughing. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the structures needed full replacement. The results indicated that 31.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government and another 39.47 per cent is constructed by other agencies. Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 76.32 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 18.42 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 94.74 per cent used fire wood and 10.53 per cent of the households used LPG. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 25 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers. 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent possessed APL card. The results indicated that, 26.32 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 78.95 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 15.79 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.95 per cent, fruits were adequate for 21.05 per cent, milk was adequate for 73.68 per cent and eggs were adequate for 73.68 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 21.05 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 73.68 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 63.16 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 65.79 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.16 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 23.68 per cent and meat was inadequate for 63.16 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (73.68%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.26%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.53%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.53%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.53%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (63.16%), less rainfall (73.68%) and inadequate extension services (57.89%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
[ES] Es una gran satisfacción para mí, como Presidente del CSIC, elaborar la introducción de esta memoria de actividades llevadas a cabo a lo largo del año 2007, año en el que ya formaba parte del equipo directivo como Vicepresidente de Organización y Relaciones Institucionales. Como investigador y máximo responsable de esta institución, debo destacar en primer lugar el cambio que se produjo en la figura jurídica del CSIC, por su transformación en Agencia Estatal mediante el Real Decreto 1730/2007 de 21 de diciembre. El año terminó, por tanto, con un hito de máxima relevancia para nuestro organismo, que inicia un proceso de cambio hacia un funcionamiento más autónomo, flexible y regido por el compromiso en el cumplimiento de objetivos. Queda por delante desarrollar la Agencia y sus normas de funcionamiento, tarea que ya estamos abordando con la ilusión de conseguir un organismo atractivo en su funcionamiento y procedimientos, como es el caso de nuestros homólogos europeos. El final del año 2007 coincidió también con la revisión intermedia bienal del Plan de Actuación del CSIC (2006-2009) y, por tanto, del cumplimiento de los objetivos científico-técnicos alcanzados por sus institutos en sus Planes Estratégicos. Esta revisión mostró un balance muy positivo, consiguiendo, e incluso superando en algunos casos, los resultados previstos gracias al esfuerzo de todo el personal de la institución, por adaptarse a los cambios y superar los retos que se planteaban en el Plan de Actuación. A ello contribuyó indudablemente el incremento presupuestario recibido desde el Estado, que ha supuesto un aumento aproximado del 55% desde 2004 y que permitió afrontar las necesidades de personal, equipamiento científico e infraestructuras. La actividad científico-técnica desarrollada en el año 2007 se tradujo en un incremento de los ingresos de financiación externa, tanto a través de proyectos en concurrencia competitiva a los que acuden nuestros investigadores, como en contratos. Esto ha contribuido en el aumento significativo de la producción científica de calidad y en los resultados de orientación tecnológica transferibles al sector industrial, de los que da buena cuenta esta memoria. Pero el año 2007 no ha sido un año exclusivamente dedicado a la generación de resultados científico-tecnológicos, sino que una gran parte de la actividad se ha dedicado a su transferencia. Y esto significa no sólo al sector socio-económico, sino también a la sociedad en general a través de la divulgación promovida por el Área de Cultura Científica. Hay que destacar que el año 2007 fue declarado por el Gobierno "Año de la Ciencia", en conmemoración del centenario de la creación ; de la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas, JAE, institución de la cual el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas se considera sucesor, no sólo por el impulso que dio a la investigación y a la sociedad del conocimiento, sino porque muchos de los institutos que integran hoy en día el CSIC fueron creación de la propia JAE. El CSIC lideró las actividades llevadas a cabo en el Año de la Ciencia, que acercaron la investigación a la sociedad a través de los medios de comunicación y poniendo a nuestros científicos en contacto directo con la sociedad. Durante el año 2007 el CSIC puso en marcha grandes proyectos de divulgación científica como el de "Ciencia en la Ciudad" o el de "Ciencia en el Puerto", proyecto, este último, que se llevó a cabo con el buque de investigación oceanográfica Sarmiento de Gamboa. Esta gran instalación científica marina fue utilizada durante los meses de prueba en jornadas de puertas abiertas, mostrando a los ciudadanos de varios puertos españoles y portugueses esta nueva infraestructura y los nuevos proyectos de investigación que a través de ella se irán desarrollando. Asimismo, en 2007 se editó el libro "Tiempos de investigación, JAE-CSIC. Cien años de ciencia en España", que recoge, por primera vez, un recorrido por la historia de ambas entidades y la opinión sobre el CSIC de todos sus Presidentes. La trayectoria consolidada que posee el CSIC de cooperación con otros organismos nos permitió en el año 2007 abordar la creación de seis nuevos centros mixtos con Universidades y Gobiernos Autónomos, así como la creación de otros tres centros propios, lo que supuso la remodelación de cuatro de ellos. Ha sido también un año en el que se incrementó de forma considerable el número de contratos y convenios del CSIC con empresas y otras instituciones, ascendiendo a más de 1.300 con una financiación superior a los 63 millones de euros, que se sumaron a los más de 3.000 convenios que estaban en vigor. Es necesario resaltar que también siguió incrementándose el número de plazas para investigadores, becarios y contratos de doctores. No cabe duda de que nuestro organismo, cuya fortaleza es la multidisciplinariedad, ha seguido mostrándose en 2007 como el auténtico eje vertebrador de la actividad investigadora científico-técnica en España. Todo ello, gracias al espíritu competitivo y de mejora de todos los que lo componen, que han hecho y siguen haciendo posible la investigación científico-técnica de calidad. ; [EN] It gives me great satisfaction, as the President of the CSIC, to write this introduction to the report on the organisation's activities in 2007, a year during which I was already part of the management team as Vice President for Organisation and Institutional Relations. As a researcher, and as the organisation's chief executive, I would first like to highlight the change in the CSIC's legal status that took place with its transformation into a State Agency by Royal Decree 1730/2007 on 21 December 2007. The year therefore ended with a highly significant milestone for our organisation, launching a process of change that will lead to its being managed in a more independent and flexible way, guided by its making a commitment to –and meeting– objectives. Ahead of us lies the task of developing the Agency and defining its rules of operation, something which we are already addressing, with a view to fashioning an organisation whose procedures and form of operation will make it as attractive as its European counterparts. The end of 2007 also coincided with the biannual interim review of the CSIC Action Plan (2006-2009) and therefore, an assessment of the degree of fulfilment of the scientific and technical objectives its institutes set out in their strategic plans. The outcome of this review was highly positive, with the envisaged results being achieved, and in some cases surpassed, thanks to the effort of all the institution's staff to adapt to the changes and overcome the challenges the Action Plan presented. The increase in the budget received from national government, which has risen by 55% since 2004, and which made it possible to meet the organisation's needs in terms of staff, scientific equipment and infrastructure, was undoubtedly also a contributory factor. The scientific and technical activity undertaken in 2007 translated into an increase in income from external funding, in the form of both contracted research and projects funded on a competitive basis. This has contributed to the significant increase in the amount of high quality scientific output and technological results suitable for transfer to the industrial sector, about which there is much more in this report. However, 2007 was not characterised solely by the production of scientific and technological results, as a great deal of effort was also devoted to technology transfer. As well as involving the socio- economic sector, this has also meant reaching out to society in general through the scientific popularisation activities promoted by the Scientific Culture Area. It is also worth noting here that the Spanish government declared 2007 the "Year of Science", to commemorate the centenary of the creation of the Junta para Introducción / Introduction Rafael Rodrigo Presidente del CSIC President of the CSIC ; Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas, or JAE, the institution which the CSIC, as the Spanish National Research Council, considers its predecessor, not only on account of the stimulus it gave to research and the knowledge society, but also because many of the institutes that now form a part of the CSIC were created by the JAE. Spain's Science Year aimed to bring research closer to society, both through the media and by enabling direct contact between scientists and the public, and the CSIC naturally played a leading role in the events and activities. The CSIC ran several large popular science initiatives in 2007, such as "Science in the City", or "Science in Ports", the latter involving the Sarmiento de Gamboa oceanographic research vessel. While this major scientific facility was undergoing trials various open days were held in ports in Spain and Portugal, where the public were able to view this new piece of marine infrastructure and get a glimpse of some of the research projects that it will be used for. 2007 also saw the publication of a book describing the hundred years of history of the JAE-CSIC entitled "Tiempos de investigación, JAE-CSIC. Cien años de ciencia en España". As well as giving an overview of the history of the two organisations the book also summarised the opinions the CSIC's past presidents have had of the institution. The CSIC's solid track record of cooperation with other organisations enabled us to set up six new joint centres, run in collaboration with universities and regional governments, in 2007. The CSIC also set up another three centres of its own and remodelled four of them. It was also a year in which there was a considerable increase in the number of contracts and agreements between the CSIC and firms and other institutions. These reached a total of over 1,300 and brought in funding of 63 million euros, in addition to the more than 3,000 agreements already in force. At the same time, the number of places for researchers, research fellows and post-doctoral contracts also continued to increase. There is no doubt that our organisation, whose strength is its multidisciplinary, continued to demonstrate its having a key role in structuring scientific and technological research in Spain. This is all thanks to the competitive spirit and desire for continual improvement shown by all its members, whose past and present efforts have made the CSIC's high quality scientific and technical research possible. ; Peer reviewed
