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How does development economics address the issue of gains and losses from the displacement that inevitably accompanies many development processes? This paper argues that economists have struggled mightily between the core criterion of a "Pareto improvement," which vests individuals with infinite rights in their current standard of living, and its deeply conservative implications - both that it would prevent redistribution away from the rich, and that it would stop most projects from ever taking place. Where they have got to conceptually is a compromise,through using distributionally sensitive weights to evaluate the gains and losses of a project. In practice, however, systematic use of such weights in project appraisal or cost-benefit analysis is rare. Apartfrom advocating such use, which is true to the spirit of the conceptual position reached in economics, the paper argues that specific compensation mechanisms and generalized safety nets will reduce tensions between protecting the vulnerable and supporting projects that produce aggregate net benefits - including benefits for the vulnerable themselves. 17 References. (Original abstract - amended)

After a critical review of conventional approaches to sustainability, this paper contrasts orthodox (neoclassical) economic theory with a political economy approach, arguing that such an approach focusing on the historically specific organizational form of production and the inherent characteristics of the capitalist mode of production is crucial for exploring the preconditions, the content and the prospects of sustainability. Analyzing briefly these characteristics and the developmental trends of capitalism, we locate the basic causes behind the currently exacerbated economic and ecological crisis, and on these grounds we briefly explore the required systemic transformations necessary to ensure a socially and ecologically, truly sustainable development.

AbstractMovement synchrony is an essential feature of rituals and collective displays around the world. Previous studies have shown that synchronous movements increase observers' perceived group entitativity and fighting capacity in agonistic contexts; however, little is known about the developmental roots of synchrony‐dominant attributions. In this study, adult participants (Exp 1), 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children (Exp 2) and 7‐ to 8‐year‐old children (Exp 3) predicted outcomes of zero‐sum conflicts between two groups of animated agents after each group exhibited either synchronised or non‐synchronised movements. Predictions were made for conflicts between two individual members from different groups (individual‐conflict condition) and between all members of the two groups (group‐conflict condition). Results showed that none of the participant groups showed a synchrony‐dominant preference in the individual‐conflict condition. In the group‐conflict condition, most adult participants expected the groups exhibiting synchronised movements to be socially dominant. Although 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children did not show more biased expectations than can be accounted for by chance, adult‐like synchrony‐dominant preference was found in 7‐ to 8‐year‐old children. Moreover, justifications of the synchrony‐dominant expectation in both adults and 7‐ to 8‐year‐old children showed that this expectation was driven by the perceived entitativity of the synchronous group. These findings show that the expectation of group dominance based on synchronous movements is strongly developed in school‐age children, explaining the developmental origins of intergroup attitudes as well as the cognitive mechanisms children employ when making judgments in intergroup contexts.

Examines reasons for China's emphasis on economic prosperity and Third World development as an essential component of international peace and security and its reliance on the UN for resolving differences between states.

This article examines four normative expectations of community-driven development (CDD) programs and their concomitant criticisms from the perspective of community-based volunteers (CBVs). These volunteers compromise on the ideals of CDD to achieve results. Their compromises often become the focus of criticism. In devolving limited control over development resources to the local level, CDD also devolves the responsibility for failure. Based on a case study of a CDD program in Medan, Indonesia, this article argues that the way CBVs negotiate the impossibilities of CDD in urban contexts should become the starting point for a more realistic approach to making CDD succeed.

Preface -- Understanding underdevelopment -- The explosion of third world democracy -- Religion and politics -- The politics of cultural pluralism and ethnic conflict -- Women and development -- The politics of the rural and urban poor -- Revolutionary change -- Soldiers and politics -- The political economy of third world development -- Notes -- Glossary -- Index

This widely adopted text starts with the fundamentals--what is economic growth, what is development, and what is the relationship between these two concepts? The authors examine orthodox theories of growth grounded in different schools of economics (classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, neoliberal) before considering critical alternatives (Marxist, socialist, poststructuralist, and feminist). The book elucidates the basic ideas that underpin contemporary controversies and debates surrounding economic growth, environmental crisis, and global inequality. It highlights points of contention among the various theories, links them to historical and current world events, and works toward envisioning a form of development that makes life better for all. New to This Edition Reflects the latest data and global development trends, such as the effects on economies of extreme weather events and climate change. New discussions throughout the chapters, including the work of Thomas Piketty, Richard Florida, William Easterly, Niall Ferguson, and Arturo Escobar. Responds to current crises, including the global financial meltdown and its consequences and the rise of finance capitalism.

Under the Carter and Reagan administrations. Rural/urban disparities, demographic decline, and Federal Rural Development Programs.

An attempt is made to qualify the erroneous opinion held by Western scholars & politicians that Latin America has been intermittently governed by the military since its independence. This is wrong & obscures the issue of the recent growth of the strength of the military. 3 processes are currently taking place in the military's activities in Guatemala & in Latin America: (1) professionalization, (2) incorporation, (3) assumption of regnancy. Each process reflects an aspect of its increasing control. The development of professionalism in Guatemala is then traced, noting the role of the Esuela Politecnica (Polytechnic Sch); its links to the US; & the role of familialism, which can act both to advance or retard professionalism. Next discussed is the specific concept of incorporation, ie, the development of a corporate spirit, loyalties & services in the army. These processes are related to the pol'al history of Guatemala. The lines drawn within the military are noted: officers vs enlisted men, Army vs Air Force, line officers vs Politecnica graduates, young vs old, liberal vs conservative, & vertical loyalties, coupled with specific ties of common graduating class & centenario, ie, ties within the graduating class. It is concluded that the strength of the military in Guatemala has been steadily growing. It has broadened its position in society & has consistently consolidated its mechanisms & basis of control. Its functionality lies in the fact that it can take over the gov whenever advisable & it is capable of ruling for an indefinite period. Tables & a Bibliog. A. Peskin.

"A straightforward look at modern Amazonia. Some interesting details are that the region is settled and is not homogeneous; Amazonia displays enormous biodiversity and many natural resources. Despite strategies for sustainable development of the basin, there has been a considerable impact on nature and society to date. Detailed maps show native populations, reserves, and parks. Concludes with an appeal for the development of the region"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

The premise of discourse theory in environmental policy is that realities are shaped by language. One discourse that is gaining popularity is the concept of environmental security, a discourse that presupposes environmental threats as urgent. The attempt to cast environmental issues as security issues has resulted in the common use of security jargon, idioms, and metaphors in policymakers' and politicians' statements. Various analyses attempt to identify why natural resources are discussed in terms and language of security. However, far fewer studies have attempted to identify differences in the manner in which different types of resources are incorporated into such a discourse by different actors and what variables contribute to this process. This study examines the construction of the security references, security arguments, and language in the statements of the Commission on Sustainable Development dealing with energy and water. We found that international organizations and Non-governmental Organizations were somewhat more likely than state actors to use security references to discuss sustainability issues. The issues securitized are not the traditional high political ones such as regime stability and conflicts, but rather issues more associated with human security, such as access to renewable energy, affordable food, and clean water. The fact that in many statements examined the use of security references was not associated with any existential threat and hence did not comply with the conditions of the Copenhagen School raises some doubts as to whether security language in these statements implies a true securitization move. We also examined whether the use of the term "security" by states was correlated with greater resource scarcity or vulnerability. In the case of water-related sessions, the evidence was mixed, depending on the choice of dependent variable. The results from energy security regressions, however, were inconsistent with the hypothesis that greater scarcity or vulnerability induces more use of security language. Adapted from the source document.

Part I. Introduction -- Chapter 1. "Developments in Demography" (Joachim Singelmann and Dudley L. Poston, Jr.) -- Chapter 2. "What's Changing the World? A Demographer's Perspective" (Wendy Baldwin) -- Part II. Methodological and Statistical Issues -- Chapter 3. "A Demographic Evaluation of the Stability of ACS Estimates for ACS Test Sites: 2000 to 2011" (J. Gregory Robinson and Eric B. Jensen) -- Chapter 4. "Approaches for Addressing Missing Data in Statistical Analyses of Female and Male Adolescent Fertility" (Eugenia Conde and Dudley L. Poston, Jr.) -- Chapter 5. "Considering Local Measures of Poverty Using Shift-Share Techniques: A Comparative Analysis" (Gregory L. Hamilton and Melody Muldrow) -- Part III. Data Issues -- Chapter 6. "Potential Explanations for the high Net Undercount of Young Children in the U.S. Census" (William P. O'Hare) -- Chapter 7. "Babies no Longer: Projecting the 100+ Population." (Howard Hogan and Sandra Colby) -- Chapter 8. "Cohort approaches using educational data of the Czech Republic: Massification of Tertiary Education and its Impact on Education Attainment." (Vladimír Hulík, Klára Hulíková Tesárková) -- Chapter 9. "The Socio-Demographic Consequences of the Deep-Water Horizon Oil Spill: Measurement Issues for Policy Mitigation" (Joachim Singelmann and Corey Sparks) -- Part IV. Issues of Health, Aging, and Mortality -- Chapter 10. "Determinants of Female Sterilization in Brazil, 2001–2007" (Ernesto F. L. Amaral) -- Chapter 11. "Potential reduction in mortality associated with the shifts of population educational structures in the Czech Republic" (Jitka Rychtaříková, Klára Hulíková Tesárková) -- Chapter 12. "Aging and family support in the State of Mexico" (Viridiana Sosa Márquez) -- Chapter 13. "Impact of population ageing on household structure: evidence from the Czech Republic" (Pavlína Habartová, Klára Hulíková Tesárková, Olga Sivková) -- Chapter 14. "Intimate Homicide Mortality in Alaska from a Demographic Perspective" (Donna Shai) -- Chapter 15. "Correlates of Cognitive Decline among the Elderly: The Case of Mexicans in Mexico and in the United States" (Silvia Mejia Arango, Joachim Singelmann, Rogelio Saenz) -- Part V. Issues in Social Demography -- Chapter 16. "The Urban Hierarchies in China and the United States" (Qian Xiong and Dudley L. Poston, Jr.) -- Chapter 17. "School District Formation as an Explanation for Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Concentrated Poverty in Bexar County, Texas" (Matthew Martinez) -- Chapter 18. "Marriage Selectivity & Stepfamily Formation (tentative title) (Gabriela Sánchez Soto) -- Chapter 19. "Minority Student Participation in International Programs: A Survey of Undergraduate Students Attending HBCUs" (Komanduri S. Murty and Jimmy D. McCamey, Jr.).