Suchergebnisse

In the World Trade Organization (WTO), the US approach to science-based risks and trade restrictions prevailed over that of the European Union (EU). The EU, dissatisfied with the margin of action available when "relevant scientific evidence is insufficient", largely kept intact its internal practice on marketing and importing genetically modified (GM) crops and GM-containing products. The goal of this article is to ascertain whether these regulatory preferences of the US and the EU translate into their post-Biotech external trade efforts. US and EU preferential trade agreements are scanned for rules on trade in biotechnology goods or the use of precautionary elements in regulation. It transpires that neither bloc systematically tries (or manages) to bend trade agreements to accommodate its defensive or offensive trade interests in this field. Among the possible reasons for this apparent inertia are the US confidence in the WTO baseline and the EU preference for a "don't ask, don't tell" approach to its trade-restrictive policy in this area.

This book brings together academics, members of European institutions, and regional and national level policymakers in order to assess the performance and direction of EU Cohesion policy against the background of the most significant reforms to the policy in a generation. Responding to past criticisms of the effectiveness of the policy, the policy changes introduced in 2013 have aligned European Structural and Investment Funds with the Europe 2020 strategy and introduced measures to improve strategic coherence, performance and integrated development. EU Cohesion Policy: Reassessing performance and direction argues that policy can only be successfully developed and implemented if there is input from both academics and practitioners. The chapters in the book address four important issues: the effectiveness and impact of Cohesion policy at European, national and regional levels; the contribution of Cohesion policy to the Europe 2020 strategy of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth; the importance of quality of government and administrative capacity for the effective management of the Funds; and the inter-relationships between institutions, territory and place-based policies. The volume will be an invaluable resource to students, academics and policymakers across economics, regional studies, European studies and international relations.

The aim of the EU regional policy is to increase the level of social and economic cohesion of the Community. The effectiveness of this policy is not unanimously agreed upon. There are regions in Europe which took maximum advantage of the Structural Funds and considerably decreased the gap between them and the average EU level (Lisboa e Vale Do Tejo), or even went beyond it (Ireland). However, there are also regions that, despite huge transfers from the EU budget, are stagnant (southern Italy) The negative examples are exploited by the opponents of the current policy. According to them, the policy's achievement in its current shape is too expensive for the entire Union (too high opportunity cost). The same transfers used to support innovativeness in the well-developed regions would lead to an increased innovativeness and modernization of the Member States' economies in general. The article's aim is an attempt to answer the question about the policy's future shape. It will depend on many factors (social and economic situation in the entire Europe, catch-up processes, political situation, etc). A different shape of regional policy could, however, mean a return to the idea of two-speed Europe, which would not be advantageous to the new Member States.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Part 1: Systemic Factors and Canadian Federalism -- 1 The Role of Provinces in the Global Political Economy -- 2 International Pressures and Canadian Federalism -- 3 The Federal-Provincial Committee System on International Trade -- Part 2: Considerations of Process and Outcome -- 4 The Political Executive in Provincial Foreign Trade Policy -- 5 Bureaucratic and Legislative Pressures -- 6 Issues of Implementation, Negotiation, and Consultation -- 7 Is Anybody Listening? Evaluating Societal Considerations -- 8 Dominant Ideas, Ideology, and Intrusive Neoliberalism -- Part 3: Evaluating Regimes and Change -- 9 Non-Central Governments' Cross-Border Functional Relations -- 10 Emerging Regional Environment and Labour Regimes -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

Newer approaches of industrial policy that focus on catalytic and facilitating interventions of government have become a rivalling model to neoclassical laissez-faire approaches. Inspired by the success stories of East Asian newly industrialised economies (NIEs), newer approaches advocate a more experimental policy stance. Newer industrial policies, including the concept of the "entrepreneurial state", call upon governments to play a catalytic and facilitating role in increasing innovation and, thus, economic growth. During the past three decades, countries have experimented with some of these new approaches, and so has the European Union (EU). Currently, two major policy frameworks of the EU, Horizon 2020 and smart specialisation, shape the European approach to industrial policy and are gaining in importance for enlargement and neighbourhood countries, too. At the same time, these countries outside the EU have pursued their own experiments in industrial policy. The article argues that to better understand what contributes to the success or failure of industrial policies, learning from experiences made both by the EU and its neighbours is valuable. The article draws conclusions from three countries in the EU's neighbourhood, Israel, Tunisia, and North Macedonia. In particular, the article examines the role EU approaches and programs, such as smart specialisation or Horizon 2020, can play in anchoring more entrepreneurial industrial policies in enlargement and neighbourhood countries and addresses problems to be expected when governments are to engage in policy experimentation.

The article is devoted to the study of a set of problems of European security policy, in particular the analysis of the new challenges to the priority directions of its development. It is noted that the current institutional system of European security policy is undergoing serious challenges associated with profound changes in international relations. The systematization of various aspects of EU security policy according to the following methodological approaches is proposed: the theory of behaviorism, the theory of political realism, liberal-idealist paradigm, postmodernist theory, alternative theoretical models. The conceptual substantiation of the development of European integration in the field of security and defense policy is the EU strategies, which are developed in accordance with current challenges and threats. It is proved that the real institutional changes in the EU foreign policy occurred after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the establishment of the European External Action Service. The European Security Strategy (2003), the Global Strategy of the European Union (2016), the Security Union Strategy (2020) were analyzed, in particular, new challenges for the European security system and priority areas of EU security policy were identified. Based on the analysis, the most pressing challenges, risks and threats are identified, the probability of which is considered high for the EU until 2025.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE IMPACT OF DEREGULATION IN BOTH THE US AND THE EU (EUROPEAN UNION) ON BOTH PUBLIC POLICY AND CORPORATE STRATEGY REGARDING AIR TRANSPORT ACROSS THE NORTH ATLANTIC. IT ARGUES THAT DEREGULATION IS TOO OFTEN TREATED AS AN ESSENTIALLY DOMESTIC PHENOMENON AND THAT ANALYSIS TOO OFTEN IGNORES THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE ACTIONS OF GOVERNMENTS AND THE STRATEGIC DECISIONS OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENTS. THE ARTICLE ALSO EXAMINES AT LENGTH THE DILEMMAS OF EUROPEAN AIRLINES FACING A NEW AND INVIGORATED GROUP OF AMERICAN COMPETITORS, AS WELL AS THE EFFORTS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION TO PERSUADE MEMBER STATES OF THE DESIRABILITY OF JOINT NEGOTIATION WITH THIRD PARTIES OVER INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES.

The present review looks at ways to strengthen the Colombia's investment promotion arm, Proexport. It also proposes policies to attract more technology-driven firms to its growing knowledge-based economy. While praising the government for its market reforms, it notes that investors are nevertheless concerned with a number of contradictory fiscal measures and the difficulty of resorting to international arbitration in case of disputes. The review urges the government to extend its network of bilateral investment treaties and double taxation agreements to fully tap market opportunities offered by the bilateral trade agreement with the United States and to begin negotiations with the European Union.--Publisher's description