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Machine generated contents note: Part I: Understanding Secularization: 1. The secularization debate; 2. Measuring secularization; 3. Comparing secularization worldwide; Part II: Case Studies of Religion and Politics: 4. The puzzle of secularization in the United States and Western Europe; 5. A religious revival in post-communist Europe?; 6. Religion and politics in the Muslim world; Part III: The Consequences of Secularization: 7. Religion, the Protestant ethic, and moral values; 8. Religious organizations and social capital; 9. Religious parties and electoral behavior; Part IV: Conclusions: 10. Secularization and its consequences; 11. Re-examining the theory of existential security; 12. Re-examining evidence for the security thesis

Minorities and poor people have higher rates of mortality due to various causes of deaths. Part of this phenomenon is due their higher exposure to unhealthy environments. In this paper we show that the onset of Covid-19 was associated with higher death rates among the disadvantaged population. Specifically, we document that the environmental air quality can affect the spread of the novel coronavirus and that this effect is more pronounced in low-income neighborhoods and for counties with lower average education and higher share of blacks. The fact that environment is more impactful among the disadvantaged population calls for policies that protect the poor and minorities during a global disease.

One of the factors that necessitates political stability in Nigeria today is the presence and contributions of the critics, through the virtual and available mediums, where they serve turn to be the mouthpiece for the people, checkmating the activities of the government at various levels. Critics as bethought in this paper, involve analysts, media, professional bodies, practitioners, academics and such like. These critics are chiefly seen to be the frontiers of a better society with regard to their activism, participations and contributions. The point of contention here is the human problem that seems to exist in their analysis and justifications as a critic, and as appointees in politics. The sudden alteration in thoughts and ideas as a critic, and as a partisan, has precipitated my interest on this research. That is, why do we have a change of thoughts or ideas when we have the critics in politics? To some extent, it can be argued that; it is not usually the same in all situations. This paper seeks to examine the roles and activities played by the critics, in correcting the irregularities and anomalies of the government, and their involvement in politics as appointees at various departments and ministries. ; This article has already been published at www.ijarbas.com , Issue:1, Vol.#2, January 2020.

One of the factors that necessitates political stability in Nigeria today is the presence and contributions of the critics, through the virtual and available mediums, where they serve turn to be the mouthpiece for the people, checkmating the activities of the government at various levels. Critics as bethought in this paper, involve analysts, media, professional bodies, practitioners, academics and such like. These critics are chiefly seen to be the frontiers of a better society with regard to their activism, participations and contributions. The point of contention here is the human problem that seems to exist in their analysis and justifications as a critic, and as appointees in politics. The sudden alteration in thoughts and ideas as a critic, and as a partisan, has precipitated my interest on this research. That is, why do we have a change of thoughts or ideas when we have the critics in politics? To some extent, it can be argued that; it is not usually the same in all situations. This paper seeks to examine the roles and activities played by the critics, in correcting the irregularities and anomalies of the government, and their involvement in politics as appointees at various departments and ministries. ; This article has already been published at www.ijarbas.com , Issue:1, Vol.#2, January 2020.

One of the factors that necessitates political stability in Nigeria today is the presence and contributions of the critics, through the virtual and available mediums, where they serve turn to be the mouthpiece for the people, checkmating the activities of the government at various levels. Critics as bethought in this paper, involve analysts, media, professional bodies, practitioners, academics and such like. These critics are chiefly seen to be the frontiers of a better society with regard to their activism, participations and contributions. The point of contention here is the human problem that seems to exist in their analysis and justifications as a critic, and as appointees in politics. The sudden alteration in thoughts and ideas as a critic, and as a partisan, has precipitated my interest on this research. That is, why do we have a change of thoughts or ideas when we have the critics in politics? To some extent, it can be argued that; it is not usually the same in all situations. This paper seeks to examine the roles and activities played by the critics, in correcting the irregularities and anomalies of the government, and their involvement in politics as appointees at various departments and ministries. ; This article has already been published at www.ijarbas.com , Issue:1, Vol.#2, January 2020.

Despite growing interest in decentralized governance, the local government systems that comprise the most common element of decentralization around the world have received little systematic attention. This article, drawing on the first systematic index of decentralization to local government in 21 countries, demonstrates a close relation between Social Democratic welfare states and an intergovernmental infrastructure that in important respects ranks as the most decentralized among advanced industrial countries. This empowerment of local government in these countries was less an outgrowth of Social Democratic welfare state development than a preexisting condition that helped make this type of welfare state possible.

Der demografische Wandel hat Deutschland fest im Griff. Die Konsequenzen dieser Entwicklung sind vielfältig und geraten in den letzten Jahren vermehrt in den Blickpunkt gesellschaftspolitischer Debatten und wissenschaftlicher Studien. Dieses Buch beschäftigt sich mit einem Aspekt des demografischen Wandels, der bislang vergleichsweise wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhielt. Seine leitende Fragestellung lautet: Welche Auswirkungen hat die gesellschaftliche Alterung auf die politischen Einstellungen und das politische Verhalten der Bevölkerung in Deutschland? Unter Verwendung verschiedener Daten und Analysemethoden wird dieser Frage aus mehreren Blickwinkeln mit jeweils unterschiedlichen thematischen Schwerpunkten nachgegangen. Dabei werden auch Projektionen zukünftiger Entwicklungen vorgelegt. In englischer Sprache. Demographic change holds Germany firmly in its grip. The consequences of this development are diverse and increasingly have come into the focus of political debates and scientific research over recent years. This book deals with one aspect of demographic change which as of yet has received comparatively little attention. Its basic question is: What consequences does the ageing society have on political attitudes and political behavior of the German population? Using various sources of data and methods of analysis this question is investigated from multiple perspectives, each with a different thematic thrust. Projections of future developments are also provided. Published in English. Reihe Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung - Band 27.

Wide and effective implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT) within the framework of the concept of electronic government (EG) is part of a complex of innovations in public administration. This article examines the study of the introduction of EG as a tool of public administration based on the experience of foreign countries. The author examines the level of development of the EG in different regions, compares the rates of development, and clarifies the reasons for the uneven use of the EG in the practice of public administration. This article focuses on the main idea of the EG project in the context of social, economic, and political changes caused by the introduction of information technology, as well as the emerging demand for increased information transparency and growing needs. The quality of public services is seen as a factor in the movement towards a modern model of democracy, which includes free access to information and the ability to take part in the management of state and non-state institutions for all citizens. In the article the author demonstrates the results of the analysis of the conditions for the implementation of the EG, requiring joint efforts of the state apparatus, public organizations, business representatives, and citizens. The reasons for resistance to the introduction of EG are also taken into account. In addition, the article introduces the stages of the processes of formatting and development of the EG, analyzes public opinion about this phenomenon within the country and in the global society, examines the relationship between the introduction of the EG and the age of citizens. The author examines the conditions that are necessary for the productive use of Internet technologies in politics, explores the mechanisms for stimulating citizens to form a civic position, and understands the benefits of using ICT for the realization of their political rights and interests. In conclusion, it was concluded that for the effective implementation of the concept of ...