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The world's population is expected to increase to over 8 billion by 2020. About 60% of the total population of the world lives in coastal areas and 65% of the cities with a population of over 2.5 million are located in coastal areas. Written by an international panel of experts in the fields of engineering and risk management, The Handbook of Coastal Disasters Mitigation presents a coherent overview of 10 years of coastal disaster risk management and engineering, during which some of the most relevant events of recent time have taken place, including the Indian Ocean tsunami, hurricanes Katri

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Your Carbon Footprint -- Carbon Everywhere -- The Trouble with Carbon -- The World's Carbon Footprint -- Calculating Your Carbon -- Countering Carbon -- Carbon Footprint at Home -- On the Move -- Low-Carbon Shopping -- Carbon Killers -- Making a Difference? -- Carbon Trading and Offsetting -- Footprints in the Future -- Glossary -- For More Information -- Index -- Back Cover.

COVID-19 is one of the deadly Epidemics that has impacted people living in more than 200 countries. In order to mitigate the impact of COVID-19, India observed total lockdown in the first phase for a period of 21 days (24 March–13 May 2020), so that social distancing is maintained. However, this sudden decision severely affected the normal life of people. The air quality improved due to lockdown, some relaxation was given in different cities and within some areas in the city where the people were not affected by COVID-19. In this paper, we discuss results of detailed analysis of trace gases (HCHO, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO and O3) and particulate matter concentration using satellite and ground data in major metropolitan cities of India during 10–31 March, 2020 and compared with the same period in the year 2019, to study the impact of total lockdown. Our analysis suggests, pronounced qualitative changes in HCHO, NO2, SO2, CH4, CO, O3and PM2.5 concentration during complete lockdown period in the month of March 2020. We did not consider the period after 31 March 2020 to avoid influence of anthropogenic sources since the Government made relaxation in the lockdown periods after 31 March 2020.

Transport causes a wide range of damage to human health, ecosystems and materials. This damage should be taken into account when making decisions, i.e. it should be reflected in the prices for transport. The damagae caused by cars, planes, ships and trains should be calculated and transformed into monetary values - so called external costs. In this book we endeavour to evaluate the external costs stemming from the emissions of atmospheric pollutants caused by transport, including damage from greenhouse gases, fine particles, ozone, nitrous oxides and benzene as well as other carciogenic substances, so as to be able to calculate the external costs of a huge number of current and future modes of transport operating in different locations all over Europe. The results offer an important basis for assessing modes of transport, discussing transport taxes and charges and implementing green accounting

Since the early 1970s, many declarations, plans, and decisions to climate policy have been initiated, and splendid helper markets have come into existence under headwords such as mitigation, adaptation, sustainability, decarbonisation, and transformation. Indeed, practical policies to effective climate protection are still missing in many areas such as civil and military aviation, automobile traffic, tankers, or agriculture (particularly rice production); coal and oil burning has even more risen in many regions. So, global greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing, together with rising atmospheric GHG concentrations and global average temperatures - an ongoing disaster with already existing grave damages and dynamic risk-building for humankind. Hence, the current global climate policy turns out to be ineffective and self-deceptive; a new approach of climate protection appears to be urgently needed: Climate security (Klima-Gefahrenabwehr).

International law in general — Sources — Customary law — State practice — Evolution of a new rule of customary international law — Whether such a rule had evolved in respect of atmospheric nuclear tests — Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963States as international persons — In general — Conduct of foreign relations — Statements by Head of State and members of Government — Whether capable of binding State in international lawState territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Atmospheric nuclear tests causing deposit of radio-active fall-out on territory of other States — Whether an infringement of territorial sovereigntyJurisdiction — High seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Atmospheric nuclear tests causing deposit of radio-active fall-out on the high seas — Establishment of prohibited and dangerous zones — Whether an unlawful infringement of the freedom of the high seas — Whether any one State has locus standi to claim in respect of such infringementState responsibility — Nature and kinds of — In general — Absolute responsibility — Atmospheric nuclear tests leading to deposit of radio-active fall-out on territory of other States and on high seas — Whether such tests unlawful — Whether absolute responsibility for any damage causedTreaties — In general — Form of international agreements — Unilateral oral declaration — Whether capable of amounting to assumption of legal obligation — Whether international law imposes any formal requirements — French declarations that atmospheric nuclear tests would cease — Whether amounting to a binding promiseTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect on third parties — Treaty allegedly giving rise to rule of customary international law — Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963 — Whether giving rise to rule of customary law prohibiting atmospheric nuclear testsTreaties — Termination — By operation of law — Desuetude — Whether a separate means of termination — Whether distinguishable from rebus sic stantibus — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1928 — Whether remaining in force after dissolution of League of Nations — Effect of subsequent agreementsTreaties — Termination — By act of party — Mutual consent — Implied consent — Whether earlier treaty amended or superseded by later treaty dealing with similar subject — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1928 — Whether amended or superseded as between Australia and France by Optional Clause declarationsTreaties — Termination — By act of party — Result of non-performance by one party — Whether Australia debarred from invoking General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1928, by alleged breach in 1939Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Refusal of respondent State to appear Application of Article 53 of Statute — Preservation of equality between parties — Rules of natural justice — Propriety of Court considering fresh evidence proprio motu — Whether necessary for Court to consult parties — Application — Inherent jurisdiction of Court to decide real nature of claim — Court requested to adjudge and declare atmospheric nuclear tests unlawful and to order France to cease conducting tests — Whether a separate claim for a declaratory judgmentDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Indication of interim measures of protectionDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Application for permission to intervene — Procedure to be followed — Whether necessary to establish jurisdictional link between intervening State and respondent StateDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Indication of interim measures of protection — Need to establish prima facie jurisdiction before indicating interim measures — Degree of examination requiredJurisdiction of the Court — Questions of jurisdiction and admissibility — Distinction — Judicial function of Court — Need for a legal dispute — Claimant State's objectives achieved — Whether claim without object — Inherent jurisdiction of Court to examine such questions proprio motu — Whether a reformulation of Applicant's claimJurisdiction — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1928 — Whether a treaty in force — Whether providing a basis for jurisdiction of the Court — Whether amended or superseded by subsequent declaration under Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the Court — Effect of reservations to declaration under Article 36(2)Self — judging reservationsJurisdiction — Locus standi — Whether actio populans exists in international lawProcedure — Refusal of Respondent State to appear before Court Consequences — Article 53 of the Statute of the Court — Application — Relation to Article 41 and indication of interim measures of protection — Preservation of equality between parties — Rules of natural justice349Procedure — Propriety of Court examining new evidence proprio motu — Whether necessary to consult partiesProcedure — Application — Court requested to declare atmospheric nuclear tests unlawful and order France to cease conducting them — Whether request for declaration a separate claim or merely reason advanced for grant of orderProcedure — Application to intervene — Whether necessary to establish jurisdictional link between intervening State and respondent StateTreaties — In general — Form of international agreements — Unilateral declaration — Whether capable of amounting to assumption of legal obligation — French declaration that atmospheric nuclear tests would ceaseTreaties — Termination — By operation of law — Desuetude — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1928 — Whether remaining in force after dissolution of the League of NationsTreaties — Termination and amendment — By mutual consentWhether General Act amended or superseded as between Australia and France by declarations of both States under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the International Court of JusticeTreaties — Termination — Whether Australia debarred from invoking General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, 1928, by alleged breach in 1939Treaties — Effect on third parties — Treaty allegedly giving rise to rule of customary international law — Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963State responsibility — In general — Atmospheric nuclear tests leading to deposit of radio-active fall-out on territory of other States and on high seas — Whether tests lawful — Whether absolute responsibility for damage caused350State territory — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Atmospheric nuclear tests causing deposit of radio-active fall-out on territory of other States — Whether an infringement of territorial sovereigntyJurisdiction — High seas — Atmospheric nuclear tests causing deposit of radio-active fall-out on high seas — Prohibited zones set up on high seas — Whether lawful — Whether any one State having locus standi to claim

Amid growing alarm over the rising atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, increasing attention is being given to 'geo-engineering' technologies that could counteract some of the impacts of global warming by either reducing absorption of solar energy (solar radiation management (SRM)) or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Geo-engineering has the potential to dramatically alter the dynamics of global climate change negotiations because it might cool the climate without constraining fossil fuel use. Some scholars have expressed concern that certain states may be tempted to act unilaterally. This paper assesses the approach that China is likely to adopt towards governance of SRM and the implications this holds for broader international climate negotiations. We survey Chinese public discourse, examine the policy factors that will influence China's position, and assess the likelihood of certain future scenarios. While Chinese climate scientists are keenly aware of the potential benefits of geo-engineering as well as its risks, we find that no significant constituency is currently promoting unilateral implementation of SRM. China will probably play a broadly cooperative role in negotiations toward a multilaterally governed geo-engineering programme but will seek to promote a distinctive developing world perspective that reflects concerns over sovereignty, Western imperialism and maintenance of a strict interpretation of the norm of common but differentiated responsibility. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently above 400 ppm, and they are rising at a rate of about 2 ppm per year. A two-degree global temperature increase will be 'locked in' unless global greenhouse gas emissions peak and begin declining in the very near future. The global process for dealing with carbon dioxide emissions--the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, under which the Kyoto Protocol is subsumed--failed to meet 2012 targets and continues to be deadlocked on what to do post-2012, with the most recent agreement to develop an agreement for the post-2020 period. Negotiations are deeply and increasingly divided along North-South lines, with additional deep fissures within both developed (North) and developing/underdeveloped (South) camps. Here, Biro mobilizes the insights of Western Marxism and the Frankfurt School to speculate about what 'the good life' in the gas greenhouse of the Anthropocene will entail. Adapted from the source document.

Satellites that measure the chemical composition of the atmosphere are becoming more accurate and numerous, providing a unique opportunity to independently monitor emissions for large geographical regions in a consistent way. This report elaborates the development of a software tool which is able to process satellite observation data and estimate NOx emissions from it for a pre-defined area. The tool is fully operational for processing satellite observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The tool is modular in design with the capability in mind to digest satellite data from various satellites and for pollutants. It is furthermore designed to be relatively simple and operates without a dependence on complicated and computationally demanding atmospheric models. The methods for satellite based emission estimation can complement data from emission inventories by incorporating independent measurement techniques into the reporting scheme. This would help to identify room for improvement in the compilation of inventories as well as boost the transparency and confidence in the reported data. The developed capabilities of the tool are applied to derive German national emissions for the year 2019 as well as the trend in NOx emissions between 2005 and 2019. Three methods to derive NOx emissions estimates from satellite observations are developed and applied to TROPOMI data for the year 2019. Derivation of emissions through direct integration of atmospheric concentrations over the vertical columns within a region (called the Naïve method) results in an estimate of German NOx emission of 1097.1 kton. A Gaussian plume-based fitting routine (Fioletov et al., 2017) led to an estimated 1241.0 kton and a computation based on the divergence of the pollutant flux field (Beirle et al., 2019) resulted in an estimate of 1260.7 kton. All three estimates are within 15% of the reported total emissions for 2019 (1108.82, NFR, Submission 2022 (europa.eu)). To derive the trend in NOx emissions within the past 15 years, the Fioletov method was applied to OMI observations between 2005 and 2019, showing an average decrease of around 25% between the 2005-2007 and 2017-2019 period, which is in agreement with the reduction reported in emission inventories (20% reduction between 2005-2007 and 2014-2016 period and 23% between 2005-2007 and 2017-2019 period found in the 2022 NFR reported totals based on fuel sold [Submission 2022]). TROPOMI was launched in October 2017 hence its data cannot be used to monitor long term trends. While all three methods show comparable results for 2019 at country level, differences were observed at smaller administrative scales, notably the Naïve method not being able to reproduce local emission gradients to the same level as the other methods. At the highest administrative level (Districts) the Gaussian plume method starts to outperform the divergence method. Both methods can be further improved to reach higher levels of accuracy. The majority of the uncertainties relate to the estimated NOx lifetime in the calculations and inaccuracies in the TROPOMI-NO2 product. An important issue when comparing emission estimates from satellite observations with the official inventory data is the fact that the inventories (by convention) do not include all emission sources which contribute to the observed concentrations. Adding estimates for natural emissions and emissions from the so called "Memo" items 1 from the IIR to the national total as reported in the IIR bring the inventory data and the satellite observation closer together.

Pollution and polluters can move across national boundaries, but governments which seek to maximize social welfare should coordinate optimal environmental protection through transfer payments or commitments. However, governments may respond to political pressure rather than maximize social welfare, in case the environment is likely to be downgraded due to asymmetric costs, unborn generations, and asymmetries in information. Government failure in one country may reduce the optimal level of cleaning in another country. The findings are applied to atmospheric emissions, deforestation, consumption of tobacco, and the role of mu1tinational corporations. It is suggested that sustainable development should be supported through an international institution which compensates for government failure.

"The follow up to An Inconvenient Truth and companion to Al Gore's new documentary, this book exposes the reality of how humankind has aided in the destruction of our planet and delivers hope through groundbreaking information on what you can do now. Vice President Gore, a leading expert in climate change, brings together cutting-edge research from top scientists around the world; approximately 200 photographs and illustrations to visually articulate the subject matter; and personal anecdotes and observations to document the fast pace and wide scope of global warming. He asserts that the fact of global climate change is not in question and that its consequences for the world we live in will be assuredly disastrous if left unchecked. Follow him around the globe as he tells a story of change in the making. He connects the dots of Zika, flooding, and other natural disasters we've lived through in the last 10+ years. A comprehensive how-to guide on exactly how we can change the course of fate. With concrete, actionable advice on topics ranging from how to run for office to how to talk to your children about climate change, An Inconvenient Sequel will empower you to make a difference, and lets you know how exactly to do it. Al Gore is the author of Earth in the Balance, An Inconvenient Truth, The Assault on Reason, and Our Choice."--Provided by publisher

Abstract. D-PHASE was a Forecast Demonstration Project of the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) related to the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). Its goal was to demonstrate the reliability and quality of operational forecasting of orographically influenced (determined) precipitation in the Alps and its consequences on the distribution of run-off characteristics. A special focus was, of course, on heavy-precipitation events. The D-PHASE Operations Period (DOP) ran from June to November~2007, during which an end-to-end forecasting system was operated covering many individual catchments in the Alps, with their water authorities, civil protection organizations or other end users. The forecasting system's core piece was a Visualization Platform where precipitation and flood warnings from some 30 atmospheric and 7 hydrological models (both deterministic and probabilistic) and corresponding model fields were displayed in uniform and comparable formats. Also, meteograms, nowcasting information and end user communication was made available to all the forecasters, users and end users. D-PHASE information was assessed and used by some 50 different groups ranging from atmospheric forecasters to civil protection authorities or water management bodies. In the present contribution, D-PHASE is briefly presented along with its outstanding scientific results and, in particular, the lessons learnt with respect to uncertainty propagation. A focus is thereby on the transfer of ensemble prediction information into the hydrological community and its use with respect to other aspects of societal impact. Objective verification of forecast quality is contrasted to subjective quality assessments during the project (end user workshops, questionnaires) and some general conclusions concerning forecast demonstration projects are drawn.

Uncertainties of global biogeochemical predictions / E.-D. Schulze and D.S.S. Schimel -- Uncertainties of global climate predictions / Lennart Bengtsson -- Uncertainties in the atmospheric chemical system / Guy P. Brasseur and Elisabeth A. Holland -- Inferring biogeochemical sources and sinks from atmospheric concentrations : general considerations and applications in vegetation canopies / M.R. Raupach -- Biogeophysical feedbacks and the dynamics of climate / M. Claussen -- Land-ocean-atmosphere interactions and monsoon climate change : a paleo-perspective / John E. Kutzbach, Sandy P. Harrison and Michael T. Coe -- Paleobiogeochemistry / I.C. Prentice and D. Raynaud -- Should phosphorus availability be constraining moist tropical forest responses to increasing CO 2 concentrations? / J. Lloyd, M.I. Bird, E.M. Veenendaal and B. Kruijt -- Trees in grasslands : biogeochemical consequences of woody plant expansion / Steve Archer, Thomas W. Boutton and K.A. Hibbard -- Biogeochemistry in the Arctic : patterns, processes, and controls / S. Jonasson, F.S. Chapin III and G.R. Shaver -- Evaporation in the boreal zone during summer : physics and vegetation / Francis M. Kelliher, Jon Lloyd, Corinna Rebmann, Christian Wirth, Ernst Detlef Schulze and Dennis D. Baldocchi -- Past and future forest response to rapid climate change / Margaret B. Davis -- Biogeochemical models : implicit versus explicit microbiology / Joshua Schimel -- Global soil organic carbon pool / Michael Bird, Hana Santrùcková, John Lloyd and Elmar Veenendaal -- Plant compounds and their turnover and stabilization as soil organic matter / Gerd Gleixner, Claudia J. Czimczik, Christiane Kramer, Barbara Lühker and Michael W.I. Schmidt -- Input/output balances and nitrogen limitation in terrestrial ecosystems / Peter Vitousek and Christopher B. Field -- Interactions between hillslope hydrochemistry, nitrogen dynamics, and plants in Fennoscandian boreal forest / Peter Högberg -- The cycle of atmospheric molecular oxygen and its isotopes / Martin Heimann -- Constraining the global carbon budget from global to regional scales : the measurement challenge / R.J. Francey, P.J. Rayner and C.E. Allison -- Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems : how well do observed and modeled results match? / Nina Buchmann and Jed O. Kaplan -- Photosynthetic pathways and climate / James R. Ehleringer and Thure E. Cerling -- Biological diversity, evolution, and biogeochemistry / H.A. Mooney -- Atmospheric perspectives on the ocean carbon cycle / Peter J. Rayner -- International instruments for the protection of the world climate and their national implementation / Rüdiger Wolfrum -- A new tool for characterizing and managing risks / Ortwin Renn, Andreas Klinke, Gerald Busch, Friedrich Beese and Gerhard Lammel -- Contrasting approaches : the ozone layer, climate change, and resolving the Kyoto dilemma / Ambassador Richard E. Benedick -- Optimizing long-term climate management / Klaus Hasselmann

Global climate change is a certainty. The Earth's climate has never remained static for long and the prospect for human-accelerated climate change in the near future appears likely. Freshwater systems are intimately connected to climate in several ways: they may influence global atmospheric processes affecting climate; they may be sensitive early indicators of climate change because they integrate the atmospheric and terrestrial events occurring in their catchments; and, of course, they will be affected by climate change. An improved predictive understanding of environmental effects on pattern and process in freshwater ecosystems will be invaluable as a baseline upon which to build sound protection and management policies for fresh waters. This book represents an early step towards this improved understanding. The contributors accepted the challenge to assume global warming of 2-5oC in the next century. They then explored the implications of this scenario on various freshwater ecosystems and processes. To provide a broader perspective, Firth and Fisher included several chapters which do not deal expressly with freshwater ecosystems, but rather discuss climate change in terms of causes and mechanisms, implications for water resources, and the use of remote sensing as a tool for expanding studies from local to global scale

International audience ; Since its early age, civil and military aviation had to face atmospheric events of unexpected dangerousness. At that time, lightning was certainly the most unrecognized and misunderstood atmospheric hazard to aviation. How and where an aircraft is struck by lightning, what the expected consequences for flight safety are and what damages could be anticipated, were still open questions at the very beginning of the 1980s. Up until this period, lightning safety on aircraft was ensured by oversized metallic protection and by considering the greatest lightning threat known. At the edge of the modern age of aviation, for which performances and safety were about to become of paramount importance, this approach was no longer valid. Awareness of the need for an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the entire physical aspect of the interaction between lightning and aircraft arose at that time.The twelve articles gathered in this special issue are aimed at addressing the entire aspect of the interaction between aircraft, launchers and lightning, from the state of the art on storm electrification and lightning phenomenology, up to the advance lightning zoning method on aircraft and the electromagnetic topology of the threat.