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Industrial Symbiosis (IS) is a collaborative cross-sectoral approach to connect the resource supply and demand of various industries in order to optimize the resource use through exchange of materials, energy, water and human resources across different companies, while generating ecological, technical, social and economic benefits. One of the main goals of IS is the set-up of advanced circular/cascading systems, in which the energy and material flows are prolonged for multiple utilization within industrial systems in order to increase resource productivity and efficiency, while reducing the environmental load. Many Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools have been developed to facilitate IS, but they predominantly focus on the as-is analysis of the IS system, and do not consider the development of a common desired target vision or corresponding possible future scenarios as well as conceivable transformation paths from the actual to the defined (sustainability) target state. This gap shall be addressed in this paper, presenting the software requirements engineering results for a holistic IT-supported IS tool covering system analysis, transformation simulation and goal-setting. This new approach goes beyond system analysis and includes the use of expert systems, system dynamics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, which turn the IT-supported IS tool to be developed into a comprehensive and holistic instrument with which future scenarios and transformation paths can be simulated.

This paper summarizes key elements of the German Federal Constitutional Court's decision on the European Central Bank's Public Sector Asset Purchase Programme. It briefly explains how it is possible for the German Court to disagree with the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, it makes suggestions concerning a practical way forward for the Governing Council of the ECB in light of these developments.

Die Corona-Pandemie hat zu einer der schwersten Rezessionen der Nachkriegszeit geführt. Mit dem Ende der akuten behördlichen Maßnahmen gegen die Pandemie im Frühjahr 2020 setzte zwar eine schnelle Erholung ein. Der jüngste Anstieg der Infektionszahlen zeigt aber, wie fragil die Situation bleibt. In verschiedenen Bereichen ist eine Normalisierung der wirtschaftlichen Lage noch immer nicht absehbar, die Corona-Krise ist noch nicht bewältigt. So dürfte angesichts der erneuten pandemiebedingten Einschränkungen die Erholung in Deutschland und vielen anderen europäischen Ländern derzeit pausieren. Zudem könnten sich Veränderungen im Zuge der Pandemie etwa im individuellen Verhalten, durch veränderte Konsumpräferenzen oder durch neue Rahmenbedingungen langfristig auf die Wirtschaft auswirken. Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft war bereits vor der Pandemie mit vielfältigen langfristigen Veränderungen konfrontiert. Der Strukturwandel, ausgelöst durch den technologischen Fortschritt, den demografischen Wandel und die Transformation hin zu einer klimaneutralen Wirtschaft, ist eine große Herausforderung, bietet aber zugleich Chancen. Die Wirtschaftspolitik ist gefordert, die durch die Corona-Pandemie ausgelöste Krise zu bewältigen, die ökonomische Resilienz in Deutschland und Europa zu erhöhen und das Wachstumspotenzial zu stärken. (.)

Durch die Änderungen vom 14. März 2008 hat der Gesetzgeber den Kapitalschutz im georgischen GmbH-Recht wesentlich verändert. Im Gegensatz zu den MoMiG Änderungen, die im deutschen GmbH-Recht den Kapitalschutz ziemlich gelockert und dabei andere systematische Probleme aus Sicht des Gläubigerschutzes mit sich gebracht haben, ist es dem georgischen Gesetzgeber gelungen, ohne Verschlechterung des Gläubigerschutzes den Kapitalschutz wesentlich zu deregulieren. Auch die Problematik der Durchgriffshaftung hat der georgische Gesetzgeber im Vergleich zum deutschen Recht durch die Schaffung einer speziellen gesellschaftsrechtlichen Norm unterschiedlich geregelt. Der Autor kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Durchgriffshaftung einheitlich nicht auf der Grundlage des Deliktsrechts, sondern auf der speziellen gesellschaftsrechtlichen Norm begründet werden sollte. Darüber hinaus findet in der Arbeit eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Problematik der Insolvenzverschleppungshaftung statt. Der Autor untersucht verschiedene Vorschläge, die in der deutschen und georgischen Literatur und Rechtsprechung angeboten werden und konkludiert, dass die direkte Haftung des Geschäftsführers gegenüber der Gesellschaftsgläubiger auf der Grundlage des Deliktsrechts dogmatisch eine richtige Lösung darstellt.

This paper summarizes key elements of the German Federal Constitutional Court's decision on the European Central Bank's Public Sector Asset Purchase Programme. It briefly explains how it is possible for the German Court to disagree with the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, it makes suggestions concerning a practical way forward for the Governing Council of the ECB in light of these developments.

The Manifesto Project Dataset provides the scientific community with parties' policy positions derived from a content analysis of parties' electoral manifestos. It covers over 1.000 parties from 1945 until today in over 50 countries on five continents.
The content analysis aims to discover party and presidential stances by quantifying their statements and messages to their electorate. A unified classification scheme with an accompanying set of rules was developed to make such statements comparable. Analysing manifestos allows for measurement of party and presidents' policy positions across countries and elections within a common framework. Manifestos are understood to be parties' only and presidential candidates' main authoritative policy statements and, therefore, as indicators of the parties' policy preferences at a given point in time.
The Manifesto Project Data Collection was originally created by the Manifesto Research Group (MRG) in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The work was continued under the name Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP) at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center in the 1990s and 2000s. Since 2009 the Manifesto Research on Political Representation (MARPOR) project updates and extends the dataset. It is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is still located at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center.

The Manifesto Project Dataset provides the scientific community with parties' policy positions derived from a content analysis of parties' electoral manifestos. It covers over 1.000 parties from 1945 until today in over 50 countries on five continents.
The content analysis aims to discover party and presidential stances by quantifying their statements and messages to their electorate. A unified classification scheme with an accompanying set of rules was developed to make such statements comparable. Analysing manifestos allows for measurement of party and presidents' policy positions across countries and elections within a common framework. Manifestos are understood to be parties' only and presidential candidates' main authoritative policy statements and, therefore, as indicators of the parties' policy preferences at a given point in time.
The Manifesto Project Data Collection was originally created by the Manifesto Research Group (MRG) in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The work was continued under the name Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP) at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center in the 1990s and 2000s. Since 2009 the Manifesto Research on Political Representation (MARPOR) project updates and extends the dataset. It is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is still located at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center.

CNRS 4, HCERES C, ABS 1 ; International audience ; Over the last decade or so, access to broadband services has become increasingly important. While many in the UK already benefit from the provision of broadband, some, especially those located in more rural and remote areas, do not – they may not be able to access the Internet and when they do, their connection and consumer experience may be poor. After trying to resolve this through a stream of different initiatives, the UK government announced a broadband universal service obligation (USO) of 10 Mbps in late 2015. Ofcom, the telecommunications regulator, launched a consultation in April 2016 and sought the views of interested parties. The consultation attracted considerable interest, but after the submissions from orchestrated campaigns are discounted just over 100 responses remain. But who contributed and what did they say? To explore these two questions, this paper adopts a qualitative approach, using NVIVO, to analyse the responses to the consultation. We show that contributions were highly diverse, reflecting both the complexity of the issue as well as its politicised nature. A lack of agreement among the responses is revealed and divergent views on key issues like the appropriateness of 10 Mbps, whether this should change, how it should be funded or what technologies should be used exist. In this paper, we provide a critical discussion of and derive implications for the broadband USO. We tentatively conclude that those in rural and remote areas that the USO intends to help are caught between two countervailing forces – speed and cost deployment – that interact to ensure that whatever resolution to provide broadband access, some will likely be unhappy.

Published in Trends in Hearing (August 2019) Recent achievements in hearing aid development, such as visually guided hearing aids, make it increasingly important to study movement behavior in everyday situations in order to develop test methods and evaluate hearing aid performance. In this work, audiovisual virtual environments (VEs) were designed for communication conditions in a living room, a lecture hall, a cafeteria, a train station, and a street environment. Movement behavior (head movement, gaze direction, and torso rotation) and electroencephalography signals were measured in these VEs in the laboratory for 22 younger normal-hearing participants and 19 older normal-hearing participants. These data establish a reference for future studies that will investigate the movement behavior of hearing-impaired listeners and hearing aid users for comparison. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the subjective experience in the VEs. A test–retest comparison showed that the measured movement behavior is reproducible and that the measures of movement behavior used in this study are reliable. Moreover, evaluation of the questionnaires indicated that the VEs are sufficiently realistic. The participants rated the experienced acoustic realism of the VEs positively, and although the rating of the experienced visual realism was lower, the participants felt to some extent present and involved in the VEs. Analysis of the movement data showed that movement behavior depends on the VE and the age of the subject and is predictable in multitalker conversations and for moving distractors. The VEs and a database of the collected data are publicly available. ; This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)—project 352015383—SFB 1330 B1 and by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 675324 (ENRICH).

Coordination and cooperation are necessary topics to strengthen international environmental agreements that improve action against worldwide challenges towards sustainable development and environmental protection, such as invasive alien species (IAS). This study aims to assess to what extent national and transnational cooperation and coordination influences the implementation of a supranational regulation against IAS based on an example from the European Union (EU). Data is used from a broader study, including 47 responses to an online questionnaire and 22 interviews completed by experts from two countries (Austria and Romania), together with in depth literature. Additionally, the IAS-Regulation is analyzed from the perspective of cooperation and coordination. The terms "cooperation" and "coordination" were found within the text of the IAS-Regulation 11 and nine times respectively, whereas their context was transnational and national levels mainly, and transnational, respectively. It was further acknowledged from the majority of the answers from the survey respondents that the national coordination and cooperation is weaker than the transnational level due to the influence of the national competence distribution. Results from the interviews are separated into 'transnational' and 'national' cooperation and coordination. They show that the majority of the 47 responses indicate that the distribution of competence is one of the main influencing factors on the implementation. It is concluded that the current situation of cooperation and coordination in Austria and Romania renders it difficult for the European Commission to receive a realistic view about IAS and the implementation of the IAS Regulation in the two countries; hence, it is difficult to offer helpful support especially due to poor national cooperation. The current study can serve as a blueprint for further studies. Even in regional integration contexts beyond the EU, it can prove helpful to assess the impact of different kinds of competence distribution on the implementation of common norms. Thus, this research can path the way innovatively and serve as a comparative example for similar future studies.

Coordination and cooperation are necessary topics to strengthen international environmental agreements that improve action against worldwide challenges towards sustainable development and environmental protection, such as invasive alien species (IAS). This study aims to assess to what extent national and transnational cooperation and coordination influences the implementation of a supranational regulation against IAS based on an example from the European Union (EU). Data is used from a broader study, including 47 responses to an online questionnaire and 22 interviews completed by experts from two countries (Austria and Romania), together with in depth literature. Additionally, the IAS-Regulation is analyzed from the perspective of cooperation and coordination. The terms &ldquo ; cooperation&rdquo ; and &ldquo ; coordination&rdquo ; were found within the text of the IAS-Regulation 11 and nine times respectively, whereas their context was transnational and national levels mainly, and transnational, respectively. It was further acknowledged from the majority of the answers from the survey respondents that the national coordination and cooperation is weaker than the transnational level due to the influence of the national competence distribution. Results from the interviews are separated into &lsquo ; transnational&rsquo ; and &lsquo ; national&rsquo ; cooperation and coordination. They show that the majority of the 47 responses indicate that the distribution of competence is one of the main influencing factors on the implementation. It is concluded that the current situation of cooperation and coordination in Austria and Romania renders it difficult for the European Commission to receive a realistic view about IAS and the implementation of the IAS Regulation in the two countries ; hence, it is difficult to offer helpful support especially due to poor national cooperation. The current study can serve as a blueprint for further studies. Even in regional integration contexts beyond the EU, it can prove helpful to assess the impact of different kinds of competence distribution on the implementation of common norms. Thus, this research can path the way innovatively and serve as a comparative example for similar future studies.