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Introduction. The systemic vulnerability that teachers experience is influenced from pressures arising from ecological environments originally described by Bronfenbrenner (1979). The pressure on teachers has its peculiarities in countries with a totalitarian past and without it. Regardless of cultural context, pressure effects many teachers' ability to be comfortable with the demands of their daily tasks, and their willingness to feel proud of their profession. Therefore, identifying factors of systemic vulnerability of teachers in different contexts and levels of social environment is relevant.
The aim of the study is to evaluate publications that reveal systemic factors of schoolteachers' vulnerability with the help of Scoping review.
Methodology. Initially, 4,810 publications from four databases (Scopus, ERIC EBSCO, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were involved. At the stage of full texts' analysis 22 articles were considered. The research presents a wide range of geographical regions, which indicates the degree of generalization in conclusions about the sources of systemic pressure on teachers in different countries.
Results. In this article, for the first time, the factors of systemic vulnerability of teachers at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of social environment are highlighted. Societal and cultural expectations are the biggest sources of pressure on the macro-level. Pressures on the macro-level may affect the micro-level, that is, for the psychological well-being of teachers, since they themselves are a part of the cultural and societal systems. This can contribute to "self-imposed" pressure by teachers that has not been the focus of research until now. Parents and the school environment are the biggest sources of pressure on teachers at the meso-level. Much of the conflict between parents and teachers is stimulated by opposing views of what a 'good education' means. Government overregulation of work conditions, requirement to maintain responsibilities other than teaching, pressure from administrators, insufficient levels of wages and resources of the education system, heavy school workload, insufficiently developed curriculum are sources of systemic pressure on teachers. Lack of public control over school administration' decision-making and lack of autonomy of educational institutions correlates with political and governmental pressures. Burdensome governmental pressure whether due to reform, policy change, or cultural expectations related to political past forms the social representation of the teacher as having a low professional status, as well as social ideas about mismatch between teacher actions and the expectations of society. The great consensus of research on the sources of systemic vulnerability extends to the countries of Eastern Europe and China that were associated with totalitarianism, as well as to the countries of Western Europe with a strong democratic tradition. Since pay is a determinant of social status, the substantially lower salaries of teachers in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe may be a driving factor behind the prevailing negative perception of their status among Eastern European teachers. The lack of clear differences between factors that cause vulnerability of teachers beyond pay may be explained by the international decline of the status of the teaching profession.
The limitations of this study are the lack of publications on systemic pressure on teachers at the micro-level and on pressure relief factors.
Social consequences and practical significance. The policies to mitigate systemic vulnerability will need to be highly contextualized. Research questions that reveal meso- and macro-level factors can be used for re-Scoping Review, as they point to teachers' systemic vulnerability.
Future work. Future research should focus on ways that parent teacher relationships can be strengthened to a point of healthy co-addiction

PurposeThe research investigates valuers' understanding of the value of sustainability in property and its' consideration in valuation practice in Australia. This paper explores valuers' perceptions of the relationships between sustainability and market values, sustainability and valuation variables, and the value influence of industry sustainability certification schemes. Further, this paper tracks prevalence of certified buildings in Australian commercial markets and the evolution of valuers' knowledge of sustainability certifications used in Australia.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports on the next rendition of a longitudinal study examining valuers' practice in Australia. This research explores the evolution of Australian valuers' perception and knowledge of sustainability in valuation practice. The survey data has been periodically collected from practising valuers from 2007 to 2021. The survey questions investigate valuers' knowledge development, understanding, reporting and consideration of the relationship between sustainability and market value.FindingsThe results have identified the evolution of the influence of normative research on valuers' perceptions of the relationship between sustainability and value; with a clearer understanding emerging over time of where the value relationships are identified in valuation variables. Greater alignment between empirical Australian studies and valuers' perceptions of the influence of sustainability ratings on value, demonstrate the value connection for higher rated buildings under NABERS (energy rating) and Green Star. Whilst only 41% of the study's participants are including sustainability in their valuation reports, they include a higher level of commentary on building descriptions and initiatives, building ratings, and reporting of owner and tenant objectives, than in previous studies. Knowledge development relating to sustainability certification tool, NABERS was identified. This is likely linked to the introduction of mandatory disclosure legislation. This has also led to increased awareness and valuers' knowledge of the differences between the two key rating tools used in Australia.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has several limitations: firstly, recruitment of valuers and the number of valuers' responses has varied over time; secondly, due to collection methods respondents have a greater likelihood of having an interest in and knowledge of sustainability creating potential for positive bias; thirdly, respondents may have responded to the survey in different years, but due to anonymity there has been no ability to track this. The results provide insights into the Australian valuation profession but may not be fully representative of the profession overall in Australia.Practical implicationsThe broader agenda of net zero, climate change, mitigation and carbon requirements, whether driven by market forces or government legislation, are generating changes in property markets as investors' reconsider their positions and model the implications of carbon emissions on their bottom lines. Introductions of policy and legislation over time in the Australian context have led to changes in valuation practice and increasing consideration of energy efficiency and ratings in the valuation of assets. However, further guidance and research still is required in Australia to assist in the knowledge development of valuers, and their ability to consider the emerging effects of sustainability, net zero and other market driven objectives including legislation, and how these may affect or influence their evaluation of market evidence and thus property values.Originality/valueThe research has tracked valuers' understanding, knowledge, and consideration of sustainability and energy efficiency in valuation practice since 2007. In that time the research has found that, as the market has evolved and more rated buildings are built (or retrofitted), so too has valuers' knowledge and consideration in valuation practices evolved. Valuers are more engaged with industry rating tools such as NABERS. This suggests that the Australian mandatory disclosure policies have contributed to changes in the market, which are then interpreted by valuers and reflected in their perceptions and consideration of energy ratings in valuation practice.

West Java with its potential has launched tourism development based on the RIPDA of West Java Province which focuses on planning one or more tourist destinations that have been or will become the flagship of the province. As the main guideline, the tourism revitalization of the Waduk Darma is a manifestation of full support for the preservation of tourism objects as well as efforts to empower potential so that they can make a more significant contribution to the implementation, development and empowerment of the Kuningan Regency Government assets. Ecotourism is environmentally oriented tourism to bridge the interests of natural resource protection and the tourism industry. Evaluation is a process of providing information about the extent to which certain activities have been achieved, how the achievement differs from a certain standard to find out whether there is a difference between the two, and how the benefits that have been carried out are compared to the expectations to be obtained. The objectives are: 1) Knowing the ecotourism potential that can be developed in the Waduk Darma tourist area 2) Analyzing the impact of revitalization activities on socio-cultural aspects around the Darma Reservoir and 3) Evaluating the suitability of the first phase revitalization program for Waduk Darma tourism. The methods used are 1) Policy analysis, 2) Location and site analysis, 3) Tourism analysis and, 4) Best Practice analysis. Research results 1) The potential for ecotourism in the Darma Reservoir area is in the form of natural panoramas, trees, rice fields, forests, reservoir waters. Many tourists come to enjoy ecotourism, 2) After being analyzed, it can be seen that the revitalization of the Darma Reservoir has a greater and positive influence on the socio- cultural life of the community, and 3) The first phase of revitalization is in accordance with the planning, the comparison of the tourism conditions of the Darma Reservoir before and now is experiencing differences. of tourism facilities/infrastructure. Keywords: Ecotourism; Evaluation; Revitalization; Waduk DarmaAbstrakJawa Barat dengan potensinya telah mencanangkan pengembangan pariwisata, berdasarkan RIPDA Provinsi Jawa Barat yang menitikberatkan pada perencanaan satu atau lebih destinasi wisata yang telah atau akan menjadi unggulan provinsi tersebut (BAPPEDA Provinsi Jawa Barat, 2018). Sebagai pedoman utama, Revitalisasi wisata Waduk Darma merupakan perwujudan dukungan sepenuhnya terhadap pelestarian obyek wisata sekaligus upaya pemberdayaan potensi sehingga dapat memberikan kontribusi yang lebih signifikan pada penyelenggaraan, pengembangan dan pemberdayaan aset Pemerintah Kabupaten Kuningan. Ekowisata merupakan wisata berorientasi pada lingkungan untuk menjembatani kepentingan perlindungan sumberdaya alam dan industri kepariwisataan. Evaluasi merupakan suatu proses penyediaan informasi mengenai sejauh mana kegiatan tertentu telah dicapai, bagaimana perbedaan pencapaian tersebut dengan suatu standar tertentu untuk mengetahui apakah ada selisih diantara keduanya, serta bagaimana manfaat yang telah dikerjakan bila dibandingkan dengan harapan-harapan yang ingin diperoleh. Tujuannya: 1) Mengetahui potensi ekowisata yang dapat dikembangkan di kawasan wisata Waduk Darma 2) Menganalisis dampak kegiatan revitalisasi terhadap aspek sosial budaya di sekitar Waduk Darma dan 3) Mengevaluasi kesesuaian program revitalisasi tahap pertama wisata Waduk Darma. Metode yang digunakan adalah 1) Analisis kebijakan, 2) Analisis lokasi dan tapak, 3) Analisis wisata dan, 4) Analisis Best Practice. Hasil penelitian 1) Potensi ekowisata di kawasan Waduk Darma berupa panorama alam, pepohonan, areal persawahan, hutan, perairan waduk. Banyak wisatawan berdatangan menikmati ekowisata, 2) Setelah dianalisis, terlihat bahwa revitalisasi Waduk Darma lebih memiliki pengaruh yang besar dan positif terhadap kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat, dan 3) Revitalisasi tahap pertama sudah sesuai dengan perencanaan, perbandingan kondisi wisata Waduk Darma dahulu dengan sekarang mengalami perbedaan dari sarana/prasarana pariwisata.

This thesis addresses the modeling of energy prices with time-varying volatility and jumps in three separate and self-contained papers: A. Modeling energy futures volatility through stochastic volatility processes with Markov chain Monte Carlo This paper studies the volatility dynamics of futures contracts on crude oil, natural gas and electricity. To accomplish this purpose, an appropriate Bayesian model comparison exercise between seven stochastic volatility (SV) models and their counterpart GARCH models is performed, with both classes of time-varying volatility processes being estimated through a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. A comparison exercise for hedging purposes is also considered by computing the extreme risk measures (using the Conditional Value-at-Risk) of simulated returns from the SV model with the best performance - i.e., the SV model with a t-distribution - and the standard GARCH(1,1) model for the hedging of crude oil, natural gas and electricity positions. Overall, we find that: (i) volatility plays an important role in energy futures markets; (ii) SV models generally outperform their GARCH-family counterparts; (iii) a model with t-distributed innovations generally improves the fitting performance of both classes of time-varying volatility models; (iv) the maturity of futures contracts matters; and (v) the correct specification for the stochastic behavior of futures prices impacts the extreme market risk measures of hedged and unhedged positions. B. How does electrification under energy transition impact the portfolio management of energy firms? This paper presents a novel approach for structuring dependence between electricity and natural gas prices in the context of energy transition: a copula of meanreverting and jump-diffusion processes. Based on historical day-ahead prices of the Nord Pool electricity market and the Henry Hub natural gas market, a stochastic model is estimated via the maximum likelihood approach and considering the dependency structure between the innovations of these two-dimensional returns. Given the role of natural gas in the global policy for energy transition, different copula functions are fit to electricity and natural gas returns. Overall, we find that: (i) using an out-of-sample forecasting exercise, we show that it is important to consider both mean-reversion and jumps; (ii) modeling correlation between the returns of electricity and natural gas prices, assuring nonlinear dependencies are satisfied, leads us to the adoption of Gumbel and Student-t copulas; and (iii) without government incentive schemes in renewable electricity projects, the usual maximization of the risk-return trade-off tends to avoid a high exposure to electricity assets. C. Modeling commodity prices under alternative jump processes and fat tails dynamics The recent fluctuations in commodity prices affected significantly Oil Gas (O&G) companies' returns. However, integrated O&G companies are not only exposed to the downturn of oil prices since a high level of integration allows these firms to obtain non-perfectly positive correlated portfolio. This paper aims to test several different stochastic processes to model the main strategic commodities in integrated O&G companies: brent, natural gas, jet fuel and diesel. The competing univariate models include the log-normal and double exponential jump-diffusion model, the Variance-Gamma process and the geometric Brownian motion with nonlinear GARCH volatility. Given the effect of correlation between these assets, we also estimate multivariate models, such as the Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) GARCH, DCC-GJR-GARCH and the DCC-EGARCH models. Overall, we find that: (i) the asymmetric conditional heteroskedasticity model substantially improves the performance of the univariate jump-diffusion models; and (ii) the multivariate approaches are the best models for our strategic energy commodities, in particular the DCC-GJR-GARCH model.

Introduction. The evaluation of online learning is an attempt to see the extent of the education process in Indonesia. This evaluation study seen from parents' perception is a new study that has not been carried out. Most dominant researchers evaluate the learning process by emphasising the school, but it has not been touched from the parent's side.Aim. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of online learning based on the perceptions of parents of students.Research methodology and methods. A discrepancy evaluation model method is used in the present research. The discrepancy evaluation model embodies five stages of evaluation: reviewing designs and standards, comparing implementation strategies, reviewing whether the process produces goals, comparing discrepancies with objectives, and cost and benefit analysis. The research subjects were 231 parents, who were involved using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using online questionnaires and interview sheets. A table of evaluation criteria and descriptive analysis were employed to analyse the data.Results and scientific novelty. The study results show that the implementation of online learning can run well, but the government needs to prepare appropriate policies to maintain the quality of learning. On average, 72.82% of parents think that the online learning process is sufficient. There are still psychological obstacles in the form of fatigue, anxiety, too many tasks, and technical obstacles in the form of a slow Internet network and the lack of availability of online learning facilities such as cellphones, laptops, personal computers, which are input and follow-up devices for schools, so that online learning is expected to continue to be improved increasing its effectiveness.Practical significance. This research implies that evaluation is one of the indicators that can measure the success of a programme. To implement the online learning programme, namely in junior high schools in Indonesia, it is necessary to have a special education policy by paying attention to the segmentation of the characteristics of parents, especially groups of low-income parents and education level. ; Введение. Оценивание онлайн-обучения – это попытка увидеть масштабы образовательного процесса в Индонезии. Данное оценочное исследование, основанное на восприятии родителей, является новым, ранее подобное не проводилось. Большинство ведущих ученых рассматривают процесс обучения, делая акцент на школе, но мнение родителей не учитывают.Цель. Настоящая работа направлена на оценку реализации онлайн-обучения на основе восприятия родителей учащихся.Методология и методы исследования. В исследовании используется метод оценки расхождений, включающий пять этапов: обзор проектов и стандартов; сравнение стратегий реализации; проверка того, приводит ли процесс к целям; сравнение несоответствий с целями; анализ «затраты – выгоды». Объект исследования – 231 родитель, определенный методом простой случайной выборки. Данные были собраны с помощью онлайн-анкет и опросных листов. Таблица критериев оценки и описательный анализ были использованы для обработки данных.Результаты и научная новизна. Результаты исследования показывают, что внедрение онлайн-обучения может идти успешно, но правительству необходимо подготовить соответствующую политику для поддержания качества образования. В среднем 72,82 % родителей считают, что онлайн-обучения достаточно. По-прежнему существуют психологические препятствия в виде усталости, беспокойства, слишком большого количества заданий и технические препятствия в виде медленной и/или нестабильной работы сети Интернет и отсутствия возможностей для онлайн-обучения, таких как мобильные телефоны, ноутбуки, персональные компьютеры, которые являются необходимыми инструментами для школ, чтобы продолжать работу по улучшению онлайн-образования, повышая эффективность данного формата обучения.Практическая значимость. Настоящее исследование подразумевает, что оценивание является одним из показателей, который может измерить успех программы. В рамках реализуемой программы, а именно в неполных средних школах Индонезии, при онлайн-обучении необходимо иметь специальную образовательную политику, уделяя внимание сегментации характеристик родителей, особенно групп с низким доходом и уровнем образования.

About 690 million people are chronically undernourished, roughly 2 billion experience food insecurity, and around 3 billion people cannot afford enough of the diverse foods needed for a healthy diet, even as all countries of the world have a rising burden on diet-related disease from consumption of unhealthy foods. This research brief aims to extend previous work on diet cost and affordability such as the SOFI 2020 report to address the hidden costs of meal preparation inside the home, after foods are grown or purchased by each household. We start with market prices for the most affordable items with which to prepare a basic meal in 168 countries around the world, then address the cost of switching between pulses and animal protein foods that people may choose, and the costs of switching between raw ingredients and precooked items such as canned beans, tomatoes or fish. To quantify the cost of meal preparation, we focus on fuel use for rural households in East Africa, and consider the cost of the charcoal, gas or electricity required for cooking the least-cost dry pulses in Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. This analysis is just a first step towards measuring the cost and affordability of meal preparation, which depends on many factors such as a household's kitchen equipment, water and fuel sources, distance to markets, demographic composition and cost of time. Our work on the hidden costs of meal preparation goes beyond market prices of food itself to consider other barriers to consumption of a healthy diet by each household, and complements true cost accounting that takes account of environmental or social externalities from production and distribution of food, as well as the health externalities involved in food consumption. The data shown here reveal that even just the raw ingredients for a basic plate are often unaffordable for the poorest, and the added cost of time and fuel can make such meals prohibitively expensive. Results suggest two main avenues for policy action. First, governments now can and should use the information on the least costly way to meet dietary standards to inform poverty lines and provide targeted assistance to ensure that citizens can acquire safe and nutritious items in sufficient quantities for an active and healthy life, using local- appropriate safety nets. Second, food policies should recognize the hidden costs of meal preparation that often put healthier, more sustainable diets out of reach. Overcoming the hidden barriers to preparation of healthy meals will require support for helpful forms of food processing such as cooking and canning beans, fish, tomatoes or other foods that preserve or even enhance nutritional values, while simultaneously taking action to limit potentially forms of ultra- processing such as excessive levels of added sugar, salt or trans fat and other factors associated with diet-related disease. Actions that support helpful forms of food processing while limiting harmful processing could help households improve diet quality, while also reducing the time burden, respiratory diseases and climate- change consequences of using wood or charcoal for cooking, as well as other inefficient and inequitable aspects of meal preparation. Taken together, food-based safety nets and improvements in the food environment can make healthy diets affordable for all people at all times, to help every country reach global development goals.

To what extent are refugees empowered in their daily lives to overcome legal, material and sociocultural challenges that governmental institutional structures create? In Germany, where over 1 million individuals have received a form of asylum-related protection since 2015, expansive possibilities for life remaking may be superficially presumed, given Germany's robust economy and democratic political systems. As such, the purpose of this PhD research is to describe and understand refugees' capacity for change in daily life in this unique, evolving sociopolitical context. This thesis presents qualitative data from fieldwork conducted in refugee shelters in Cologne—a large, wealthy, progressive city—between 2017 and 2018. The conceptual approach argues that the possibilities for change are tied primarily to three key areas: 1) the assets and capabilities refugees have (agency); 2) the governmental institutional conditions that define their use (opportunity structure) and 3) the ways these factors interact to enable or constrain choices in building new lives (empowerment). A coding template, constructed deductively from these concepts and inductively from data, is used to analyze legal documents; 48 expert interviews; 28 semi-structured and conversational interviews with refugee families; and 234 pages of field note observations of shelter life. Outcomes are examined at the local level across legal, economic and sociocultural domains of daily living. Descriptive and thematic analyses reveal that refugee participants' empowerment for change is constrained in each domain, with respect to qualities of agency and opportunity structure influencing capacity for choice. Agency as assets and capabilities is slowly expanding across domains. Participants increasingly value, strive for and gather agency in terms of understanding complex legal information, pursuing favorable legal statuses, learning German, seeking employment, establishing homes, feeling less isolated, building connections with Germans and sensing psychological peace. Legal frameworks, however, do not necessarily align to allow for its effective building or application. Although they are becoming more progressive in some ways and provide adequate levels of basic material support, access to benefits, services and rights change rapidly, creating great instability in what can be pursued as solutions. Similarly, inflexible and hierarchical governance structures limit clear entry points for participants' dynamic engagement within. As such, participants encounter difficulties executing choices to reach the goals they value. However, whether choices break down at the level of presence, use or effectiveness varies contextually. Origin country or residency status can eliminate the presence of choice, in terms of imposing explicit legal prohibitions. Sociodemographic assets—such as gender, family status, language skills, education or professional background—threaten the use or effectiveness of choice, as individuals reconcile their former identities within new state-determined possibilities for social participation, as well as doubt the realistic possibilities to reach increasingly existential aspirations towards meaningful employment, stability and belonging. Possessing connections to engaged civil society or local government actors enhances empowerment possibilities most saliently, as such intermediaries are better positioned to navigate aforementioned agency-structure misalignments. These connections are also critical, given that refugee participants do not view shelters—still their dominant living spaces—as homes or community-based sources of help. At the same time, they nonetheless demonstrate empowerment through prioritizing family values and undertaking familiar means of homemaking, finding ways to combat turbulence with creative constructions of culturally meaningful elements of normalcy. This PhD research contributes to the evolving understanding of how governmental opportunity structures shape refugees' broader possibilities for life remaking. Ultimately, while the consolidated analysis does not cast Germany's refugees more broadly as victims in a state of bare life given legal structures with a humanitarian premise, more stable, multilaterally consistent policy could still limit volatility and enhance possibilities for more empowered life outcomes, as they pursue more sustainable, long-term futures.

The problems contained in this scientific paper are about how the parameters of a situation can be called Force Majure in the view of Islam, and whether the Covid-19 pandemic can be used as the basis for Force Majure, and how Islam views credit relaxation in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses a juridical-normative approach whose main data source is secondary data in the form of written materials about the law which are then analyzed qualitatively with the aim of producing analytical descriptive data. From this study it was found that the parameters of a situation that can be called force majeure can be divided into two, namely absolute force majeure and relative force majeure, absolute force majeure is a situation that can no longer be implemented while relative force majeure is a situation that can actually be done but because there are something it is impossible to carry out his will and if done then the effect is great. The Covid-19 pandemic in general cannot be said to be a force majeure situation, but because the Government has issued Presidential Decree No. 12 of 2020 which states that COVID-19 is a non-natural disaster and is a national disaster and restrictions on carrying out an activity, this can potentially be a force majeure so that with the existence of a limitation on activities, the state must be present in providing a national economic stimulus, one of which is the provision of credit relaxation. The provision of credit relaxation is a policy issued by the state as an effort so that business actors can still continue their business activities in the midst of a pandemic and of course can again support the country's economy, but in practice the provision of credit relaxation by financial service institutions is not optimal.Permasalahan yang terdapat karya ilmiah ini adalah mengenai bagaimana parameter suatu keadaan dapat disebut sebagai Force Majure dalam pandangan Islam, serta apakah pandemi Covid-19 dapat dijadikan dasar sebagai Force Majure, serta bagaimana padangan Islam terhadap relaksasi kredit di tengah tengah pandemic covid 19 . Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis-normatif yang sumber data utamanya adalah data sekunder yakni berupa bahan-bahan tertulis tentang hukum yang kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif yang bertujuan menghasilkan data deskriptif analitis. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa parameter suatu keadaan dapat disebut sebagai force majure dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu force majure absolute dan force majure relatif, force majure absolut adalah keadaan yang sudah tidak bisa dilaksanakan lagi sedangkan force majure relatif adalah keadaan yang sebenarnya bisa dilakukan namun karena ada suatu hal maka tidak mungkin melaksanakan kehendaknya dan jika dilakukan maka pengaruhnya besar. Pandemi Covid-19 secara umum tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai keadaan force majure, namun karena Pemerintah telah mengeluarkan Keppres Nomor 12 tahun 2020 yang menyatakan covid-19 merupakan bencana non-alam dan merupakan bencana nasional serta pembatasan melakukan suatu kegiatan, maka hal demikian dapat berpotensi sebagai force majure sehingga kemudian dengan adanya suatu pembatasan kegiatan, negara harus hadir dalam memberikan stimulus perekonomian nasional yakni salah satunya pemberian relaksasi kredit. Pemberian relaksasi kredit merupakan kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh negara sebagai upaya agar para pelaku usaha masih dapat melanjutkan kegiatan usahanya di tengah pandemi dan tentunya dapat kembali menunjang perekonomian negara, namun dalam praktiknya pemberian relaksasi kredit oleh lembaga jasa keuangan belum optimal

Regulatory costs on aquaculture farms have been shown to be of a magnitude that warrants additional analysis. The drivers of farm-level costs of fish health inspections were identified in this study from national survey data on U.S. salmonid farms. The greatest costs identified were related primarily to state fish health requirements for inspection and testing to certify that fish are free of specific pathogens prior to approval of necessary permits to sell and/or transport animals. Fish health inspection costs included laboratory testing, farm personnel time, veterinary fees, and shipping samples to laboratories, with laboratory testing and the value of farm personnel time being the most expensive components. Principal cost drivers were the number of tests and whether required sampling was farmwide or for each lot as identified by the collector. Farmers who primarily sold into recreational markets had greater fish health costs than farmers who primarily sold food fish because of the greater numbers of species and size-/age-classes of salmonids on their farms. Regulatory requirements to test all species and size-/age-classes on farms increased inspection costs by increasing the total number of tests, the total value of fish sacrificed, and shipping costs. Consequently, for farms with more than one species or more than one size-/age-class, annual farm-level testing was less costly than annual lot-based testing. Increased numbers of tests in a given year, although reported by only a few respondents, can increase costs dramatically and turn profitable farms unprofitable, even food fish farms. Smaller salmonid farms experienced disproportionately greater inspection cost burdens than did larger farms. The fish health inspection scenario of only one annual inspection of only the most susceptible species and size-/age-class showed a cost burden that did not generate economic distress, even on smaller salmonid farms. Other scenarios modeled (based on survey data) that included lot-based surveys of multiple species and size-/age-classes resulted in substantially greater fish health inspection costs that led to unprofitability for various farm sizes and business types. Study results suggest that implementing Comprehensive Aquaculture Health Program Standards might allow for risk- and pathogen-based reductions in the total number of inspections and fish sampled while maintaining equivalent or greater health status compared to current methods. American Fisheries Society-Fish Health Section Blue Book inspection methods are interpreted and applied inconsistently across states and generally yield lot- rather than farm-level health attestations because the history of testing results, risk assessment, and biosecurity practices are not typically taken into account. The cost effects of alternative fish health sampling and testing requirements should be considered in decisions and policy on fish health regulation. ; Western Regional Aquaculture Center Agreement Award [542209]; United States Trout Farmers Association; USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award [422526] ; Published version ; We thank all of the individuals who contributed to the planning, implementation, and completion of this study, particularly our project collaborators Gary Fornshell, Fred Conte, and William Hanshumaker. In addition, Debra Sloan, Jeff Hinshaw, Myron Kebus, Chris Weeks, and Matt Smith were very helpful. We appreciate the anonymous reviewers for providing useful insights into the nuances of fish health sampling and testing. We especially thank all of the producers who spent the time to participate and contribute data for this study. This study was funded by the Western Regional Aquaculture Center Agreement Award 542209, the United States Trout Farmers Association, and USDA-APHIS Cooperative Agreement Award 422526. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

The recognized gap between research and implementation in avian conservation can be overcome with translational ecology, an intentional approach in which science producers and users from multiple disciplines work collaboratively to co-develop and deliver ecological research that addresses management and conservation issues. Avian conservation naturally lends itself to translational ecology because birds are well studied, typically widespread, often exhibit migratory behaviors transcending geopolitical boundaries, and necessitate coordinated conservation efforts to accommodate resource and habitat needs across the full annual cycle. In this perspective, we highlight several case studies from bird conservation practitioners and the ornithological and conservation social sciences exemplifying the 6 core translational ecology principles introduced in previous studies: collaboration, engagement, commitment, communication, process, and decision-framing. We demonstrate that following translational approaches can lead to improved conservation decision-making and delivery of outcomes via co-development of research and products that are accessible to broader audiences and applicable to specific management decisions (e.g., policy briefs and decision-support tools). We also identify key challenges faced during scientific producer-user engagement, potential tactics for overcoming these challenges, and lessons learned for overcoming the research-implementation gap. Finally, we recommend strategies for building a stronger translational ecology culture to further improve the integration of these principles into avian conservation decisions. By embracing translational ecology, avian conservationists and ornithologists can be well positioned to ensure that future management decisions are scientifically informed and that scientific research is sufficiently relevant to managers. Ultimately, such teamwork can help close the research-implementation gap in the conservation sciences during a time when environmental issues are threatening avian communities and their habitats at exceptional rates and at broadening spatial scales worldwide. ; Turkey Nature Conservation; Christensen Fund; Conservation Leadership Programme; UNDP-GEF SGP; Whitley Fund; Puget Sound Partnership; Stillaguamish Tribe; Liber Ero Foundation; Cats and Birds National Advisory Committee; Stewardship Centre for British Columbia; Environment and Climate Change Canada; National Institute of Food and AgricultureUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA)National Institute of Food and Agriculture; U.S. Department of AgricultureUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Hatch Project funds; Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station; NOAANational Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA [NA16NOS4200088, 8200025414]; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation [324423]; Margaret A. Cargill Foundation; U.S. Department of Agriculture's Conservation Innovation Grants program; National Parks General Directorate ; Published version ; C.H.S. is grateful to KuzeyDoga's staff and volunteers, the people of Kars, and Turkey Nature Conservation and National Parks General Directorate for their support and also to the Christensen Fund, Conservation Leadership Programme, UNDP-GEF SGP, and the Whitley Fund for funding. The Puget Sound Ecosystem Monitoring Program avian monitoring project was made possible by funding from the Puget Sound Partnership and the Stillaguamish Tribe. A.A.D. acknowledges the Intermountain West Joint Venture and collaborating landowners and conservation professionals. A.M.V.F., E.A., and M.S.W. acknowledge the GoMAMN Steering Committee and Community of Practice. E.A.G. acknowledges the Liber Ero Foundation, The Cats and Birds National Advisory Committee, the Stewardship Centre for British Columbia, and Environment and Climate Change Canada for funding, support, and staff time. M.S.W. was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project funds, the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, and NOAA Awards NA16NOS4200088 and 8200025414. The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Grant 324423 supported A.M.V.F. and M.S.W. The Conservation Ranching program and Bird-friendliness Index development were made possible by funding from the Margaret A. Cargill Foundation and U.S. Department of Agriculture's Conservation Innovation Grants program and participation by dozens of ranchers. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Non-pharmaceutical interventions to increase physical distancing have been instrumental in mitigating the spread of COVID-19. Governments have enacted stringent public health policies that impose limits on mobility outside the household. However, for containment policies to be effective, there is a growing understanding that emergency aid programs must be designed to ensure that the most vulnerable receive financial and in-kind aid resources to support their ability to "stay at home." In this study, we use survey data from an Oxford /nUSP-FGV collaborative research initiative to empirically assess the effectiveness of these two policies in reducing mobility with an eye to those at-risk or living in conditions of poverty in eight Brazilian capitals. We learn that, in general, neither stringent public health policies and receipt nor promised receipt of the Auxílio Emergencial were effective in limiting mobility outside of the home. We do, however, find limited evidence that receipt or promised receipt of the Auxílio Emergencial marginally limited non-work trips outside of the home, especially in city/state combinations with stringent public health policies. We conclude by discussing the policy implications of our findings. ; Las intervenciones no farmacéuticas para aumentar el aislamiento físico han sido fundamentales para mitigar la propagación del COVID-19. Los gobiernos promulgaron estrictas políticas que imponen límites a la movilidad fuera del hogar. Sin embargo, para que estas políticas de contención sean efectivas, existe un creciente entendimiento de que los programas de transferencia de emergencia deben diseñarse para garantizar que los más vulnerables reciban los recursos de ayuda financiera y/o en especie de forma que respalde la capacidad de "quedarse en casa". En este estudio, utilizamos datos de encuestas de una investigación colaborativa Oxford-USP-FGV para evaluar empíricamente la efectividad de estas políticas en la reducción de la movilidad con miras a las personas en riesgo o que viven en condiciones de pobreza en ocho capitales brasileñas. Los resultados indican que ni el recibo o el potencial de recibir la transferencia de emergencia limito la movilidad fuera del hogar. Sin embargo, encontramos evidencia limitada de que la recepción de la transferencia de emergencia limitó marginalmente los viajes fuera del hogar para viajes no relacionados a trabajo, especialmente en ciudades/estados con políticas de contención mas estrictas. Concluimos discutiendo las implicaciones para las políticas de nuestros hallazgos. ; Intervenções não-farmacológicas para aumentar o distanciamento físico têm sido fundamentais para mitigar a disseminação da COVID-19. Os governos promulgaram políticas de saúde pública rigorosas que impõem limites à mobilidade fora do lar. No entanto, para que as políticas de contenção sejam eficazes, há um entendimento crescente de que os programas de assistência emergencial devem ser projetados para garantir que os mais vulneráveis recebam auxílio financeiro e em espécie, para sustentar sua capacidade de "ficar em casa". Neste estudo, usamos dados do questionário de uma iniciativa de pesquisa colaborativa Oxford-USP-FGV, para avaliar empiricamente a eficácia dessas duas políticas na redução da mobilidade, com foco em pessoas em situação de risco ou vivendo em condições de pobreza em oito capitais brasileiras. Descobrimos que, em geral, nem as rigorosas políticas públicas de saúde e nem o recebimento ou promessa de recebimento do Auxílio Emergencial foram eficazes para limitar a mobilidade fora de casa. Encontramos, entretanto, evidências limitadas de que o recebimento ou a promessa de recebimento do Auxílio Emergencial limitaram marginalmente as viagens fora de casa não relacionadas a trabalho, especialmente em combinações de cidade/estado com políticas de saúde pública rigorosas. Concluímos discutindo as implicações de nossas descobertas sobre as políticas públicas.

Mestrado Bolonha em Finanças ; Novartis AG ("Novartis") is one of the top market players in the pharmaceutical industry, with a 2020 market cap of $215Bn and operations in 155 countries. The company is divided in two segments, Innovative Medicines which includes Gene Therapies and Oncology and Sandoz that focus on generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars. The motivation for choosing this company and industry was because we are in a pandemic (Covid-19) and the world's attention is focused on the pharmaceutical industrial to produce the vaccine. As it becomes more evident that is one of the most important industries in the world, I was curious to know how these companies operate and what they are doing to overcome the current situation. The main methods used for Novartis valuation were the DCF, APV and Market-Based Valuation Methods. The company has a BUY Recommendation, with a 2022 YE price target of $103,32, representing an upside potential of 21% from the Sep. 10th, 2021, closing price of $85,43, with medium risk. The current share price undervaluation is mainly due to some government-imposed industry-wide price reductions, some restrictions to access healthcare and to patent expiration, what can directly impact the business revenues. In terms of the new trends in the industry, Novartis is already using technology and digitalization across its operations and is working hard to be a global ESG leader. Moreover, the company has a dividend policy to increase the dividend every year, which is possible since the company has a solid CFO YoY. The reference date for this equity research is 2021. ; A Novartis AG ("Novartis") é um dos principais intervenientes no mercado da indústria farmacêutica, com um valor de mercado em 2020 de $215Bn e operações em 155 países. A empresa está dividida em dois segmentos, Medicamentos Inovadores que inclui as Terapias Genéticas e Oncologia e Sandoz, que se foca em medicamentos genéricos e biossimilares. A motivação para escolher esta empresa e a indústria baseou-se no facto de estarmos numa pandemia (Covid-19) e a atenção mundial está centrada na indústria farmacêutica para a produção da vacina. Como se tornou mais evidente que é uma das indústrias mais importantes do mundo, fiquei curioso em saber como estas empresas operam e o que estão a fazer para ultrapassar a situação atual. Os principais métodos utilizados para a avaliação da Novartis foram o DCF, o APV e os Métodos de Avaliação Baseados no Mercado. A empresa tem uma Recomendação investimento de COMPRA, com um preço alvo de $103,32 para o final de 2020, representando uma valorização potencial de 21% face ao preço de fecho de $85,43 a 10 de Setembro de 2021, com risco médio. A atual subvalorização do preço das ações deve-se principalmente a algumas reduções de preços impostas pelo governo a toda a indústria, a algumas restrições de acesso aos cuidados de saúde e à expiração de patentes, o que pode ter um impacto direto nas receitas da empresa. Em termos das tendências futuras na indústria, a Novartis está investindo em tecnologias, já incorporou em todas as suas operações a digitalização e está a trabalhar arduamente para ser um líder global em temas como o meio ambiente, impacto na sociedade e estrutura corporativa. Além disso, a empresa tem uma política de dividendos para aumentar os dividendos todos os anos, o que é possível uma vez que a empresa tem um sólido resultado operacional ano após ano. A data de referência para este equity research é 2021. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The article is devoted to analyzing periodicals of Ukrainian nationalist organizations outside the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1950s - early 1990s and their role in creating an information space in the diaspora. Periodicals are considered a means of providing information communication between nationalist organizations, their membership, and Ukrainian communities. The article describes the journals and newspapers of nationalist organizations of the diaspora: «Independent Ukraine», «Ukrainian word», «Way of Victory», «Liberation Way», «Ukrainian Independent». Much attention is paid to the thematic and problematic content of the press, its importance for promoting the nationalist ideology and political programs of organizations and preserving national identity. The topics of nationalist press publications, their purpose, and information potentials are considered in detail. It is identified the main topics of publications: the ideology of organizations, the strategy of restoring the independence of Ukraine, the concept of an independent state, official resolutions of organizations, socio-political events in the diaspora, the situation in the USSR, and the policy of Soviet government, formation of national identity and historical memory. Based on the study of the content of periodicals, it was concluded that a significant place in the publications was occupied by information about events in the USSR because nationalist organizations aimed to create a sense of integrity for the Ukrainian people in Ukraine and abroad and mobilize the diaspora to change the situation at homeland. The article identifies problematic aspects in the press of nationalist organizations: the lack of a single universal publication, the strengthening of the emigration nature of the press, the low print quality of publications, the conflict between Ukrainian nationalist organizations on the pages of publications. It was concluded that using press publications, nationalist organizations created an information space in the diaspora, which popularized nationalist narratives, united Ukrainians from around the world, acted as a means of national identification for migrants, promoted the movement to restore the independence of Ukraine. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу періодичних видань українських націоналістичних організацій поза межами УРСР в 1950-х – поч. 1990-х рр. та їхньої ролі у створенні інформаційного простору в діаспорі. Розглянуто періодичні видання, як засоби забезпечення інформаційного зв'язку між націоналістичними організаціями, членством та українськими громадами діаспори. У статті охарактеризовані часописи націоналістичних організацій діаспори: «Самостійна Україна», «Українське слово», «Шлях перемоги», «Визвольний шлях», «Український самостійник». Особливу увагу приділено тематично-проблемному наповненню часописів, його значенню для популяризації націоналістичної ідеології та політичних програм організацій, збереження національної ідентичності. Детально розглянуто тематику публікацій націоналістичної преси, їх мету та інформаційний потенціал. Виділено такі основні тематичні напрямки: ідеологія організацій, стратегія відновлення незалежності України, концепція самостійної держави, офіційні рішення організацій, суспільно-політичні заходи в діаспорі, ситуація в СРСР та політика радянської влади, формування національної ідентичності та історичної пам'яті. На основі вивчення періодики встановлено, що значне місце у виданнях займала інформація про події в УРСР, що пов'язано з намаганням націоналістичних організацій створити відчуття цілісності українського народу на території України і за її межами та мобілізувати діаспору до активної діяльності для зміни ситуації на Батьківщині. У статті визначені проблемні аспекти, що мали місце у пресових виданнях націоналістичних організацій: відсутність єдиного універсального друкованого органу, посилення еміграційного характеру часописів, низька поліграфічна якість видань, розгортання конфлікту між організаціями українських націоналістів на сторінках видань. Зроблено висновок, що за допомогою пресових видань націоналістичні організації створили інформаційний простір в діаспорі, який популяризував націоналістичні наративи, об'єднував українців з різних країнах світу, виступав засобом національної ідентифікації для мігрантів, сприяв активізації руху за відновлення незалежності України.

The article's objectives are to reveal the general tendency in the global investment climate within the fintech industry and introduce the grouping approach for countries based on distinctive characteristics of local fintech and economic environments. Moreover, the paper results can be used as recommendations for local regulators in terms of the fintech industry development, which is a vital force for enhancing the competitiveness level of the countries in the context of world economic uncertainty.Statistics method is used to perform the investment activities and investment structure overview with a close look at three regions: Americas, EMEA (Europe, the Middle East, and Africa), and the Asia Pacific. The results indicate the largest role of the America region, the smallest – of the Asia-Pacific region, and two main trends in the investment structure by the nature of deals, the first with a predominance of M&A deals and the second with a high venture investments part.Another applied approach is clustering analysis. It is used to group the countries by the set of characteristics, which reflect the general economic conditions and innovation capacity in the financial sector of different countries from the general population. The clustering results give a snapshot of six groups of countries. The group with the highest results is called FinTech Olympus and consists of countries such as the USA, UK, and Singapore. The worst results were shown by the Fintech Jungle group represented by Kenya, Lebanon, Egypt, Uganda, Pakistan, Ghana, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Ukraine. The other countries are grouped in four more clusters with research names – FinTech periphery, Asian-European, FinTech middle class, and Major players. Local regulators, for example, the National Bank of Ukraine, can further consider the results of clustering for maintaining fintech development policy to benefit the economy in general.In such conditions, the main tasks for the Ukrainian government are the improvement of business climate and fintech ecosystem development with the further discovery of their impact on the country's competitiveness in an unstable economic environment in the short and long term. JEL classіfіcatіon: C40, G19, G20 ; Мета статті полягає в розкритті особливостей глобального інвестиційного клімату в галузі фінансових технологій, розробленні підходів до групування країн за характеристиками фінтех-середовища та заохочення використання результатів для формування ефективної політики стимулювання розвитку фінтех-галузі для підвищення конкурентоспроможності країн у нестабільному економічному середовищі.У статті досліджено стан інвестиційної активності в ключових регіонах світу, проведено групування країн на основі кластерного аналізу за набором ознак, які характеризують загальний розвиток економіки та інновації у фінансовому секторі. Зокрема, проаналізовано показники, які характеризують інвестиційну активність у фінтех-галузі трьох основних регіонів світу: Північної та Південної Америк, країн Європи, Близького Сходу та Африки, Азійсько-Тихоокеанського регіону. Результати свідчать про найбільшу інвестиційну активність в Америках та найменшу – в Азійсько-Тихоокеанському регіоні. Дослідження структури інвестицій засвідчили наявність двох основних трендів: з переважанням угод злиття та поглинання і з високою часткою венчурних інвестицій. За допомогою результатів кластерного аналізу визначено базисні групи, що окреслюють основні центри трансформації фінансового сектору під впливом новітніх технологій та можуть бути використані локальними регуляторами для пошуку стратегій подальшого розвитку фінтех-галузі, зокрема і для української економіки. При цьому основними нагальними завданнями для України є стимулювання бізнес-клімату та сприятливого середовища для розвитку фінансових технологій, а також визначення основних каналів їхнього впливу на підвищення конкурентоспроможності країни в нестабільному економічному середовищі як у коротко-, так і довгостроковій перспективі. JEL classіfіcatіon: C40, G19, G20

Problem setting. Scope of the research. This article points out the special features of populism and elections which is a positive message for the formation of democratic values in public administration. It also points out the special mission of populism as the necessity of the power of people and governance over people which is often is the result of the removal from power of relevant at the moment people, groups, or political forces and transfer of such power to "actual" representatives of people through elections. Relevance of the research. Today study of problems of populism and elections is a very relevant and important issue for Ukrainian democracy, especially in the context of global changes when a bright political campaign can be made with the help of gadgets and the Internet resources. A good example of the populism of democratic values in the context of global changes are elections of the President of the USA and last-year elections in Ukraine. At the same time, the electoral law is used as an instrument for self-regulation of elective relations regarding the formation of governmental bodies in a democratic society which depicts the whole scope of social relations, including ones regarding the organization of people and their mutual relations. The electoral law, as well as the process of elections, is an instrument of the interaction between a state and public society, government and society. Recent research and publications analysis. The issues considered in this article have also been studied by the following scientists: O. Kostenko, I. Kuian, L. Lehin, O. Maidanyk, T. Podorozhna, B. Makhonchuk, O. Yushchyk, and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. This article points out the importance of populism's influence on elections and electoral techniques in the context of globalization processes. Paper main body. While the electoral law is an instrument that regulates and realizes the citizens constitutional right to elect and be elected, the electoral process as a form of realization of the norms of electoral law regulates the dynamics and structure of the citizens' participation in the process of formation of governmental and local bodies. The level of parliament ostentation and legitimacy of a body (an official), the empowerment of which is related to elections, directly depend on an electoral system. Thus, the electoral system must conform to the highest democratic requirements, which is one of the main provisions in the doctrine and practice of constitutionalism. In some Ukrainian scientific sources the term "voting system" is used alongside the English term "electoral system". Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The populism and elections as a unit in the context of global changes is still an important phenomenon of the social and political life in many countries. In contrast with the traditional ideological systems, populism significantly depends on the features of different national political cultures, particular circumstances of the social-economic and political life of this or that country. By influencing to a considerable extent the policy of countries with relatively small experience in the functioning of democratic institutions, populism, at the same time, is quite prominent in the political space of the "old" democracies. ; Акцентовано увагу на особливостях популізму та виборах у контексті глобалізаційних процесів. Звернено увагу на феномен популізму та популістських ідеологій у соціально-політичному житті багатьох країн світу. Зазначено, що на відміну від традиційних ідеологічних систем, популізм залежить від особливостей різних національних політичних культур, конкретної сукупності обставин соціально-економічного та політичного життя певної країни. Проведено аналіз виборів та виборчих кампаній, які використовують популістські гасла щодо отримання влади та вплив глобалізаційних процесів на сучасне політичне життя.