Suchergebnisse

The main purpose of this project is to analyse the influence of labour market conditions and social policies on the fertility decisions of young people in order to contribute to the design of better policies at European and national levels to facilitate combination of parenthood and work.Chapter I presents a broader picture on women's current labour force participation according to motherhood status in the 15 countries of the former EU. The chapter also discusses related European Union policies. More in particular, the chapter examines the influence of the presence of children on labour force participation of women in comparison with that of men. It further explains how men and women allocate differently their time between paid and unpaid work, for example, housework and childcare activities. The chapter finally looks at the influence of the presence of children on wages of men and women. The most important policy-relevant finding is that labour market policies should be aimed to encourage women's participation by reducing the costs of working, while social policies should help women to better reconcile work and motherhood. In particular European countries where less women work need more flexible labour markets (with more part-time and self-employment opportunities, without wage penalty), more husbands sharing responsibilities in domestic tasks, especially when there are children and public policies to increase childcare services, the length and co-division with the partner of parental leaves.Chapter II shows a summary of the detailed and in-depth analyses of those state interventions that are likely to affect women's fertility decisions and the opportunities for women with children to work in the market. Particularly, the chapter explains the indicators that measure each EU-15 member state's generosity in each of the three fields of family friendly policies, namely public childcare, care leaves (maternity and paternity leaves) and child tax and cash benefits. The chapter also gives a brief overview on existing welfare states and gender regime typologies and evaluates our contribution to the discussion on this field. It is found that the methodology of looking into a very wide range of different elements that are likely to affect parenthood choices and summarising this information into synthetic indicators as well as the fact that we essentially use very precise quantitative data or quantify qualitative information produces results that are considerably more subtle than those put forward by less targeted and less detailed studies that risk giving a false picture of the real-life situation of working mothers throughout Europe. A robust country classification is established based on these synthetic indicators. A whole list of policy recommendations is set forward regarding childcare systems (universal coverage in high-quality public childcare facilities that operate long hours and at low cost), child cash and tax benefits (generous universal cash rather than tax benefits that are granted independently of parents' work status and income level and that are conceived as an individual right of each child, encourage women to have a first and maybe a second child while they pursue their professional career., individualization of the tax and social security system), maternity leave schemes (18-weeks compensated at a 100%, short qualification period, maternity leave should be clearly distinguished from any system of parental leave, employment should be protected guaranteeing the return to one's previous job and to identical employment conditions, paternity leaves should be extended within similar framework conditions and should also immediately follow childbirth), and parental leaves (this leave should be short and part-time take-up should be possible to safeguard employability, it should be compulsory for parents to share the leave between them).After presenting some crucial figures on recent fertility trends, Chapter III summarises micro-econometric analyses on motherhood choices in various countries. The main policy-relevant results that came out from these studies were that an increase in the upper family income level and a widening of opening hours of public childcare in Italy are bound to increase female labour supply, while decreasing the price of public childcare will only make families switch from private to public childcare. Moreover, long labour force interruptions for mothers advocated by traditionalists are damaging to overall labour force participation. The negative wage effect differes considerably across countries. Finally, institutions are shown to matter because although education postpones motherhood in all the countries studied, the size of the effect differs between the countries. In order for there to be an effect from education on postponement of maternity there has to be a labour market that demands skilled female labour and skills have to make a difference for the sort of career a woman can expect. Both past incomes and savings, labour market career in the past, current and expected future situation matter for both the woman and for the man, for their decisions on when to form a couple and have a child.The conclusion to the final report establishes links between the three previous chapters. How is women's labour market attachment interacting with their fertility choices and how do public policies intervene? A substitution effect and an income effect play in opposite directions for women. The income effect is generally found to determine men's, and more particularly fathers', choices whereas for women, it is much less clear to what extent both effects interact in their employment and fertility decisions. An outline and discussion is presented of the different types of employment costs induced by motherhood. A general description of adjustment mechanisms regarding fertility and labour market activity in relation to public policies folows, a framework which is then applied to the set of countries studied. On the basis of this work, a country typology is established to reflect diffrences in the generosity of public policies towards dual-earner families with children throughout the former EU-15.

Nigeria accounts for nearly one-fourth of Sub-Saharan Africa s population and is the seventh most populous country in the world. As of April 2014 it is recognized as the continent s largest economy. Ranking 13th in the world for its oil production, Nigeria is Africa s largest producer and holds the second highest proven oil reserves on the continent, after Libya.3 Since embarking on the path of democracy in 1999, the country has enjoyed consistent and high economic growth rates, in the range of 6-8 percent annually in recent years. With its large reserves of human capital and natural resources, a large domestic market, and strong economic fundamentals, Nigeria is well positioned to join the group of large emerging markets and be the continent s powerhouse. Nigeria has already been identified as one of the promising MINT economies (an acronym for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey), following the BRICs on the path to develop rapidly. Creating jobs to improve the well-being of all Nigerians, regardless of their personal circumstances and location, is a key component of the country s development agenda set out in Vision 20:2020. Good governance and effective institutions at the federal and state levels are critical to strengthening a business climate that encourages inclusive growth. Nigeria s 36 states and Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) operates with a high degree of autonomy. Without commensurate reforms by state governments, the macroeconomic and institutional reforms of the federal government cannot produce the desired impact to create employment and reduce poverty.

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Kiribati. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Estonia. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010). The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Korea, Republic of. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Indonesia. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Moldova. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Marshall Islands. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Mexico. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Mauritius. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January-December 2010).

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Belarus. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010). The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Australia. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January- December 2010). The data not only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business; they also help identify the source of those obstacles, supporting policy makers in designing regulatory reform.

One of the problems in discussing one-stop shops is that everyone seems to have a different idea of what one is. There have been one-stop shops since at least the 1920s, mostly in the retail trade, epitomized by the development of supermarkets and, in recent years, internet sales outlets. This book is about one particular type of service, namely, business registration, and the various one-stop shops that exist now and might exist in the future. If there is confusion about what constitutes a one-stop shop, there are also a variety of views about business registration. In some countries all businesses have to be registered, in others, only those companies with a legal existence separate from their owners. In some countries, registration is the responsibility of the courts; in others, it is an administrative function handled by a government ministry, semi-autonomous agency, or chamber of commerce. Registration may be a function of a central institution or may be affected at a local level. In all these areas, there is change when it comes to implementing a one-stop shop. It is hardly surprising therefore that there are many different views about what constitutes, or should constitute, a one-stop shop.

Objetivos: Desarrollar una escala de probabilidad de morir por Infección respiratoria aguda en menores de un año, según los determinantes sociales de la salud. Metodología: Se revisó y analizó la información de la base de datos de la cohorte de nacidos vivos del 2011 en Bogotá, incluyendo 106.758 menores de edad, para establecer un modelo de regresión de Cox, que prediga la mortalidad por infección respiratoria aguda. Resultados: El riesgo de morir fue 2,5 veces entre los de bajo peso al nacer, ( 2500 gr), (IC 95% 1.3-4.66), en presencia de prematurez, HR 2,67 (IC 95% 1.4-5.09), pertenecer al sistema general de seguridad social subsidiado, riesgo HR 2.6 (IC 95% 1.62-4.15) y residir en localidades tales como: Bosa, Ciudad Bolívar, Santa Fe, Usme, Rafael Uribe, Barrios Unidos y Teusaquillo, riesgo HR 4,8 (IC95% 1.9-12). La escala de vulnerabilidad, predijo mejor el riesgo de morir por IRA, al comparar con los no fallecidos, que al comparar con los fallecidos por otras causas y presentó una discriminación aceptable. Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió identificar y cuantificar el peso de determinantes que se pueden relacionar con la predicción de muerte por IRA en menores de un año en Bogotá, los cuales han sido descritos por otros estudios a nivel mundial. Palabras clave: (MeSH terms): Proportional hazards models, Infant mortality, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Pneumonia, Social Determinants of Health. ; Abstract. Objectives: To develop a scale of probability of dying for acute respiratory infection in children under one year, according to the social determinants of health. Methodology: Data from the 2011 live birth cohort database in Bogotá, including 106,758 minors, were reviewed and analyzed to establish a Cox regression model predicting mortality from acute respiratory infection. Results: The risk of dying was 2.5 times among those with low birth weight (2500 g), (95% CI 1.3-4.66), in the presence of prematurity, HR 2.67 (95% CI 1.4-5.09 ), belong to the general subsidized social security system, risk HR 2.6 (IC 95% 1.62-4.15) and to reside in localities such as Bosa, Ciudad Bolívar, Santa Fe, Usme, Rafael Uribe, Barrios Unidos and Teusaquillo, risk HR 4,8 (95% CI 1.9-12). The vulnerability scale, better predicted the risk of dying from ARI, compared with those who did not died, compared to those who died from other causes and presented acceptable discrimination. Conclusions: This study allowed us to identify and quantify the weight of determinants that can be related to the prediction of ARI death in children under one year of age in Bogotá, which have been described by other studies worldwide. Key words: (MeSH terms): Proportional hazards models, Infant mortality, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Pneumonia, Social Determinants of Health. ; Maestría

El análisis y estudio realizado en el presente trabajo de investigación, tiene como finalidad definir, diferenciar, y establecer la problemática de la aplicación del régimen especial de contratación denominado Régimen de Contratación Administrativa de Servicios – CAS, en su primer año de entrada en vigor, en contraposición con la antigua modalidad de contratación civil de locación de servicios, dentro del ámbito laboral del sector público, limitando aún mas nuestro campo de investigación al personal de la Municipalidad Provincial de Trujillo, y, el periodo de transición que sufrió el personal contratado como locación de servicios, mal llamado "servicios no personales", SNP. Es preciso entender que el derecho del trabajador a la estabilidad laboral y la imposibilidad de ser excluido de la carrera administrativa sin causa justa, prevista por ley y justificada en un proceso administrativo, se genera desde el punto de vista jurídico y económico, porque la "estabilidad laboral" tiene implicancias más profundas que regular una protección adecuada contra el despido arbitrario, entre otros derechos laborales que no están siendo reconocidos en los decretos legislativos que regulan el régimen CAS, a pesar de estar consagrados en la Constitución y en Convenios y Tratados Internacionales que resguardan su adecuada protección. De ser el caso, el presente estudio se plantea diversas interrogantes, como; ¿Qué efectos económicos tuvo que afrontar la MPT, para trasladar a su personal de planillas SNP, al denominado régimen CAS?; ¿Estos son considerablemente altos, debido a la proliferación de empleados contratados bajo dicha modalidad, principalmente contratados políticos (tras cada elección edil)?, y ¿Qué costos le ha generado a la administración pública la entrada en vigencia del Decreto Legislativo Nº 1057 y su reglamento aprobado por Decreto Supremo Nª 075-2008-PCM?. Para ello se presenta este trabajo, con el propósito de tener una idea real y concreta de los gastos que generó para la administración pública dentro de nuestro universo de investigación, (con un muestreo a las planillas de trabajadores de la MPT) la migración de los SNP al CAS. La problemática de los trabajadores contratados como SNP´s (Servicios No Personales), inicialmente, y luego a través del CAS (Contratos Administrativos de Servicios) en donde eran señalados como trabajadores "Sin Ningún Privilegio", referido a las siglas SNP pasando posteriormente a ser conocidos como trabajadores "CAStigados" dentro de sus centros de trabajado, ha pasado a lo largo de estos años, desde la entrada en vigencia, motivo de diversas investigaciones y producción jurídica abundante, que ha pretendido señalar las graves desigualdades entre un régimen y otro, pues tras haber sido adecuados al Régimen Especial de Contratación Administrativa de Servicios, muchos de ellos, han sido impunemente despedidos sin ser sujeto de derecho de ningún reclamo posterior, vulnerando gravemente su derecho al trabajo, más aun, generando una inestabilidad laboral profunda en más del 50% de los trabajadores de la entidad, quienes tienen como vínculo laboral, el endeble Contrato Administrativo de Servicios – CAS. Luego surgen nuevas interrogantes, ¿Será cierto que no les corresponden derechos?, ¿No son trabajadores?, ¿No tienen beneficios?, ¿El Principio de Primacía de la Realidad no es acaso de obligatorio cumplimiento, pues este, se encuentra ratificado en los Convenios Internacionales de Trabajo?; el D.S. 003-97-TR, que regula los derechos de los trabajadores de la actividad privada (modalidad bajo la cual también contrata el Estado), señala en sus primeros artículos, los fundamentos que desbaratan estas afirmaciones, entre otras cosas, señala que en toda prestación de servicios remunerada y subordinada, se presume la existencia de un contrato de trabajo a plazo indeterminado, por el cual le corresponden al trabajador todos los beneficios de ley, como derecho a un mes de vacaciones pagadas al año, el pago de la CTS (un sueldo al año), dos sueldos por gratificaciones al año (Julio y Diciembre), entre otros. En el derecho laboral se aplica con muchísima razón, el principio de primacía de la realidad, el cual, como su nombre lo dice, otorga certeza a lo que existe realmente a pesar de la existencia de intentos de simulación como contratos de locación de servicios y recibos por honorarios girados por los mismos trabajadores, para ello se valoran todos los indicios posibles que logren demostrar los tres principales elementos del contrato de trabajo: 1) Prestación personal, 2) Contraprestación (remuneración) y 3) Subordinación. Ante lo señalado, al ver la coexistencia de trabajadores de hasta tres regímenes distintos en una sola área (276, 728 y CAS), realizando las mismas labores y sujetos a los mismos requerimientos de trabajo, horarios, solo que, sin los mismos beneficios, surge la necesidad de realizar una investigación que identifique las atribuciones de cada régimen, y las diferencie una de otra, especificando de esa forma que derechos son atribuibles a cada uno de ellos. ; The analysis and study of this research, is intended to define, the difference and set the problem of the application of the special procurement regime called Regime Public Procurement Service - CAS, on its first year of entry into force, as opposed to the old form of civil hiring location of services within the workplace in the public sector, further limiting our field of research staff of the Provincial Municipality of Trujillo, and the transition period suffered by the personnel hired as a location service, called " non-personal services ", SNP. It must be understood that the right of workers to job security and the impossibility of being excluded from the administrative career without just cause provided by law and justified in an administrative process, is generated from the legally and economically, because " job security " has deeper implications than regular adequate protection against arbitrary dismissal, among other labor rights are not being recognized in legislative decrees regulating the CAS regime, despite being enshrined in the Constitution and international conventions and treaties that protect their adequate protection . This investigation raises several questions, such as; What economic effects had to face the MPT to relocate their staff payroll SNP, to CAS regime? They are these considerably high due to the proliferation of employees hired under this modality, mainly engaged politicians (after each mayor election)? and What costs has generated public administration the entry into force of Legislative Decree No. 1057 and its regulations approved by Supreme Decree N º 075-2008 -PCM? To do this work is presented, in order to have a real and concrete idea of the costs generated for public administration in our research universe (with sampling to the forms of workers MPT) migration SNP to CAS. The problem of workers hired as SNPs (Non-Personal Services), CAS (Administrative Services Contracts) or also known in public entities as RECAS or "no privileges" has been throughout the years since its entry into force, result of plenty investigations and legal production abundant, which has sought to point out the serious inequalities between one regime and another, as having been appropriate to the Special regime governing administrative service contracts, many of them have been with impunity dismissed without being subject to right of any subsequent claim, seriously violating their right to work, even more, creating a deep job instability more than 50 % of employees of the entity, those whose employment relationship, the puny Administrative Services Agreement - CAS. Then, new questions arise, Is it true that not entitled to labor rights?, Are this workers have no benefits?, The Principle of Primacy of Reality is it not mandatory, for this, is ratified in International Labor Conventions?; the D.S. N° 003-97 -TR, which regulates the rights of workers in the private sector (modality under which also contracts the state), states in its first article, the fundamentals that disrupt these claims, among other things, notes that any benefit of paid and subordinated services, it is presumed the existence of an employment contract for an indefinite term, which correspond to the worker all the benefits of law as entitled to one month of paid vacation per year, payment of the CTS (one salary per year), two salaries for bonuses a year (July and December), among others. In labor law applies to very right, the principle of primacy of reality, which, as its name implies, gives certainty to what actually exists despite the existence of attempts to simulation as leases and services receipts by honoraria drawn by the workers themselves, for it all possible evidence that can demonstrate the three main elements of the employment contract are measured: 1) Personal Services, 2) Compensation and 3) Subordination. Given the above, to see the coexistence of workers up to three different systems in one place (D. Leg. N° 276, D. Leg. N° 728 and CAS), performing the same tasks and subject to the same requirements, working hours, only without the same benefits, the need arises to conduct an investigation to identify the attributes of each system, and the differences from one to another, for specifying that rights are attributable to each of them.