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The Chinese government has actively been promoting the creation of big industrial groups. The author shows that the government's policy to create industrial groups was a promoting factor of enterprise reform in its early stages, but in later stages the policy began to contradict with enterprise reform. The case study of the First Automobile Works (FAW) Groups indicates that the policy has created an inefficient expansion of groups, which leads to an inefficient allocation of state capital. (DÜI-Sen)

Frame theory and social-constructionist concepts are used to explain how local, environmental NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) groups expand their narrow, reactive goals. NIMBYs may expand their goals by becoming "proactive" in orientation, i.e., initiating broader environmental programs that are new to the community. They can also expand to "watchdog" goals by actively monitoring every environmentally threatening plan. Using interview and survey data collected from leaders and members (N = 113) of six environmental NIMBY groups, fixed-goal NIMBYs are compared with ones that became proactive or watchdog in orientation. It is proposed that activists' rhetorical ability to take "ownership of a social problem" away from local and state authorities causes their groups to become "watchdog" or "proactive" in orientation. Ownership solidifies diagnostic, prognostic and motivational framing, thereby making expanded or future action more likely. Activists "own" a diagnosis by claiming to be experts on broader environmental problems. They "own" a prognosis by implementing their own solutions. They "own" a motivation frame by taking the burden of responsibility to act on future diagnoses and prognoses. Ownership creates rhetorical opportunities for local NIMBY groups to expand their goals by providing activists an independent, moral language to address environmental problems.

The real development of country is measured by the development of its citizens in true sense. Self-help groups play a vital role in generating gainful employment opportunities for the poor households across the country, especially engaging the women. The efforts of government for the creation and uplift of self-help groups are considerable in the last three decades. The developmental agencies and government bodies have done really well in terms of mobilizing the rural women and enrolling them to the micro-enterprise set of self-help groups. The number of groups enrolled in NRLM website country wise are enormous. Self-Help groups play a major role in providing entrepreneurship opportunities to urban and rural poor. But only a few groups and handful of cooperatives are able to make their mark in the business arena. The lack of education, managerial competence and many financial, logistical, and social factors act as a hurdle to the growth and sustainability of self-help groups. Delhi and National Capital Region host to almost 13000 and above SHGs. This geographic area has seen rapid urbanization and growth. So, the SHGs operating in the area have no shortage of potential market. The key is to identify the marketing problems of SHGs and helping them taking an offering to the market which are acceptable and demanded by consumers. This paper tries to examine the factors relating to unacceptability of the products produced by SHGs in the locality and to provide possible corrective suggestions to the stakeholders.

Place marketing is increasingly being used as a governance strategy for managing perceptions about regions, cities, and towns. What are the most important obstacles to implementing place marketing? Based on a survey of 274 public managers involved in place marketing in the Netherlands, this article analyzes the main obstacles as perceived by public managers. It also analyzes the effects of obstacles on perceived results of place marketing in terms of attracting target groups. A factor analysis of a variety of obstacles investigated in the survey shows three clearly demarcated obstacles: administrative obstacles within municipalities, obstacles in developing the substance of marketing campaigns, and political obstacles. Obstacles in developing the substance of the marketing campaigns have significant effects on the results of place marketing in terms of attracting stakeholders, whereas the two other obstacles have no significant influence.

For most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, social protection is provided by formal and informal actors. Focusing on women self-help groups as informal social protection actors, this qualitative study examines their nature, activities and functions and how they provide informal social protection. Data on self-help groups were collected from 25 women through in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions. The findings show that these groups provide crucial safety nets by smoothing incomes and consumption, and providing social assistance and insurance. However, social protection provided informally is exclusionary and limited. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Background Patient representatives (PRs) have been involved for decades in health-care development, and their participation is increasingly sought in health-care working groups (HCWGs) on every level. However, information on how the role could be further developed and teamwork improved remains sparse. Objective To explore the role of patient representatives in clinical practice guideline (CPG) monitoring groups, to describe their contributions and identify possibilities of improvement. Design Qualitative design using semi-structured interviews analysed by content analysis. Setting and participants Interviews were conducted with 11 PRs, 13 registered nurses, and 9 physicians, all members of national committees monitoring CPGs for cancer in Sweden. Results Most participants considered the PR role important but mentioned several problems. PRs' contributions were hampered by uncertainties about their role, the low expectations of other group members and their sense that their contributions were often disregarded. Some professionals questioned whether PRs were truly representative and said some topics could not be discussed with PRs present. Conclusion This study highlights the fundamental problems that remain to be solved despite the long involvement of PRs in HCWGs. Even though the PR role and teamwork differed between the groups, most PRs need to be empowered to be actively involved in the teamwork and have their engagement and knowledge fully utilized. Enhancing teamwork through clarifying roles and expectations could lead to more inclusive and equal teams able to work more effectively towards the goal of improving health care. Patient or public contribution PRs were information givers in data collection.

Population researchers have contributed to the debate on minority group distribution and disadvantage and social cohesion by providing objective analysis. A plethora of new distribution measurement techniques have been presented in recent years, but they have not provided sufficient explanatory power of underlying trajectories to inform ongoing political debate. Indeed, a focus on trying to summarise complex situations with readily understood measures may be misplaced. This paper takes an alternative approach and asks whether a more detailed analysis of individual and environmental characteristics is necessary if researchers are to continue to provide worthwhile input to policy development. Using England and Wales as a test bed, it looks at four small sub-populations (circa 250,000 at the turn of the century) - two based on ethnic grouping: Bangladeshi and Chinese; and two based on an under-researched area of cultural background, religion: Jews and Sikhs. Despite major differences in longevity of presence in the UK, age profile, socio-economic progress, and levels of inter-marriage, there are, at a national level, parallels in the distribution patterns and trajectories for three of the groups. However, heterogeneity between and within the groups mean that at a local level, these similarities are confounded. The paper concludes that complex interactions between natural change and migration, and between suburbanisation and a desire for group congregation, mean that explanations for the trajectory of distribution require examination of data at a detailed level, beyond the scope of index-based methods.

This article reports first results from a comparative analysis of interview data from Finland, Spain and Switzerland. Within the framework of a developmental perspective on the role of media in everyday life, we focus on cross-cultural similarities and differences in how media use is related to children's and teenagers' relationships with their peers. The data revealed main ways in which media are part of young people's everyday lives: using media together with peers; as a source for common topics in play and talk; as a means of facilitating identification with groups and their values; and for the development of an individual identity. The comparison between the three countries showed that these forms of media use are central to different age groups in the three countries, influenced by different concepts of children's autonomy from adult supervision, systems of organizing leisure time activities and the structure of the school day.

In the article the analysis of the regulator system of legal circulation of medical remedies of different legal classification groups and legal nomenclature groups is conducted in the European Union and Ukraine from position of pharmaceutical law.