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A concluding chapter emphasizes the wide range of opinions generated by the 2000 presidential election, especially the intervention of the US Supreme Court, & examines the impact of these divisions on both the future nature of legal reasoning, & the relation between law & politics. Calls for reform that have emerged from the Bush-Gore contest are reviewed, including changes in the actual operation of election campaigns to afford equal & fair representation. Bush v. Gore put the spotlight on mundane aspects of elections that previously went unnoticed, such as different types of voting machines with varying patterns of failure rates. The call for reform via constitutional litigation is focused primarily on the Electoral College system & the division of power between large & small states. Historical reasons for the Electoral College system are examined, along with the possible consequences of abolishing it. The belief that the Bush-Gore election was a statistical tie is discussed, & suggestions are made for ways to improve the election process without making radical changes to the electoral system. J. Lindroth

Many political changes that have taken place across the world in the last decade have been connected with the spill-over of a new narrative in the public dimension. Among other things, this narrative has emphasized returning control over the public space to the people once again, revitalization of the democratic community, restraint on an expansion of judicial power over representational politics, and in many instances, a specific national approach to the questions of governance. These trends have gained the name "illiberal democracy", a description which Viktor Orban introduced into the language of political practice a few years later. Indeed, in many countries worldwide, from the United States of America (USA) during the presidency of Donald Trump, Central and Eastern Europe, to Turkey and Venezuela, it has been possible to observe changes which had the principal leitmotif to negate liberal democracy as the only possibility of organizing public space within the state. These trends are continuing, and there are no signs of them disappearing in the near future. The new dispensation in the USA under President Biden also does not guarantee an immediate return to the liberal internationalism of the 1990s. Political changes directed toward the constitutional space of the State have inspired researchers to consider the issues of new constitutionalism, new forms of democracy, and the rule of law beyond liberalism. This article is an attempt to transfer these considerations to the international level. The text aims to consider whether withdrawal from the liberal doctrine could also be observed on an international level and what these facts could mean for the intellectual project of constitutionalization of international law. Building upon reflections on constitutionalism and constitutionalization of international law, this text presents what has up until now been the mainstream understanding of international law as a liberal construct. This showcases the illiberal turn observed among certain countries as exemplified by the anti-liberal and realist language of their constitutional representatives. In this respect, this analysis is a modest contribution to the so far nascent field of sociology of international law. However, the main endeavor of this article is to unchain the notions of international liberalism and constitutionalization of international law as being popularly understood as two sides of the same coin. Consequently, the idea of political constitutionalism of international law is introduced. Seeing things from this perspective, this text focuses on the material rather than formal aspects of international law's constitutionalization. Within the stream of so called thick constitutionalism, there are a few elements listed with which the discussion about international law may continue to engage, if this law is to be considered as legitimate not only formally, but also substantially.

Recognition of the status of family in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania mandates the state authorities to care and provide for the family, to ensure the family members' constitutional rights, and to ensure respect for family life. Such duties fall on both, the legislative and executive authorities. However, the enforcement of constitutional imperatives is not straightforward. One reason for this is that the Constitution does not contain any legal definition of 'family' or 'family members'. Nor does the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania reveal the content of these notions. This, in turn, allows for various interpretations as to the scope of duties of state authorities and state attitude towards the family in general. In this context, the article aims to present approaches to the legal concept of family in Lithuanian legal doctrine, positive law and court practice. First, the article analyses the constitutional background of the concept of family and presents an overview of the ongoing political debate concerning this concept. Second, we analyse Lithuanian legal doctrine, scanty as it may be on this issue. Third, we examine the legislative specifics and the case law developed by the country's highest judicial bodies with regard to the legal definition of 'family' and 'family members' in order to assess their impact on the state family policy in general. ; Šeimos, kaip konstitucinės vertybės, statuso pripažinimas suponuoja valstybės pareigą saugoti ir remti šeimą, užtikrinti iš Konstitucijos išplaukiančias šeimos narių teises bei užtikrinti pagarbą šeimos gyvenimui. Šios pareigos tenka ir teisėkūros, ir teisės įgyvendinimo bei taikymo institucijoms. Deja, įgyvendinti konstitucinius imperatyvus nėra paprasta. Viena to priežasčių, kad Konstitucijos tekstas nepateikia nei "šeimos", nei "šeimos narių" sampratos. Tai suteikia pagrindą atsirasti įvairioms interpretacijoms dėl valstybės pareigų apimties ir apskritai dėl valstybės požiūrio į šeimą. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti "šeimos" sampratos įvairoves Lietuvos teisės doktrinoje, pozityviojoje teisėje ir teismų praktikoje. Pirma, pateikiamas konstitucinio teisinio reguliavimo fone vykstančių politinių diskusijų "šeimos" sampratos klausimu turinys, esminė motyvacija. Antra, pristatoma nors ir negausi, tačiau vertinga teisės doktrinos atstovų nuomonė, remiantis istoriniu teisės aiškinimo metodu daromos įžvalgos. Trečia, pateikiama "šeimos" ir "šeimos narių" sampratų įvairovė ordinarinėje teisėje bei teismų praktikoje. Ketvirta, vertinami bandymai sukurti universalią "šeimos" sampratą, analizuojama galima Valstybinės šeimos koncepcijos įtaka teisinei sistemai. Apibendrinant atliktą tyrimą daroma išvada, kad "šeimos" sampratos formavimas Lietuvoje vyksta komplikuotai.

This article analyzes the most important manifestations of constitutionalization in civil law, stressed in spain civil law. Then, this will begin with the study of civil institutions that nowadays are in the Constitution ( for example: family, marriage, private property, intheritance, protection of minors, consumers). Later, we will study some problems of civil law, like derogation of civil norms preconstitutional, filiation, equality between marital and extramarital offspring and constitutional reiterpretation of civil norms, that are made by spain judges. ; Tras enmarcar la llamada "constitucionalización" del Derecho Civil dentro del complejo y heterogéneo conjunto de factores determinantes de la evolución y renovación de esta rama del ordenamiento jurídico, en el presente artículo se analizan las principales manifestaciones de dicho fenómeno, con particular referencia al Derecho civil español. Así, de una parte, se comienza efectuando un recorrido por algunos de los contenidos e instituciones típicamente civiles que han pasado a alcanzar rango constitucional (la familia y el matrimonio, la propiedad privada y la herencia, la protección de los menores y de los consumidores, etc.). Seguidamente se exponen otros planos desde los que la Constitución ha irradiado su influencia sobre el Derecho Civil, centrándose la atención en los problemas de derogación de leyes civiles preconstitucionales y en los derivados del desarrollo de la Constitución por el legislador civil (ya mediante leyes especiales, ya a través de la reforma del Código Civil); todo ello a la luz de la notoria incidencia sobre el régimen jurídico de la filiación del principio constitucional de libre investigación de la paternidad y del principio de igualdad entre hijos matrimoniales y extramatrimoniales, y del impacto del principio de no discriminación por razón de sexo en materia de nacionalidad y de sucesión en los títulos nobiliarios. Finalmente, y bajo la premisa de la doble vinculación de la función judicial a la Constitución y a la Ley, se da cuenta críticamente del uso (y en no pocas ocasiones, abuso) de la reinterpretación constitucional de las normas civiles que llevan a cabo los tribunales españoles.

This article examines the close relationship between criminal procedure and constitutional law within a democratic State framework as well as the guarantees provided from a constitutional point of view in accordance with the current context of human rights globalization. Then, the author approaches us to criminal procedure main principles and guarantees, procedural models historically formed. Finally, it presents an interesting Criminal Procedural Code analysis describing guarantees, principles and procedural models recognized in our country. ; Este artículo reflexiona sobre la estrecha relación entre el proceso penal y el derecho constitucional en el marco de un Estado democrático, así como sobre las garantías que debe brindar desde la óptica constitucional y en el actual contexto de globalización de los derechos humanos. A continuación nos aproxima a los principales principios y garantías del proceso penal, y a los modelos procesales históricamente configurados. Finalmente, el artículo nos presenta un interesante análisis de Código Procesal Penal, describiendo las garantías, principios y modelo procesal reconocido de nuestro país.

In The Georgia State Constitution, Melvin Hill Jr. offers a detailed description of the creation and development of Georgia's constitution. He explains how political and cultural events, from colonial times, through the Civil War, to the present, have affected Georgia's constitutional law. Accompanying the full text of the constitution is Hill's rich commentary of the constitutional provisions. He traces their origins and interpretation by the courts and other governmental bodies. This volume also provides a bibliographical essay which features the most important sources of Georgia's constitut

The article traces historical development, doctrine, and impact of constitutional review in Ukraine related to matters of social justice. It is shown that international review of Ukraine's reports on observance of human rights obligations indicated a low level of compliance during the absence of independent constitutional review by the judiciary. After the establishment of the constitutional review, the compliance was improved against all doubts, whether socio-economic rights are justiciable in the Ukrainian context, and whether the judges are empowered enough to reshape authoritarian policies. Constitutional Court of Ukraine developed a doctrine of social justice based on the values of the rule of law, liberty, and equality, founding a pragmatic balance between the imperatives of individual freedom and economic security. In legal reasoning, judges implemented ideas of the human-centered state and personal autonomy in civil society, close to liberal democratic views, expressed by framers of the Constitution of Ukraine.

In order to be perceived as legitimate by those subject to it, a system of legal norms should be free of contradictions. The very idea of justice is incompatible with an erratic interpretation and, subsequently, arbitrary application of norms. Systemic contradictions make actions by state authorities unpredictable. However, at the domestic as well as at the international level, considerations of power and interest have often made of the respective body of norms a "hermeneutical minefield." The international legal order in particular contains contradictions even between the most basic principles such as state sovereignty, self-determination and the rules of international humanitarian law. While, at the national level, the authority of constitutional courts may help to eliminate contradictions and inconsistencies, there exists, apart from limited regional arrangements, no such separation of powers at the international level. The lecture analyzes, inter alia, the systemic, destabilizing impact of normative contradictions in exemplary cases related to the interpretation of the United Nations Charter and draws conclusions in terms of the philosophy of law.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini difokuskan mencermati isu hukum dan politik pada Undang-Undang (UU) Nomor 23 Tahun 2011 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat, terutama relasi zakat dan pajak sebagai pemenuhan amanat konstitusi Pasal 29 jo Pasal 34 ayat (1) UUD 1945. Eksistensinya menunjukkan negara bangsa menghadirkan aktualisasi hukum agama di ruang publik, yang pelaksanaannya bersinggungan dengan aspek politik dan ekonomi, tetapi dipahami cukup efektif dan efisien untuk membantu pencapaian tujuan negara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum doktrinal dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, filsafat hukum dan politik. Bahan kepustakaan, baik berupa bahan hukum primer, maupun sekunder dijadikan sebagai tumpuan utama dalam inventarisasi dokumen. Bahan hukum yang terkumpul, melalui prosedur berpikir deduktif dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori negara hukum, politik hukum, dan keadilan.Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa politik hukum negara dalam menata relasi pengelolaan zakat dan pajak, dengan memperkuat kewenangan negara sebagai 'amil (kelembagaan) zakat, dalam peran sertanya sebagai regulator sekaligus operator pada pengelolaan dana zakat, karena keterlibatan negara menjanjikan cukup manfaat (keuntungan) untuk kepentingan politik, sosial-ekonomi kenegaraan dalam pemenuhan Pasal 34 ayat (1) UUD 1945Keywords: politik hukum, pengelolaan zakat, zakat di Indonesia, relasi zakat dan pajak, filantropi Islam Abstract: The focus of this research is on examining legal and political issues in Law Number 23 Year 2011 concerning Zakat Management, mostly on the relationship between zakat and tax as a requirement of the constitutional mandate on article 29 and Article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitutional. The results show the state of nation provided actualization of religious law in the public space, which implementation contradicted to political and economic aspects. However, it is effective and efficient enough to help in gaining its objectives. This research method is doctrinal with the legislation, legal philosophy and politics were used as the approach. Data collection through library research conducted by the study of documents on primary and secondary made as main focus in documents inventarization. The legal material collected data, then deductively analyzed, using theories of the rule of law, legal politic, and justice. The political law of a country manages the relationship between zakat and tax management by strengthening the country's authority as 'amil (institutional) of zakat, in its role as a regulator and operator of zakat fund management, because the country involvement provided sufficient benefits for politics, socio-economic of the country to fill the requirements in Article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. Keywords: political law; zakat management; zakat in Indonesia; relationship of zakat and tax; Islamic philanthropy