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WOS:000326976400001 ; This paper analyzes the Portuguese short-run business cycles over the last 150 years and presents the multidimensional scaling (MDS) for visualizing the results. The analytical and numerical assessment of this long-run perspective reveals periods with close connections between the macroeconomic variables related to government accounts equilibrium, balance of payments equilibrium, and economic growth. The MDS method is adopted for a quantitative statistical analysis. In this way, similarity clusters of several historical periods emerge in the MDS maps, namely, in identifying similarities and dissimilarities that identify periods of prosperity and crises, growth, and stagnation. Such features are major aspects of collective national achievement, to which can be associated the impact of international problems such as the World Wars, the Great Depression, or the current global financial crisis, as well as national events in the context of broad political blueprints for the Portuguese society in the rising globalization process. ; publishersversion ; published

When the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) began to support national programs integrating their neglected tropical disease (NTD) program activities, the expected impact on individual disease-specific programs was unclear, particularly with respect to program financing and coverage. To assess this impact, data were collected by NTD program managers and their non-governmental organization (NGO) partners in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Uganda from 2 years prior and 2 years after their individual programs received funding for an integrated NTD program. Findings show that these countries experienced some increases in overall funding available for integrated NTD programs, an expansion of geographical coverage and of the number of persons treated, and the addition of treatments targeted at new diseases. What is not clear is whether these achievements can be sustained if there are decreases in external support in the future. Seeking increased government commitment or sustained external donor support should be a top priority.

Дан обзор реформ высшего образования в Германии с 1960-х гг. по сегодняшний день, проанализирована современная государственная образовательная политика Германии в контексте инновационного развития страны. Рассмотрен ряд государственных программ и стратегических инициатив в области высшего образования, реализованных в Германии в последние годы. Авторы приходят к выводу, что Федеральное правительство Германии считает инвестиции в образование и науку основой инноваций, устойчивого экономического развития и международного авторитета и конкурентоспособности страны. ; The article contains the review of higher education reforms in Germany since the 1960's to the present day and analysis of the current state education policy in the context of innovative development of the country. The authors analyze a number of national programs and strategic initiatives in the field of higher education, having been implemented in Germany in recent years, and come to the conclusion, that the federal government considers investments in education and research as the basis of innovation, sustainable economic development and international prestige and competitiveness.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы развития инновационного потенциала государства. Особое внимание уделено экономическим факторам и мерам государственного регулирования, способствующим созданию, освоению и распространению инноваций в современных условиях развития экономики России для создания конкурентоспособных преимуществ на пути инновационного прогресса, повышению роли малого и среднего бизнеса в инновационной деятельности. ; This article is devoted to the development of the innovative capacity of the State. Special attention is given to economic factors and measures of government regulation, contributing to the creation, development and diffusion of innovation in modern conditions of development of the Russian economy to create competitive advantages in the way of innovation. An important condition for the development of the country's economy is to increase the role of small and medium-sized enterprises in innovation. This is due to the dynamism of the market environment, the intensification of processes of the international division of labour and the transition to innovative economy.

8 p. ; International audience ; In India, the limited impact of the decentralisation reform on urban drinking water accessibility poses new questions both technical and institutional, especially in small indian municipalities. Based on empirical data from a recent doctoral research, we will analyse the water service management of four small towns in eastern Uttar Pradesh, a poor state in northern India, where expectation of improvement are strong. Beyond their singularity, each of these towns is facing the same kinds of water services problems and governance needs. Their comparison is relevant to highlight the general process of decentralisation, and at the same time, to underline the permanent role of the state in water accessibility. For that, interviews have been done with users, political leaders and government officials appointed at different levels (local, regional and state. Our aim is to give an idea of the municipal building of these small towns and its impact on water service.

В Османской империи, с XVIII в. начинают проявляться признаки углубляющегося системного кризиса. Государство было раздираемо внутренними противоречиями. В международной политике возникла проблема Восточного вопроса, которая в последующие полтора века будет одной из острейших международных проблем. В статье исследуются вопросы государственной политики Османской империи во второй период Танзимата. Освещается позиция графа Н.П. Игнатьева по отношению к реформам, проводимым в Турции в 1860-х гг. ; The signs of deepening system crisis have been apparent in the Ottoman Empire since the 18th century. The government was torn apart by the internal contradictions. The problem of Eastern Question arose in the foreign policy becoming one of the most critical international problems for the following 150 years. The article studies the issues of the Ottoman empire public policy during the second period of Tanzimat. The attitude of count N.P. Ignatiev concerning the reforms carried out in Turkey during the 1860s has been presented.

In Timor‐Leste, women lack a voice in customary governance processes. Since independence in 2002, the Timor‐Leste government has adopted policies that provide equal rights for men and women and promote the inclusion of women in decision‐making structures at national and local levels. Women's participation in democratic governance has been supported by international development agencies. This article draws on field research in Timor‐Leste in 2011 to investigate the experiences of women leaders in national and local governance structures. It analyzes the strategies to promote a national women's agenda in national politics as well as the challenges for women representatives on community governance councils. A case study on domestic violence provides analysis of the inconsistencies between customary leadership and the constitutional right to equality. The article argues that greater integration of the customary and national governance systems would better support the human rights principles to which Timor‐Leste is committed.

International audience With the unpredictable business environment, unstable economic conditions and worldwide integration of markets, internationalization activities have become an important way to Moroccan SMEs development and a big challenge for the national agency for SMEs promotion (NAPSME). Despite the implementation of policies aimed at increasing the internationalization capacity of these companies prior to the entry of new players in the domestic market, obstacles remain. By using a data of 64 recognized people working in the field and considered as experts because of their qualifications, experience and positions, we examines the factors influencing Moroccan SMEs internationalization. The results show that various factors including contingency, networking, information and external factors are critical for these organizations internationalization. They also reveal that government support, manager's motivational aspects,industry, geographic proximity, language similarity with other Maghreb countries and their impact on the completion of a transaction have influence on Moroccan SMEs internationalization process.

Senior diplomats from 67 European, Latin American, Asian, and African states signed the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) at the United Nations on June 3. The result of seven years of negotiations, the ATT is the first global treaty to establish common international standards that must be met before states may authorize transfers of conventional weapons or may export ammunition and weapons parts and components. The ATT also prohibits transfers that would lead to war crimes and attacks on civilians, and it requires states to report annually on all authorized arms exports. Many leading arms-supplier states, including the UK, Germany, and France, signed the treaty, as did many developing states in conflict zones. Several treaty supporters including the US did not sign immediately, but are expected to do so in the coming months. Several governments highlighted the work necessary to achieve entry into force and effective implementation of the treaty. Adapted from the source document.

Vietnam, like many other developing countries experiences over whelming challenges related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections, including significant stigma and discrimination of people who are affected by HIV infections. HIV pandemic has resulted in increased numbers of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). Different strategies are required in addressing these challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the literature and describe interventions aimed to decrease HIV stigma and discrimination in OVC. The focus is to identify aspects of these interventions that are effective in Vietnam. The findings demonstrate that the Vietnam government and international agencies such as the UNAIDS and UNICEF are employing joint strategies to address the growing problems of OVC in the country. This has included increased care and treatment programs, provision of Information-Education-Communication programs, encouraging parents and peers in reducing HIV stigma and discrimination, utilizing Non- Governmental Organisations' support, and improving policy intervention on HIV stigma and discrimination reduction.

В статье рассматривается проблема охраны и защиты прав несовершеннолетних в Республике Таджикистан. Автор прослеживает предпринимаемые правительством Республики Таджикистан шаги по улучшению условий содержания детей до 18 лет в закрытых учреждениях. Особо отмечается сотрудничество Министерства юстиции республики с международными организациями с целью улучшения условий содержания подростков в колонии для несовершеннолетних, принятие национального плана действий по реформированию системы ювенальной юстиции на период 2010-2015 годов. ; The article dwells on the problem of protection and advocacy of underaged's rights in the Republic of Tajikistan. The author follows the steps on an improvement measures aimed at the maintenance of children under 18 in closed establishments undertaken by the government of Tajikistan Republic. She lays an emphasis on the collaboration of the Ministry of Justice with international organizations aimed at an improvement of teenager's maintenance in the Colony for the underaged, adoption of national plan of actions on a reform of the system of juvenile justice for the period of 2010-015.

Between 1990 and 2030, the UN estimates that global population will increase by nearly four billion. Ninety per cent of this increase will be in developing countries, of which ninety per cent will be in urban areas. Such a radical transformation in the way that most of the world's people live will place huge strains on basic services such as water; sanitation and shelter. However; rapid urbanisation creates great potential for economic growth and development. This potential must be managed to minimise the urbanisation of poverty. As the majority of the world's poor will soon live in urban rather than rural areas, Australia's overseas aid program must respond to this shift. Although the primary sources for urban investment will be from the national governments and the private sector, aid can act as an important catalyst in improving urban living standards. The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) facilitates the use of Australian expertise and materials to address these challenges through better urban management.

This paper analyzes the Portuguese short-run business cycles over the last 150 years and presents the multidimensional scaling (MDS) for visualizing the results. The analytical and numerical assessment of this long-run perspective reveals periods with close connections between the macroeconomic variables related to government accounts equilibrium, balance of payments equilibrium, and economic growth. The MDS method is adopted for a quantitative statistical analysis. In this way, similarity clusters of several historical periods emerge in the MDS maps, namely, in identifying similarities and dissimilarities that identify periods of prosperity and crises, growth, and stagnation. Such features are major aspects of collective national achievement, to which can be associated the impact of international problems such as the World Wars, the Great Depression, or the current global financial crisis, as well as national events in the context of broad political blueprints for the Portuguese society in the rising globalization process.

The forest cover in Laos has decreased over the past three decades for variety of reasons. The current Laos Government has committed itself to restoring the forest cover to 70 per cent by 2020. As a result, many conservation projects and programs have been planned and implemented in different parts of the country. REDD+ was introduced in late 2007; however, progress of implementation of REDD+ has been slow. This paper examines and updates the status of REDD+ implementation in Laos, using information from literature and interviews with relevant individuals. The paper reveals that progress of REDD+ is slow not only due to external factors but also on internal factors. Currently, there are various international organisations and NGOs, from both the public and private sectors, attempting to pilot REDD+ projects. Laos faces many challenges in implementing REDD+, including institutional arrangements; appropriate methods for carbon accounting, reporting and verification; benefit sharing; and engaging local communities.

I want to focus on two recent debates in Germany from the same inaugural period of Germany's SPD–Green government, which both have as their focus the contestation of memory in relation to the Holocaust. In both debates the Holocaust serves as a negative myth of origin and a primal phantasmatic scene of guilt and shame around which German national identifications are organised. The first is the Walser–Bubis debate and the second the much more protracted but no less fierce debate about the building of a Holocaust memorial in Berlin, which peaked around the same time. Both debates are important in the German context because they come at the end of a long period of Christian Democratic (CDU) rule and at the beginning of a new SPD era in German politics. They are significant, moreover, because they appear to send contradictory messages about German self- understanding to the international community.