Suchergebnisse

À partir du moment où nous réalisons que nous sommes dans le langage, et non pas au-dessus, que nous sommes dans le temps et l'histoire, et non pas à l'extérieur, nous comprenons qu'en tant que chercheur écrivant ou qu'écrivain chercheur, nous sommes engagés dans une même entreprise qui est celle de l'aventure du langage. Et cette dernière consiste à construire des histoires. Comme l'énonce Max Weber, les sciences sociales ont moins pour but l'explication des faits que la compréhension du sens, c'est-à-dire une activité d'interprétation. Celle-ci n'est ni une transcription ni une reproduction, mais une création sémantique nouvelle à travers un mouvement de configuration auquel il ne peut être mis un terme. Elle est en fait un récit qui donnera lieu à d'autres interprétations, c'est-à-dire à d'autres récits. C'est bien ainsi que se dessinent les chemins de la connaissance.

Antonio Gramsci's work, primarily Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (1971), is drawn on to examine the place of the social sciences in society, their connection with economic interest, & the extent of autonomy they enjoy. Following Gramsci, an effort is made to tie the social sciences to ideology & to identify their major social functions. Gramsci's claim that the general function of the intellectual is to give a particular class self-consciousness is discussed, & it is argued that Gramsci's work is best viewed as a project for radical social change rather than one for social regulation. Gramsci's views on social science methodology are briefly discussed, along with his conception of ideology. 1 Photograph, 18 References. W. Howard

Mouvements de l'histoire intellectuelle et des sciences sociales et relations avec les questions du présent

In Western Europe and especially West Germany, introducing a new approach in political science, biopolitics, is not an easy task. German political science has a very strong and effective philosophical tradition (Aristotle, Aquinas, Kant, Hegel, Marx, Weber), which separates it from the life sciences. Traditionally, political science is a theoretical branch of study, and politics is regarded principally as a rational process. Based on well-known historical experiences, German social scientists raise ideological objections to biology, and, with some exceptions (Flohr, 1979, 1983; Buhl, 1981, 1982), they neglect the findings of the life sciences. Political science mainly operates in a vacuum, adhering to the discipline's traditional monistic conceptions of what politics ought to be. Thus, in Germany the first problem is how to change monistic approaches and create a new kind of scientific conception of the world, one that is open and dynamic (Radnitzky, 1971) and able to integrate findings from the life sciences. Only then can biopolitical perspectives become anchored in the discipline. Thus, introducing biopolitics in Germany depends on a mental change, from traditional monistic conceptions to an open conception.

Proponents of charter schools credit them with many advantages over traditional schools. One claim is that school choice yields increased parental participation in voluntary school activities—which we shall call education‐related social capital. In this article we test for the independent effect of school choice on education‐related social capital, controlling for general social capital and other potentially confounding variables. Studies of school choice invariably show that choosing parents have a greater level of general social capital than non‐choosing parents. Consequently, any increase in education‐related social capital could be spurious—due to the fact that choice parents start with atypically high levels of general social capital. We find under controlled conditions that school choice has a small but statistically significant effect on education‐related social capital. However, its effect is considerably smaller than for general social capital, as well as for other traditional predictors such as parental education and the school‐related home resources that parents may provide.

The pursuit of sustainable goals entails substantial technological and scientific advancements. However, commitment and cooperation from vast segments of our societies is also required to turn the efforts into actions. Just a mention from a straightforward example: climate stabilization is not only a scientific and technological task, it also depends on activating processes of social change on several levels. An interesting concept to raise here is the social tipping point, which is a point where a group rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice. The concept, taken from the field of behavioural sciences, has strongly emerged in climate literature but it is potentially of interest to face any other urgent societal challenge. Due to its participatory spirit, citizen science provides a framework to further reflect on the notion of social tipping point and integrate social dimensions into any specific SDG oriented research activities. Grounded on our current CoAct EU project, the presentation will discuss a general model for a citizen social science which offers communities, groups or individuals the possibility to directly intervene into scientific research and to then actively contribute to SDGs. Citizen social science engages citizen bodies concerned with specific social issues in co-research and imagines the possibility to support demands of the public with scientific evidence. The joint effort represents itself a way to reinterpret scientific practice, much closer to collective action and policy making and very much linked to public debate. The presentation will take experiences from contexts such as climate justice, mental health care provision, air pollution exposure, gender biased interactions in public spaces among others to encourage a further enhancement of social dimensions in citizen science practices if they want to more effectively support SDGs.

A collection of essays by Alexander Rosenberg, the distinguished philosopher of science. The essays cover three broad areas related to Darwinian thought and naturalism: the first deals with the solution of philosophical problems such as reductionism, the second with the development of social theories, and the third with the intersection of evolutionary biology with economics, political philosophy, and public policy. Specific papers deal with naturalistic epistemology, the limits of reductionism, the biological justification of ethics, the so-called 'trolley problem' in moral philosophy, the political philosophy of biological endowments, and the Human Genome Project and its implications for policy. Rosenberg's important writings on a variety of issues are here organized into a coherent philosophical framework which promises to be a significant and controversial contribution to scholarship in many areas