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How the expansion of agriculture, small-scale industry, deregulation, and privatization processes are stimulating some economic growth despite the collapse of oil revenues and difficulties of the Iran-Iraq war.

There is considerable optimism in Qinghai concerning future economic development as this western province of the People's Republic of China expects more funding from the central government in support of the grand strategy to develop western China. Since economic development & industrial expansion in Qinghai have been heavily dependent on project funding from the central government, heavy industries have been given priority. In terms of the generation of employment opportunities, however, heavy industries' contribution has been much more limited. The slow growth of light industries reflects a general lack of entrepreneurship in the province, & the shortage of employment opportunities in the urban areas has reduced the attraction of education as a channel of upward social mobility. The predominance of the state sector partly explains the lack of entrepreneurship. The reform of state-owned enterprises does not seem to inspire much confidence. Issues of efficiency & profitability tend to be accorded lower priority, as the major objective is to maximize funding from the central government. Moreover these problems have been exacerbated by the short supply of senior managers & technical personnel. More encouraging has been the development in recent years of the road & railway networks. The provincial authorities must now make greater efforts to attract investment from the coastal provinces. The inflow of investment will help to retain talent, increase urban employment, & make individual investment in education more attractive. Adapted from the source document.

This paper is aimed at contextualizing the approach of Community Based Development as an alternative solution of communities to reduce dependency to the outer forces. It is conducted by examining a heavily urbanized area in Central Jakarta and to compare it with different scales of contexts. Kelurahan Cideng has very unique context since its urban environment has particular population composition of the dichotomic extremes: the poor and the rich as well as those involved in formal and informal employment. The study treats a national government's policy of the integration of Posyandu, BKK and provincial initiative of PAUD as the interplay with the socio-economic context of Cideng.

Address before the Am. economic association, Chicago, Dec. 29, 1950.

This chapter seeks to provide useful advice for local government policy towards economic development programs. The chapter: reviews the size and scope of local economic development programs in the United States; critically analyzes the various rationales offered for these programs; makes recommendations for what local policy should do about business attraction and incentives, business retention, new business development, high technology development, brownfield development, distressed neighborhoods, and downtowns; and discusses how local economic development programs should be organized, managed, and evaluated. ; A revised version of this paper appears as "Economic Development" in J. Richard Aronson and Eli Schwartz, eds. 2004. Management Policies in Local Government Finance (5th Ed.). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association, pp. 355-390.

First published in 1964, this series of studies, compiled by the India team of Centre of International Studies at MIT, represents an important contribution to methods in planning for development, which will be of relevance to all those working in the field, irrespective of country. The results are demonstrated on examples taken from the Third Five-Year Plan and from some of the papers which underlay it