Suchergebnisse

The article reveals the degree and character of the positive barin`s image in Russian vernacular tales. It is usually argued that a landlord as pictured in the vernacular tales is an antagonist of a peasant combining greed, stupidity, idleness and rigidity. One can hardly question this argument knowing the dominant behavior stereotypes of Russian landlords, for most of whom the peasants were basically animated objects. However, the social relations in the Russian village were more complex and multilayered, and it is also reflected in folklore, including vernacular tales. The landed gentry had different incomes, while their education, worldview and religiosity also varied. Therefore, barins` attitude towards their serfs differed as well: from inhuman cruelty to «paternal» virtue determined by the awareness that their prosperity depended on the well-being and loyalty of their serfs. Although rarely, there were also some barins who were sincere benefactors of their serfs. One can reveal this variety of attitudes in the vernacular tales. The positive moral characteristics of the gentry might be intertwined with the abovementioned negative ones. This highlights the complexity of perception of barin`s power by peasants. Thus, the vernacular tales is an important historical source to study the barin-muzhik relations in the Russian village, especially its socio-psychological aspect.

Purpose. Although reactive telephone helplines for quitting smoking are increasingly popular in the United States, the characteristics of callers using this resource have not been adequately studied. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of the current smokers calling a national reactive telephone helpline (i.e., study population). Design and Setting. In this cross-sectional study, information was obtained from eligible participants telephonically. Subjects. The study included 890 adult current smokers who were new callers to a national reactive helpline. Measures. The information collected included selected demographic and smoking-related characteristics. Analysis. The proportions of the above characteristics were analyzed. Results. There was a significant overrepresentation of blacks, non-Hispanics, women, and urban residents, as well as poorer, older, less educated, and heavier smokers in the study population (p < .01 for all comparisons). Conclusions. Reactive telephone helplines may be preferentially used by population segments who are disadvantaged or smoke heavily and thus are in greatest need for assistance. These helplines may therefore fill a much-needed niche in the marketplace of smoking cessation strategies.

The history of the movement for a national Polish school in 1905–1907 was for a long time a part of research on the history of the first Russian revolution; the "school strike" in the Kingdom of Poland was studied separately, but the position of the top Russian bureaucracy on that issue was not considered in detail. The article considers an evolution in the positions of the top Russian bureaucracy on the issue of teaching in Polish in the schools of the Kingdom of Poland during the first Russian revolution. For the first time, the differences between the positions of official Petersburg and the provincial administration of the Kingdom of Poland are shown. The provincial administration was more interested in achieving stability in the province by liberal methods and was ready to make concessions when the members of the Council of Ministers and Nicholas II initially held an ambiguous stance. Based on the analysis of the interdepartmental correspondence, part of which is introduced in the scientific circulation for the first time, it is concluded that hesitation of the tsarist government in resolving the issue of the national Polish school did not contribute to the stabilization of the situation in the region during the revolution, and the winning liberal course did not have the anticipated effect.

This report analyses the dramatic turn in the policy of the Russian Federation towards its minorities in 2015. In March 2014, the Kremlin created a new state agency, the Federal Agency for Affairs of Nationalities. This new Agency is headed by an FSB Colonel with combat experience in the North Caucasus, and no previous experience of work with minorities. There are three main manifestations of the new turn. First, there is an emphasis on protection of national security as the central aim of Russian nationalities policy, together with the strengthening of the state sovereignty and integrity of Russia. Second, there is the promotion of the Russian language, which is now seen to be in some ways under threat. And third, documents and speeches are replete with references to the 'Rossiiskaya natsiya' ['Russian nation'], not to be confused with the 'Russkiy narod' ['Russian people']. This turn has been instituted against the background of a systematic 'conservative turn' by the Kremlin, with increasing obstacles placed in the way of all civil society organizations through the 2012 Foreign Agents Law, and the May 2015 Law on Undesirable Organizations. The 'securitization' of minorities policy in Russia and the appointment of FSB Colonel Barinov to lead the new direction of minorities policy in Russia will, as he has frankly stated, signify that preservation and promotion of cultural and in particular linguistic rights will be seen as threats to Russia's continued existence.

The subject matter of this article is semantical-motivational and linguogeographical peculiarities of Northern Russian splanchnonyms – lexical units naming internal organs (from Greek σπλάγχνα (splánchna), meaning 'viscera'). The author focuses on the interconnection and overlapping of the names of human viscera and splanchnonyms related to animals. This issue is discussed in the first part of the article. The author notes that splanchnonyms related to humans tend to be secondary in terms of their origin, i.e. to be derivatives of the names of animal viscera. The paper reveals extralinguistic reasons for the language attention of dialect speakers to animal viscera – fishing and hunting, cooking of meat dishes. The second part of the paper includes an overview of splanchnonyms related to animals; overlapping of the relevant cookery and somatic vocabulary is noted; the complexity of the ideographic structure of the vocabulary in question is identified, main ideograms with the words they comprise are listed. The difference between the names of internal organs of livestock and those of fish is shown. Special attention is paid to linguogeographical features of splanchnonyms related to fish: the relevant vocabulary is noted in the zone of contacts with the Finno-Ugric peoples and is characterized by fractional semantic differentiation. In the final part of the article, the author cites particular motivational features characteristic of the words naming animal viscera. The paper also considers metaphorical names, including both splanchnonyms motivated by the names of everyday realities and lexical units related to daily routines that were secondary formed from splanchnonyms. The lexical realization of the motivational transition 'waste' – 'internal organs' is analyzed.