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Personal Assistants (PA) or client‐hired workers are directly employed by people needing care and support, often making use of government funding. In the context of Covid‐19, questions emerged about how this workforce is supported to practice safely. This paper reports PAs' understanding and views of infection control during the early months of the Covid‐19 pandemic in England. Telephone interviews were undertaken with 41 PAs between 16th April and 21st May 2020. PAs were recruited from a sample that had participated in a previous study in 2014–16. Interview questions focused on changes arising from the pandemic. Data were transcribed and analysed using Framework analysis. This paper focuses on PAs' perceptions of their role and responsibilities in preventing and managing infection. Arising themes were identified about barriers and facilitators affecting infection control in five areas: accessing information, social isolation, handwashing, hygiene, personal protective equipment and potential attitude to vaccines. Infection prevention and control are under‐researched in the home care sector generally and efforts are needed to develop knowledge of how to manage infection risks in home settings by non‐clinically trained staff such as PAs and how to engage home care users with these efforts, especially when they are the direct employers.

Air pollution is a major problem nowadays, due to its importance as a source of other environmental problems, such as global warming and climate change, as well as their impact on worldwide health. Different studies support that this situation can be turned around, by applying diverse actions at different scales; individual, industrial and governmental. The exemplary programmes presented in this paper can be easily adapted by the interested and with their help education for sustainable development (including activities for clean air), can be implemented, similarly to the Faculty of Biology and Agriculture at the University of Rzeszów. ; Zanieczyszczenie powietrza jest obecnie poważnym problemem, ze względu na jego znaczenie jako źródła innych problemów środowiskowych, takich jak globalne ocieplenie i zmiany klimatu, a także ich wpływ na zdrowie na całym świecie. Badania potwierdzają, że można odwrócić tę sytuację, stosując działania w różnych skalach; indywidualnej, przemysłowej i rządowej. Przykładowe programy przedstawione w opracowaniu mogą być łatwo zaadaptowane przez zainteresowanych, a przy ich pomocy można wdrożyć edukację na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju (z uwzględnieniem działań na rzecz czystego powietrza), podobnie jak na Wydziale Biologiczno-Rolniczym Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.

Implementing sustainable infection prevention and control (IP&C) programs in developing countries is challenging. Many developing countries experience high burdens of disease and political instability. In addition, they are affected by geographical and climatic challenges, and have unique social, cultural and spiritual beliefs, all of which contribute to a higher prevalence of infections. The aim of this integrative review is to identify existing solutions to the challenges faced by developing countries when implementing IP&C programs. An extensive literature review was conducted to explore improvements in infection control in rural hospitals in developing countries. Three electronic databases were searched for relevant articles written between 1980 and 2018, published in peer reviewed English language journals, and relating to hospitals, not community settings. The findings indicate that developing countries continue to face many challenges in implementing IP&C programs. Limited success has been described with some IP&C program components but it is clear that little original research on the topic exists. Notably scarce are studies on the influences that culture, religious and spiritual beliefs have on IP&C program implementation. This review highlights opportunities for further research into healthcare workers perceptions of disease causation and infection transmission, and the role this plays in the effective implementation of an IP&C program. By exploring these opportunities appropriate and culturally sensitive solutions may be identified, which can assist with the design and implementation of culturally relevant IP&C programs in these settings.

Background/objective The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Nepal underscores the importance of strengthening primary healthcare systems to deliver efficient care. In this study, we examined the barriers and facilitators to engaging community health workers (CHWs) for NCDs prevention and control in Nepal. Design We used multiple approaches including (a) review of relevant literature, (b) key personnel and stakeholders' consultation meetings and (c) qualitative data collection using semistructured interviews. A grounded theory approach was used for qualitative data collection and the data were analysed thematically. Setting Data were collected from health facilities across four districts in Nepal and two stakeholder consultative meetings were conducted at central level. Participants We conducted in-depth interviews with CHWs (Health Assistants, Auxiliary Health Workers, Auxiliary Nurse Midwife) (n=5); key informant interviews with health policymakers/managers (n=3) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with CHWs (four FGDs; total n=27). Participants in two stakeholder consultative meetings included members from the government (n=8), non-government organisations (n=7), private sector (n=3) and universities (n=6). Results The CHWs were engaged in a wide range of public health programmes and they also deliver NCDs specific programmes such as common NCDs screening, provisional diagnosis, primary care, health education and counselling, basic medication and referral and so on. These NCD prevention and control services are concentrated in those districts, where the WHO, Package for prevention and control of NCDs) program is being implemented. Some challenges and barriers were identified, including inadequate NCD training, high workload, poor system-level support, inadequate remuneration, inadequate supply of logistics and drugs. The facilitating factors included government priority, formation of NCD-related policies, community support systems, social prestige and staff motivation. Conclusion Engaging CHWs has been considered as key driver to delivering NCDs related services in Nepal. Effective integration of CHWs within the primary care system is essential for CHW's capacity buildings, necessary supervisory arrangements, supply of logistics and medications and setting up effective recording and reporting systems for prevention and control of NCDs in Nepal.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Nepal underscores the importance of strengthening primary healthcare systems to deliver efficient care. In this study, we examined the barriers and facilitators to engaging community health workers (CHWs) for NCDs prevention and control in Nepal. DESIGN: We used multiple approaches including (a) review of relevant literature, (b) key personnel and stakeholders' consultation meetings and (c) qualitative data collection using semistructured interviews. A grounded theory approach was used for qualitative data collection and the data were analysed thematically. SETTING: Data were collected from health facilities across four districts in Nepal and two stakeholder consultative meetings were conducted at central level. PARTICIPANTS: We conducted in-depth interviews with CHWs (Health Assistants, Auxiliary Health Workers, Auxiliary Nurse Midwife) (n=5); key informant interviews with health policymakers/managers (n=3) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with CHWs (four FGDs; total n=27). Participants in two stakeholder consultative meetings included members from the government (n=8), non-government organisations (n=7), private sector (n=3) and universities (n=6). RESULTS: The CHWs were engaged in a wide range of public health programmes and they also deliver NCDs specific programmes such as common NCDs screening, provisional diagnosis, primary care, health education and counselling, basic medication and referral and so on. These NCD prevention and control services are concentrated in those districts, where the WHO, Package for prevention and control of NCDs) program is being implemented. Some challenges and barriers were identified, including inadequate NCD training, high workload, poor system-level support, inadequate remuneration, inadequate supply of logistics and drugs. The facilitating factors included government priority, formation of NCD-related policies, community support systems, social prestige and staff motivation. CONCLUSION: ...

Background: The increasing burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Bangladesh underscores the importance of strengthening primary health care systems. In this study, we examined the barriers and facilitators to engaging Community Health Workers (CHWs) for NCDs prevention and control in Bangladesh. Methods: We used multipronged approaches, including a. Situation analyses using a literature review, key personnel and stakeholders' consultative meetings, and exploratory studies. A grounded theory approach was used for qualitative data collection from health facilities across three districts in Bangladesh. We conducted in-depth interviews with CHWs (Health Inspector; Community Health Care Provider; Health Assistant and Health Supervisor) (n = 4); key informant interviews with central level health policymakers/ managers (n = 15) and focus group discussions with CHWs (4 FGDs; total n = 29). Participants in a stakeholder consultative meeting included members from the government (n = 4), non-government organisations (n = 2), private sector (n = 1) and universities (n = 2). Coding of the qualitative data and identification of themes from the transcripts were carried out and thematic approach was used for data analyses. Results: The CHWs in Bangladesh deliver a wide range of public health programs. They also provide several NCDs specific services, including screening, provisional diagnosis, and health education and counselling for common NCDs, dispensing basic medications, and referral to relevant health facilities. These services are being delivered from the sub-district health facility, community clinics and urban health clinics. The participants identified key challenges and barriers, which include lack of NCD specific guidelines, inadequate training, excessive workload, inadequate systems-level support, and lack of logistics supplies and drugs. Yet, the facilitating factors to engaging CHWs included government commitment and program priority, development of NCD related policies and strategies, establishment of NCD corners, community support systems, social recognition of health care staff and their motivation. Conclusion: Engaging CHWs has been a key driver to NCDs services delivery in Bangladesh. However, there is a need for building capacity of CHWs, maximizing CHWs engagement to NCD services delivery, facilitating systems-level support and strengthening partnerships with non-state sectors would be effective in prevention and control efforts of NCDs in Bangladesh.

"These recommendations update information concerning the vaccine and antiviral agents available for controlling influenza during the 1998-99 influenza season (superseding MMWR 1997;46{No. RR-9:1-25}). The principal changes include a) information about the influenza virus strains included in the trivalent vaccine for 1998-99, b) more detailed information about influenza-associated rates of hospitalization, and c) updated information on the possible relationship between Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccination." - p. 1 ; May 1, 1998. ; The following CDC staff members prepared this report: Nancy H. Arden, Hector S. Izurieta, Keiji Fukuda, Nancy J. Cox, Lawrence B. Schonberger, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases. ; "U.S. Government Printing Office: 1998-633-228/67072 Region IV."--P. [4] of cover. ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-26).

"Creating a sustainable program for long-term success" was the focus of Washington's 2000 strategic plan. In 2002, this theme was still evident. While Washington was faced with some difficult challenges, the foundation had been laid to continue to improve and expand its tobacco control program. The program benefited from a supportive leadership, ample funding, a health conscious public, and an improving tobacco control network. For this evaluation, preventing youth initiation and promoting cessation were identified as the top two program goals for FY 2002. Partners agreed with these priorities, emphasizing the importance of demonstrating to the Legislature that the program was affecting prevalence rates. Minor changes to the list were suggested: broadening the definition of youth to include 18-24 year olds due to the targeting of this group by the tobacco industry; and including cessation for pregnant women as a sub-goal of promoting cessation. The statewide quit line was generally viewed as a successful activity, partly due to good promotion and continued evaluation. The partners identified the following strengths and challenges of Washington's program: • The dedication and experience of the tobacco control professionals and advocates was identified as a major strength of the program, with recognition specifically given to the DOH program staff. • The timely development of a detailed strategic state plan that continued to provide guidance beyond the first year of the program was viewed as a strength. • The very existence of a tobacco control network was identified as a positive factor. However, the lack of cohesiveness among partners was seen as a challenge. • While some thought that the current funding level of the program was a positive factor, most felt that more funding was needed to reach the CDC minimum funding level. • Major political challenges were the state budget crisis and the securitization of future MSA funds. • The lack of capacity/infrastructure at the local and state levels also impeded the implementation of tobacco control activities

This study assessed prevention and control of squatters in Nyamagana as well as Ilemela municipalities in Mwanza City, Tanzania through social responsibility approach. The major research question was, "How can social responsibility approach help to prevent and control the increase of squatters in Mwanza City?" Also, sub-research questions guided the study. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approaches through a case study strategy. The study involved 390 respondents that included municipal officials, local government leaders at grass root level, local residents, Civil Society Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs).Purposive sampling procedure was employed to get Mwanza City Council officials as well as municipal officials and civil society organization leaders. Furthermore, convenience as well as snow ball and simple random sampling procedures were employed to get respondents from squatters. Interviews, questionnaire, focus group discussion and observation yielded primary data, while documentary review provided secondary data for this study. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis, while statistical analyses were employed for quantitative data that furnished summary presented in form of tables and histograms.Findings revealed that more females than males migrated to Mwanza city squatter areas. Moreover, results from this study disclosed that more youth aged between 18 and 35 years migrated as well as settled in squatter areas than those 55 and above years old. Results from this study further revealed that respondents for this study had varied education levels with a higher illiteracy level among female respondents than male respondents in the study area. Several pull factors that accounted for people to migrate from rural areas to Mwanza city in squatter settlements were disclosed.In addition, it was exposed that besides some initiatives already instituted, the government had future plans in dealing with squatter settlements in Mwanza city. Moreover, individuals and entities are participating minimally in curbing identified deviant behaviours in the study areas. For example, to some extent, an international NGO, Railway Children Africa in collaboration with local partners are dealing with rehabilitation of street children who mostly originate from squatter settlements. By employing Concentric Zone Theory, results from this study led the researcher postulate the following Mwanza city five concentric zones: the Central Business District (CBD); zone of transition between residential and commercial areas; a low‐class residential area; a commuter zone; a middle and high‐class residential area. Besides, results from this study paved the way for providing salient recommendations. Among such recommendations, the most important includes that accrued from analysis guided through Conceptual Framework whereby it is suggested that there is need for all persons, as individuals, civil society organizations that include Faith-Based Organizations together with the government machineries (central government, local government authorities including public entities), to control and prevent squatter settlements plus institute a fight to curb prevailing deviant behaviours in Mwanza city areas that include squatter settlements.

This study assessed prevention and control of squatters in Nyamagana as well as Ilemela municipalities in Mwanza City, Tanzania through social responsibility approach. The major research question was, "How can social responsibility approach help to prevent and control the increase of squatters in Mwanza City?" Also, sub-research questions guided the study. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative research approaches through a case study strategy. The study involved 390 respondents that included municipal officials, local government leaders at grass root level, local residents, Civil Society Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs).Purposive sampling procedure was employed to get Mwanza City Council officials as well as municipal officials and civil society organization leaders. Furthermore, convenience as well as snow ball and simple random sampling procedures were employed to get respondents from squatters. Interviews, questionnaire, focus group discussion and observation yielded primary data, while documentary review provided secondary data for this study. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis, while statistical analyses were employed for quantitative data that furnished summary presented in form of tables and histograms.Findings revealed that more females than males migrated to Mwanza city squatter areas. Moreover, results from this study disclosed that more youth aged between 18 and 35 years migrated as well as settled in squatter areas than those 55 and above years old. Results from this study further revealed that respondents for this study had varied education levels with a higher illiteracy level among female respondents than male respondents in the study area. Several pull factors that accounted for people to migrate from rural areas to Mwanza city in squatter settlements were disclosed.In addition, it was exposed that besides some initiatives already instituted, the government had future plans in dealing with squatter settlements in Mwanza city. Moreover, individuals and entities are participating minimally in curbing identified deviant behaviours in the study areas. For example, to some extent, an international NGO, Railway Children Africa in collaboration with local partners are dealing with rehabilitation of street children who mostly originate from squatter settlements. By employing Concentric Zone Theory, results from this study led the researcher postulate the following Mwanza city five concentric zones: the Central Business District (CBD); zone of transition between residential and commercial areas; a low‐class residential area; a commuter zone; a middle and high‐class residential area. Besides, results from this study paved the way for providing salient recommendations. Among such recommendations, the most important includes that accrued from analysis guided through Conceptual Framework whereby it is suggested that there is need for all persons, as individuals, civil society organizations that include Faith-Based Organizations together with the government machineries (central government, local government authorities including public entities), to control and prevent squatter settlements plus institute a fight to curb prevailing deviant behaviours in Mwanza city areas that include squatter settlements.

More than 60 partners joined the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control's (NCIPC) Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention (DUIP) in developing the National Action Plan for Child Injury Prevention (NAP) to provide guidance to the nation. The overall goal of the NAP is to lay out a vision to guide actions that are pivotal in reducing the burden of childhood injuries in the United States and to provide a national platform for organizing and implementing child injury prevention activities in the future. The NAP provides a roadmap for strengthening the collection and interpretation of data and surveillance, promoting research, enhancing communications, improving education and training, advancing health systems and health care, and for strengthening policy. Elements of the plan can inform actions by cause of injury and be used by government agencies, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, not-for-profit organizations, health care providers, and others to facilitate, support, and advance child injury prevention efforts. ; "CS229043." ; Mode of access: Internet from CDC web site as an Acrobat .pdf file (6.69 MB, 92 p.). ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. National Action Plan for Child Injury Prevention. Atlanta (GA): CDC, NCIPC; 2012

The transformation of the French model of crime prevention and control which started in the early eighties bears witness to the increasing complexity of the process of definition, elaboration and implementation of the programmes of action. From then on, international institutions, local authorities and actors of trading and non-trading companies have been contributing in the studied area. These new partners are given the responsibility to support the state institutions in their craking down on crime. Prior to this, they take part in the elaboration and the implementation of programmes of prevention. This is now time for the " co-production " of the security, and the transformation of the organization of powers questions about the permanency of the state monopoly concerning the crime prevention and control. Observing the contemporary crime policy through the prism of the evolution of the state action, this study aims at showing that the forms of decentralization, internationalization, and privatization of the crime prevention and control policies do not assume the complexion of a republican model placing the State at the centre of the system of action. Combining mechanisms of outsourcing an internalization, the State intends to support, or even reinforce its superiority. The porcesses of hybridization of the regulations and joint production security do not result in an weakening or a loss of interest from the State. Paradoxically, they contribute to restore its authority, its legitimacy and its efficiency. ; La métamorphose du modèle français de lutte contre la délinquance depuis le début des années 1980 témoigne de la complexification du processus de définition, d'élaboration et de mise en oeuvre des programmes d'action. Des institutions internationales, des collectivités locales, des acteurs de la société civile et marchande ont investi le champ étudié. Ces nouveaux partenaires sont chargés d'appuyer les institutions étatiques dans leur oeuvre de répression. En amont, ils participent à l'élaboration et à la ...