Suchergebnisse

Increased participation in global value chains is firmly related to the engagement of local producers in international markets through increasing sales in these markets. This study aims to examine factors affecting export performance of SMEs in the Kyrgyz Republic. Empirical estimations based on the Enterprise Survey data set reveal that correspondence with quality requirements, increasing participation of foreign capital in ownership of firms, availability of financial resources, and labor productivity are important determinants of exporting activities of SMEs. Along with this, firms in industries with a low technology level demonstrate relatively higher export activities. However, it can also be argued that SMEs do not have enough capability to adopt medium and high technology in their production process, which may lead to concern over the long-term sustainability of their competitiveness in international markets. These findings underline that government policy towards enhancing labor productivity, foreign capital participation associated with the higher availability of financial resources, and knowledge-supporting programs are important for the export of SMEs in the Kyrgyz Republic.

In this paper, we analyze the interactions among workers, employers, and the government in the Iranian labor market using game theory. For this purpose, different games among the factors affecting the labor market are analyzed in both static and dynamic situations. In each case, intervention and non-intervention of the government are also examined. Thus, four different types of games are studied, including a static game between worker and employer, without government intervention; a static game among workers, employers, and the government; a dynamic game between worker and employer, without government intervention; and a dynamic game among workers, employers, and the government. In the first three games, Nash equilibrium implies low productivity of worker, low employer's profits, and high unemployment rate in which players want to maintain the status quo. However, in the dynamic game among workers, employers, and the government, the sub-game perfect equilibrium of the game can provide some conditions in which the labor market gets away from the low productivity situation

There is a lively debate about the relationship between a nation's natural resource abundance and economic growth. Some view natural resource abundance as a curse, whereas others view it as a blessing. This study examines the economic, social, and political effects of resource abundance in an oil-rich country, Kuwait, using data from 1984 to 2014. This study analyzes the short- and long-run impacts of resource rents on per capita gross domestic product (GDP), productivity, human capital, and institutional quality. The study reveals through autoregressive distributed lag modeling and error correction modeling that resource rents increase per capita GDP merely in the short-run; however, resource rents deteriorate productivity, human capital, and institutional quality in both the short and the long-run. These results indicate that, for Kuwait, the overreliance on its natural resources has been detrimental over the long-run. The study suggests that there is a need to improve the quality of institutions and enhance the level of human capital to get economic sustainability and development over time.

Analysis of the Deepwater Horizon disaster and the accumulative decline of BP demonstrate both the analytical efficacy of the capital-as-power approach to value theory, and the irreducible role of objects in the process of accumulation. Rather than productivity per se, accumulation depends on (1) control of productivity, and (2) the evaluation of control. Capital-as-power focuses on capitalization as an expression of the evaluation by owners of their own power. In this article, I argue that the power of owners translated into capital values is power over both the human and non-human components of systems of production. Power is actualized through entities defined as cultural and political, as well as economic. Capitalization translates into the commensurable financial units of capital the irreducible social order—including objects—that bears on accumulation. The decline of BP's capital valuation in the wake of the disaster expressed the market's falling confidence in the expertise, experience and equipment that comprised the company's productive capacity.

Management practices explain an important part of the heterogeneity in firm productivity, but the literature has largely focused on manufacturing, while leaving out research in the industrial setting. A key managerial practice in industrial research projects is the use of autonomy (through the delegation of decision rights). Our paper clarifies the drivers and the effects of autonomy in settings where other managerial instruments are less effective. We discuss that in industrial research projects, autonomy is set for efficiency reasons—autonomy allows researchers to make more competent decisions about a specific problem—as well as for motivational considerations—autonomy motivates researchers to exert greater effort. We also argue that project-relevant capital—the resources that enhance the productivity of researchers on a given project—is a key driver of autonomy. We theorize that the efficiency and motivational channels have opposite implications for the relationship between project-relevant capital and autonomy and find that, empirically, this relationship is U-shaped, which is suggestive evidence of the presence of both channels.

Many Russian and foreign economists are not sure, why it is essential to take efforts to improve energy efficiency in general and in Russia in particular. Unlike labour productivity improvement, energy efficiency improvements are viewed as desirable for the economic growth, yet not at all sine qua non, as economic growth is taken as mostly driven by labour and capital, with an inconspicuous shadow of energy vaguely swaying in the background. This paper aims to show the actual importance of improving energy efficiency to achieve economic growth. It highlights the contribution of energy efficiency in addressing five problems related to economic growth: removal of growth constraints by improving the affordability of energy; improvement of competitiveness; enhancement of multifactor productivity through a better 'quality of energy'; mitigation of the natural resources scarcity; ensuring growth despite tough environmental limitations. Historically, 1 percent GDP per capita growth requires 0.5—0.8% reduction in GDP energy intensity. This latter value grows as the level of economic development increases.

Pay satisfaction is regarded as an important factor in promoting organizational productivity based on its motivational factor. Accordingly, this research sought to explore pay satisfaction in the Jordanian public sector with an objective of establishing the level of satisfaction among employees. The inquiry is based on the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire developed by a previous study. Using weighted averages for the analysis of data, this research establishes that the pay satisfaction of the Jordanian public sector employees is relatively low and that employees are less than satisfied with the various pay aspects queried including pay level, benefits, pay raise, and pay structure and administration. This has the implication that the low productivity in the public sector could be as a result of lack of staff motivation due to low pay. The research determines that in average, the 210 participated employees were least satisfied with pay structure and administration, whereas the other factors, namely, benefits, pay raise, and pay structure/administration, achieved an average score.

Productive diversification has been the main determinant of structural change of the economies. This hypothesis is analysed for nine countries under a relatively closed trade regime, and for nine Latin American countries under a relatively open trade regime with the United States. The equations of structural change that are tested are derived from a multisector dynamic general equilibrium model. The negative impact of productive diversification on the relative allocation of resources to the primary sector cannot be rejected for closed economies: greater diversification increases the relative productivity of manufacturing activities. The impact of a country's comparative advantages on the allocation of resources to agriculture cannot be rejected: the relative agricultural productivity has a positive impact; the relative capital endowment has a negative impact; and the real exchange rate has a positive impact. In the last case, it is argued that low diversification induces a deterioration in the terms of trade, which favours specialization in primary activities.

The research objective is to determine the future trends of rice self-sufficiency and to know the factors that influence rice self-sufficiency so as to achieve food independence. Previous research reviews rice self-sufficiency in terms of production factors. In this study, price stability, rice supply and farmers' welfare are taken into account as research variables. The results showed that the trend of analysis with quadratic models to measure rice self-sufficiency tends to increase. Variables that influence rice self-sufficiency are rice productivity, rice supply stability, application of technology and dummy during the New Order government with reform. Whereas the gap between rice price and grain price, the level of rice consumption and the welfare of farmers, does not affect rice self-sufficiency. The conclusion of this research is that to increase rice self-sufficiency, it is necessary to increase rice productivity, ensure that government rice reserves are always available so as to stabilize food supply stability, and always develop appropriate technological innovations to support increased production.

The prescient need for sustaining soil quality to maintain and extend productivity potential, whilst simultaneously supporting a range of ecosystems services, makes precision farming a possible pathway for meeting global ambitions towards food security (Gebbers and Adamchuck, 2010; Telabpour et al., 2015). Precision agricultural technologies (PATs) are a set of technologies that are aimed at the management of in-field heterogeneity (Stafford, 2000; Fountas et al., 2005; Reichardt and Jürgens, 2009; Aubert et al., 2012). A range of benefits have been aligned with the uptake of PATs and these have focused on improved resource use productivity, reduced input usage and cost, in particular labour and management time, with wider associated benefits from targeted application of agrochemicals and nutrients (Godwin et al. 2003; Silva et al., 2011; Kinred et al., 2015; Smith et al. 2013; Eory et al. 2015; Schimmelpfennig, 2016). PATs have been in development for the last 3 decades, since the commercialisation of global positioning systems and we can identify four differing technological hierarchies of PATs.

This study aims to determine the efforts of local governments in the development of agricultural economics in Bone regency in improving the productivity and quality of food crops in Bone Regency and how factors can influence this development. The research method used is a qualitative research method with descriptive type. Data collection uses library study techniques, observation, interviews, and online data search. Furthermore, the data were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed the stability of economic development in the agricultural sector in Bone Regency can be said that every year agricultural production experienced an increase and also a decline, and instability occurred in every District in Bone Regency. Based on the case, the Bone District government made an effort to increase agricultural production and productivity with various Government programs run by the related Service. The results of this study also show that there are several potential sectors that can be developed in Bone Regency namely Rice, Corn, Soybeans as the three leading sectors that have been developed in the last five years.

Over the last decade, social safety nets (SSNs) have rapidly expanded on the African continent, becoming a core strategy for addressing poverty and vulnerability, responding to shocks, increasing productivity, and investing in human capital. SSNs' popularity among governments and other stakeholders has been bolstered by regional evidence showing that they are effective at combating poverty and food insecurity, increasing resilience and agricultural productivity, and improving the education and well-being of future generations (Bastagli et al. 2016; Garcia and Moore 2012; Handa et al. 2018; Hidrobo et al. 2018). By 2017, every country on the continent had at least 1 SSN, with the number ranging from 2 (Republic of the Congo and Gabon) to 56 (Burkina Faso), and the average country having 15 (Beegle, Coudouel, and Monsalve 2018). ; PR ; IFPRI1; ReSAKSS; CRP2; CRP4 ; AFR; PHND; PIM; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); CGIAR Research Programs on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

AbstractIn this study we examine whether the gender composition of migrants from rural households affects household economic strategies and agricultural productivity, which is the fundamental economic activity for rural Chinese. Using data from the 2010 and 2012 Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study treats households as the unit of analysis. Our results show that households with migrants are less likely to engage in agricultural activities or operate small businesses than households with no migrants. However, households with female migrants are less likely to engage in agricultural activities to a greater extent than those with male migrants, whereas the latter pose an obstacle to running small family businesses. This suggests that women may have to shoulder the burden of agricultural work when men migrate, whereas having male migrants from the households hampers households from engaging in local nonagricultural activities. Finally, although having male migrants who have left does not significantly discourage households from continuing agricultural activities, it does reduce agricultural productivity.

Sensory and tracking technologies are being introduced into workplaces in ways Taylor and the Gilbreths could only have imagined. New work design experiments merge wellness with productivity to measure and modulate the affective and emotional labour of resilience that is necessary to survive the turbulence of the widespread incorporation of agile management systems, in which workers are expected to take symbolic direction from machines. The Quantified Workplace project was carried out by one company that fitted sensory algorithmic devices to workers' computers and bodies, which, this article argues, identify workers' so-called agility and reveal management practices that track affective and emotional labour, categorized in the project as stress, subjective productivity and wellbeing. Capital's accelerated attempts to capture more areas of work and workers' capacities facilitate the conversion of labour power into a source of value but also results in alienation and abstraction. Participants' resistance to participation in the Quantified Workplace reveals tensions in the labour process when affect is measured in processes of corporate change.

AbstractFew studies examine employee responses to layoff‐induced unemployment risk; none that we know of quantify the impact of job insecurity on individual employee productivity. Using data from the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) and Washington State during the Great Recession, we provide the first evidence about the impact of the layoff process on teacher productivity. In both sites we find that teachers impacted by the layoff process are less productive than those who do not face layoff‐induced job threat. LAUSD teachers who are laid off and then rehired to return to the district are less productive in the two years following the layoff. Washington teachers who are given a reduction‐in‐force (RIF) notice and are then not laid off have reduced effectiveness in the year of the RIF. We argue that these results are likely driven by impacts of the layoff process on teachers' job commitment and present evidence to rule out alternate explanations.