Suchergebnisse

In this issue, readers will find two subject matter sections: 1. Contemporary Security and 2. International Relations CasuistryContemporary SecurityCésar Ross and Gonzalo Montaner Correo open the Volume 12 Number 2 issue with the article titled "The Post-9/11 Security Studies Agenda: What is Being Discussed and Who are Being Discussed?", offering a context for the new era of international security from the starting point of those terrorist attacks which imbued in the international system the friend-enemy ideology. In addition, these attacks managed to modify the traditional concepts of war, and in concordance we present Mariano César Bartolomé's contribution, his article "The Current Use of the Concept 'War' in International Relations". In it, a deeper insight on the epistemology associated with the new deontological needs stemming from the mutation of revolutions is offered. Accordingly, and in order to close this subject matter section of the International Relations, Strategy, and Security Journal, you can find "The Perception of Political Elites and the Predilection for Private Forms of Violence: From Mercenaries to Military Private Security Companies", by Mario Iván Urueña Sánchez, a document in which the contributions from the previous authors come to fruition.International Relations CasuistryErnani Contipelli wrote the article "Global Governance and Comparative Analysis of the Integration Processes in Latin America: The Andean Community and the MERCOSUR". Following a similar approach, we find Jerónimo Ríos Sierra's contribution, "The UNASUR and the Bolivarian Alliance for the People of Our America: Another Lost Decade?" Here, he meticulously analyzes the toll paid due to the auctioning of other regional international organizations. In turn, Wilson Fernández Luzuriaga presents "Uruguay and its Incorporation to the United Nations Security Council. International Law in the Role of a Small State". He describes tendencies that could be adopted by peripheral actors in the international system and that can be perfectly spotted in other case studies, as the one carried out by Mariano Turzi in "Latin American silk road: China and the Nicaragua Canal". Now, and from the south of the American continent, Melisa Deciancio enriches our issue with the article "The Construction of the Argentinian International Relations (IR) Field: Contributions from Geopolitics". Meanwhile, María Cecilia Míguez reflects on "The Unorthodox Autonomy and the Classification of Foreign Politics in Argentina". Finally, two related articles are presented in our issue; both focus on the "hot" topic of drug trafficking, one from Brazil and the other from Argentina. The former was written by Esteban Arratia Sandobal and is titled "Beyond Pacification/Competition: State-Making in Rio's Favelas", and it could be contrasted with the peculiarities of the Argentinian territory, so well described by Carolina Sampó in the latter, "Drug and Human Trafficking: A Sample of How Organized Crime Advances in Argentina". To close this current edition, we present "62 Years of Indonesia – Mexico Diplomatic Relations: Some Reflections and Ways Forward", from the author Sulthon Sabaruddin Sjahril.We expect that, with this collection of research efforts and reflections from expert social scientists from a variety of disciplinary approaches, this current issue of the International Relations, Strategy, and Security Journal will please all its readers. ; Editorial En la presente edición, el lector encontrará dos secciones temáticas: 1. Seguridad Contemporánea, y: 2. Casuística Internacional.Seguridad contemporánea T1César Ross y Gonzalo Montaner Correo abren la edición volumen 12, número 2, con el artículo denominado "La agenda de los estudios de seguridad post 9/11: ¿de qué y quiénes hablan?", contextualizando la nueva era de la seguridad internacional derivada de aquellos ataques terroristas, que imprimieron la ideología de amigo-enemigo en el sistema internacional. Logran, además, modificar los conceptos tradicionales de guerra, para lo cual presentamos la contribución de Mariano César Bartolomé, con su artículo titulado "El empleo actual del concepto guerra en las relaciones internacionales". En este se profundiza en la epistemología relativa a las nuevas necesidades deontológicas que presenta la mutación de las revoluciones. En consecuencia y para finalizar esta sección temática de la Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, está "La percepción de las élites políticas y la predilección por las formas privadas de violencia: de los mercenarios a las compañías militares de seguridad privada", escrito por Mario Iván Urueña Sánchez, documento en el cual se cristalizan los aportes de los autores iniciales. Casuística en relaciones internacionales Ernani Contipelli escribió el artículo "Gobernanza global y análisis comparado de los procesos de integración en américa latina: comunidad andina y el Mercado del Sur", Por la misma línea se encuentra el aporte de Jerónimo Ríos Sierra, pero esta vez analizando con lupa los costos en el recorrido de otras organizaciones internacionales de la región: "La Unión de Naciones Suramericanas y la Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América: ¿otra década perdida?". Por su parte, Wilson Fernández Luzuriaga, presenta "Uruguay y su ingreso al Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas. Claves para comprender el rol de un Estado pequeño", en el cual escribe tendencias que podrán ser adoptados por la periferia del sistema internacional y que pueden perfectamente palparse en estudios de casos, como el que realizó Mariano Turzi Correo en "At world's end: China, US and the Panama canal". Ahora, hacia el sur del continente americano, Melisa Deciancio enriquece nuestra edición con el artículo "La construcción del campo de las relaciones internacionales (ri) argentinas: contribuciones desde la geopolítica". Entretanto, María Cecilia Míguez reflexiona sobre "La Autonomía Heterodoxa y la clasificación de las políticas exteriores en la Argentina". Finalmente, se cotejan en nuestra edición dos artículos enfocados en el "caliente" tema del narcotráfico, uno en Brasil y otro en Argentina: el primero de ellos, escrito por Esteban Arratia Sandobal y titulado "Beyond pacification Competition State-Making in Rio's favelas", contrastado con la particularidad del territorio argentino, bien descrito por Carolina Sampó: "Narcotráfico y trata de personas, una muestra de cómo el crimen organizado avanza en Argentina". Se cierra la presente edición con "62 Years of Indonesia – Mexico Diplomatic Relations: Some Reflections and Ways Forward", del autor Sulthon Sabaruddin Sjahril. Se espera con la presente colección de investigaciones y reflexiones de expertos cientistas sociales con multiplicidad de enfoques disciplinares que este número de la Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad sea de su total agrado. ; Nessa edição, o leitor encontrará duas seções temáticas: 1. Segurança contemporânea e 2. Casuística internacional.Segurança contemporâneaCésar Ross e Gonzalo Montaner Correo abrem a edição volume 12, número 2, com o artigo denominado "A agenda dos estudos de segurança post 9/11: de que e quem são os que falam?", contextualizando a nova era da segurança internacional derivada de aqueles ataques terroristas, que imprimiram a ideologia de amigo-inimigo no sistema internacional. Conseguem, além disso, modificar os conceitos tradicionais da guerra, para o qual apresentamos a contribuição de Mariano César Bartolomé, com o seu artigo titulado "O emprego atual do conceito guerra nas relações internacionais". Neste se aprofunda na epistemologia relativa as novas necessidades deontológicas que apresenta a mutação das revoluções. Em consequência e para finalizar esta seção temática da Revista de Relações Internacionais, Estratégia e Segurança , está "A percepção das elites polí- ticas e a predileção pelas formas privadas de violência: dos mercenários as expedições militares de segurança privada", escrito por Mario Iván Urueña Sánchez, documento no qual se cristalizam as colaborações dos autores iniciais.Casuística em relações internacionaisErnani Contipelli escreveu o artigo "Governança global e análises comparativo aos processos de integração na américa latina: comunidade andina e o Mercado do Sul", Pela mesma linha encontrasse a colaboração de Jerónimo Ríos Sierra, mas nesta vez analisando com lentes de aumento os gastos no caminho de outras organizações internacionais da região: "A União das Nações Sul-americanas e a Aliança Bolivariana para os Povos de Nossa América: outra década perdida?". Por sua parte, Wilson Fernández Luzuriaga, apresenta "Uruguai e a sua entrada ao Conselho de Segurança das Nacoes Unidas. Chaves para compreender o rol de um Estado pequeno", no qual escreve tendências que poderão ser adotadas pela periferia do sistema internacional e que podem perfeitamente palpar-se em estudos de casos como o que realizou, Mariano Turzi, em "A rota da seda latinoamericana: a China e o Canal da Nicarágua". Agora, para o sul do continente americano, Melisa Deciancio enriquece nossa edição com o artigo "A constru- ção do campo das relações internacionais (ri) argentinas: contribuições desde a geopolítica". No entanto, María Cecilia Míguez reflexiona sobre "A Autonomia Heterodoxa e a classificação das políticas exteriores na Argentina". Finalmente, se enumeram na nossa edição dois artigos enfocados no "quente" tema do narcotráfico, um no Brasil e o outro na Argentina: o primeiro deles, escrito por Esteban Arratia Sandobal e titulado "Beyond pacification Competition State-Making in Rio's favelas", comparado com a particularidade do território argentino, bem descrito por Carolina Sampó: "Narcotráfico e tráfico de pessoas , uma amostra como o crime organizado avança na Argentina". Termina a apresente da edição com "62 years of Indonesia-México Diplomatic Relations: some reflections and ways forward", do autor Sulthon Sabaruddin Sjahril.Esperasse com a presente coleção de investigações e reflexões de experientes cientistas sociais, multiplicidade de enfoques disciplinares que este número da Revista de Relações Internacionais, Estratégia e Segurança seja do seu total agrado.

This thesis explores and theorizes practices for generating knowledge and experience of possible futures in the present. Often, our unreflected everyday actions are clearly focused on the future. We plan future events into calendars, buy insurances, follow weather forecasts, and practice for performances of various kinds, all to reduce the uncertainties that the future brings. Various societal areas have developed specialized and systematic ways of generating knowledge in order for people to prepare for possible future events. A particular and extensive area is that involving societal security and preparedness for extraordinary events. The thesis explores various aspects of futures-making practices in the overall field of societal security, with a special focus on recent measures to strengthen the public's emergency preparedness. The overall aim is to deepen knowledge about the contemporary use of futures-making practices (such as imagination and enactment) and related techniques (such as scenario writing and simulations). Societal security and emergency preparedness have recently come to be recognized nationally and globally in ways that we have not experienced since the Cold War era. The empirical backdrop of the thesis tells about some major events that occurred during the first five years of the new millennium. During this period, a number of terrorist attacks and natural disasters occurred which greatly affected futures-making practices in areas related to societal security and preparedness. Following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, many actors in the security business began to implement new, or revived, ways of relating to the future. From previously focusing mainly on plausible events, interest now turned to possible and unexpected events. Following the criticized management of hurricane Katrina in 2005, a visionary work was initiated with the aim of creating an inclusive and all-encompassing culture of preparedness, a culture that would involve all sectors and actors of society, including the public. The examples may by from a unilateral American context, however the events can also be perceived as part of a global trend with local variations. A trend that includes new ideas about public participation in societal preparedness, as well as new ways in which we create preliminary representations of possible futures in order to prepare for them. In order to clarify different ways in which we relate to the future, I apply cultural geographer Ben Anderson's (2010) classification of anticipatory practices. Anderson highlights three principal practices: imagination, calculation, and performance. The thesis explores how futures are imagined and enacted through the techniques of scenario writing and simulation, in four separate studies (articles I-IV). Studies I and II examine how imaginations of future emergencies are articulated in interviews with local safety coordinators and volunteers in Sweden, as well as in institutional exercise scenarios in the US. The first study shows how collaboration between the public and professionals is perceived as an ideal for managing societal stress and, furthermore, how various forms for organizing the voluntary public may facilitate for or interfere with fruitful collaboration. The second study investigates how governmental authorities has popularized emergency preparedness through a campaign aiming to prepare people for a possible zombie invasion. The study shows how the campaign makes use of a dynamic interplay between reality and fiction, realism and irrealism, and affirmation and distancing. Studies III and IV examine the meanings of spatiality, materiality, and affect in large-scale disaster simulations for the public. The studies are based on documents and observations collected and conducted in Japan and Turkey in 2014 and 2015. With the third study, I wish to contribute to existing debates on experience design and affective atmospheres in disaster simulation, while in the fourth study I explore enactment-based exercises and experience design through a lens of Foucauldian governmentality and spatial rationality. The four articles are given a common theoretical framework consisting of sociological perspectives on time and temporality, which highlight how the conditions for futures-making practices has evolved through changes in people's relation to the future. The overall results in the thesis indicate that possibilities for the public to participate in enactment-based exercises are currently limited. However, when made publicly available, exercises are most often designed as entertaining, sensory, and affective learning experiences. Present imaginaries and enactments of negative futures are thus enmeshed with considerations regarding what is possible and probable, real and unreal, near and distant. Furthermore, facilities for public exercises are part of a complex apparatus involving political, economic, and educational perspectives, as well as aspects of entertainment, urban planning, educational technology, and public space. ; I den här avhandlingen utforskas praktiker för att generera kunskap om och erfarenhet av möjliga framtider i samtiden. Många av våra ofta oreflekterade vardagshandlingar är tydligt inriktade mot framtiden. Vi planerar in kommande händelser i kalendrar, köper försäkringar, följer väderprognoser, och övar inför uppträdanden av olika slag, allt för att minska de osäkerheter som framtiden innebär. Inom olika samhälleliga verksamhetsområden har det utvecklats specialiserade och systematiska sätt att generera kunskap för att människor ska kunna förbereda sig på eventuella kommande händelser. Ett omfattande område är det som inbegriper samhällelig säkerhet och beredskap inför extraordinära händelser. Avhandlingen utforskar olika aspekter av framtidsskapande praktiker inom det övergripande området samhällssäkerhet, med ett särskilt fokus på åtgärder för att stärka allmänhetens krisberedskap. Det övergripande syftet är att fördjupa kunskapen om den samtida användningen av framtidsskapande praktiker (såsom föreställning, fantasi och iscensättning) och tillhörande tekniker (såsom scenarioskrivande och simuleringar). Samhällssäkerhet och krisberedskap har på senare tid kommit att uppmärksammas nationellt och globalt på sätt som vi inte sett någon motsvarighet till sedan kalla krigets dagar. Avhandlingen tar avstamp i några större händelser som inträffade under det nya millenniets första fem år. Under denna period inträffade ett antal terrorattentat och naturkatastrofer, vilka kom att påverka framtidsskapande praktiker inom verksamheter kopplade till samhällssäkerhet och beredskap. Till avhandlingens bakgrund hör även det faktum att man sedan det kalla krigets slut i början av 1990-talet på många håll i världen minskat uppmärksamheten på nationell säkerhet för att i stället fokusera på samhällssäkerhet, det vill säga att beredskapen inför yttre hot mot nationella gränser under en period prioriterats ned till förmån för beredskap inför hot som kommer inifrån samhällen själva. Som en följd av attentaten den 11 september 2001 började man inom olika säkerhetsområden implementera nya sätt att förhålla sig till framtiden. Från att ha fokuserat huvudsakligen på troliga händelser började man i allt högre grad ta hänsyn till möjliga och mer oväntade händelser och utvecklingslinjer. Som en följd av hanteringen av orkanen Katrina 2005 initierades ett visionsarbete med syfte att skapa en allomfattande beredskapskultur, en kultur som skulle involvera alla samhällets sektorer och aktörer, även den enskilda individen. Exemplen är visserligen hämtade från en amerikansk kontext, men händelserna går också att uppfatta som upprinnelser till, eller delar av, en övergripande global trend med lokala varianter. Med andra ord, en trend som innefattar nya idéer kring allmänhetens deltagande i den samhälleliga krisberedskapen, liksom nya sätt genom vilka vi skapar preliminära representationer av möjliga framtider i syfte att förbereda oss på dem. För att tydliggöra olika sätt på vilka vi förhåller oss till framtiden tillämpar jag i avhandlingen kulturgeografen Ben Andersons klassificering av anticipatoriska praktiker. Anderson lyfter fram tre huvudsakliga praktiker: föreställning (imagination), beräkning (calculation), och iscensättning (performance). I avhandlingen utforskas föreställning och iscensättning av möjliga framtider utifrån teknikerna scenarioskrivning och simulering genom fyra delstudier (artikel I-IV). Delstudierna I och II undersöker hur föreställningar om framtida kriser artikuleras i intervjuer med kommunala säkerhetssamordnare och volontärer i Sverige, liksom i övningsscenarion för institutionell beredskap i USA. Delstudie I visar hur samverkan mellan allmänheten och professionella framhålls som ett ideal för hanteringen av samhälleliga påfrestningar, samt hur olika former av frivilligorganisering kan underlätta eller försvåra för samverkan. Delstudie II undersöker hur myndigheter försökt popularisera krisberedskap genom en kampanj för beredskap inför en möjlig stundande zombie-invasion. Studien visar hur kampanjen använder sig av ett dynamiskt växelspel mellan verklighet och fiktion, realism och irrealism, bejakande och avståndstagande. Delstudierna III och IV undersöker betydelser av rumslighet, materialitet, och affekt i storskaliga katastrofsimuleringar för allmänheten. Delstudierna baseras på dokument och observationer, insamlade och genomförda i Japan och Turkiet 2014 och 2015. Med delstudie III vill jag bidra till pågående diskussioner om upplevelsedesign och affekt i storskalig realistisk simulering, medan jag i delstudie IV utforskar iscensättning och upplevelsedesign utifrån ett Foucauldianskt styrningsperspektiv. De fyra delstudierna inramas av teori utifrån ett tidssociologiskt perspektiv, som belyser hur förutsättningarna för framtidsskapande praktiker vuxit fram genom förändringar i människans förhållningssätt till framtiden. På ett övergripande plan visar avhandlingen att möjligheterna är begränsade för den oorganiserade allmänheten att delta i avancerade simuleringsövningar. Men när sådana möjligheter väl skapas, designas övningarna i huvudsak som underhållande, sensoriska och affektiva upplevelser. Samtida föreställningar och iscensättningar av negativa framtider förutsätter överväganden kring vad som kan betraktas som troligt eller möjligt, realistiskt eller orealistiskt, avlägset eller nära. Vidare, anläggningar för simuleringsövningar med allmänheten som målgrupp är del i en komplex apparat som involverar politiska, ekonomiska och utbildningsmässiga mål, och som ska balansera aspekter av underhållning, utbildning, stadsplanering, och tillgången till offentliga rum. ; Seminariet kommer att hållas på svenska och engelska. Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbete opublicerat: delarbete 4 inskickat At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished: paper 4 submitted

We live in an age of the mobile paradigm of anytime/anywhere access, as the mobile device is the most ubiquitous device that people now hold. Due to their portability, availability, easy of use, communication, access and sharing of information within various domains and areas of our daily lives, the acceptance and adoption of these devices is still growing. However, due to their potential and raising numbers, mobile devices are a growing target for attackers and, like other technologies, mobile applications are still vulnerable. Health information systems are composed with tools and software to collect, manage, analyze and process medical information (such as electronic health records and personal health records). Therefore, such systems can empower the performance and maintenance of health services, promoting availability, readability, accessibility and data sharing of vital information about a patients overall medical history, between geographic fragmented health services. Quick access to information presents a great importance in the health sector, as it accelerates work processes, resulting in better time utilization. Additionally, it may increase the quality of care. However health information systems store and manage highly sensitive data, which raises serious concerns regarding patients privacy and safety, and may explain the still increasing number of malicious incidents reports within the health domain. Data related to health information systems are highly sensitive and subject to severe legal and regulatory restrictions, that aim to protect the individual rights and privacy of patients. Along side with these legislations, security requirements must be analyzed and measures implemented. Within the necessary security requirements to access health data, secure authentication, identity management and access control are essential to provide adequate means to protect data from unauthorized accesses. However, besides the use of simple authentication models, traditional access control models are commonly based on predefined access policies and roles, and are inflexible. This results in uniform access control decisions through people, different type of devices, environments and situational conditions, and across enterprises, location and time. Although already existent models allow to ensure the needs of the health care systems, they still lack components for dynamicity and privacy protection, which leads to not have desire levels of security and to the patient not to have a full and easy control of his privacy. Within this master thesis, after a deep research and review of the stat of art, was published a novel dynamic access control model, Socio-Technical Risk-Adaptable Access Control modEl (SoTRAACE), which can model the inherent differences and security requirements that are present in this thesis. To do this, SoTRAACE aggregates attributes from various domains to help performing a risk assessment at the moment of the request. The assessment of the risk factors identified in this work is based in a Delphi Study. A set of security experts from various domains were selected, to classify the impact in the risk assessment of each attribute that SoTRAACE aggregates. SoTRAACE was integrated in an architecture with requirements well-founded, and based in the best recommendations and standards (OWASP, NIST 800-53, NIST 800-57), as well based in deep review of the state-of-art. The architecture is further targeted with the essential security analysis and the threat model. As proof of concept, the proposed access control model was implemented within the user-centric architecture, with two mobile prototypes for several types of accesses by patients and healthcare professionals, as well the web servers that handles the access requests, authentication and identity management. The proof of concept shows that the model works as expected, with transparency, assuring privacy and data control to the user without impact for user experience and interaction. It is clear that the model can be extended to other industry domains, and new levels of risks or attributes can be added because it is modular. The architecture also works as expected, assuring secure authentication with multifactor, and secure data share/access based in SoTRAACE decisions. The communication channel that SoTRAACE uses was also protected with a digital certificate. At last, the architecture was tested within different Android versions, tested with static and dynamic analysis and with tests with security tools. Future work includes the integration of health data standards and evaluating the proposed system by collecting users' opinion after releasing the system to real world. ; Hoje em dia vivemos em um paradigma móvel de acesso em qualquer lugar/hora, sendo que os dispositivos móveis são a tecnologia mais presente no dia a dia da sociedade. Devido à sua portabilidade, disponibilidade, fácil manuseamento, poder de comunicação, acesso e partilha de informação referentes a várias áreas e domínios das nossas vidas, a aceitação e integração destes dispositivos é cada vez maior. No entanto, devido ao seu potencial e aumento do número de utilizadores, os dispositivos móveis são cada vez mais alvos de ataques, e tal como outras tecnologias, aplicações móveis continuam a ser vulneráveis. Sistemas de informação de saúde são compostos por ferramentas e softwares que permitem recolher, administrar, analisar e processar informação médica (tais como documentos de saúde eletrónicos). Portanto, tais sistemas podem potencializar a performance e a manutenção dos serviços de saúde, promovendo assim a disponibilidade, acessibilidade e a partilha de dados vitais referentes ao registro médico geral dos pacientes, entre serviços e instituições que estão geograficamente fragmentadas. O rápido acesso a informações médicas apresenta uma grande importância para o setor da saúde, dado que acelera os processos de trabalho, resultando assim numa melhor eficiência na utilização do tempo e recursos. Consequentemente haverá uma melhor qualidade de tratamento. Porém os sistemas de informação de saúde armazenam e manuseiam dados bastantes sensíveis, o que levanta sérias preocupações referentes à privacidade e segurança do paciente. Assim se explica o aumento de incidentes maliciosos dentro do domínio da saúde. Os dados de saúde são altamente sensíveis e são sujeitos a severas leis e restrições regulamentares, que pretendem assegurar a proteção dos direitos e privacidade dos pacientes, salvaguardando os seus dados de saúde. Juntamente com estas legislações, requerimentos de segurança devem ser analisados e medidas implementadas. Dentro dos requerimentos necessários para aceder aos dados de saúde, uma autenticação segura, gestão de identidade e controlos de acesso são essenciais para fornecer meios adequados para a proteção de dados contra acessos não autorizados. No entanto, além do uso de modelos simples de autenticação, os modelos tradicionais de controlo de acesso são normalmente baseados em políticas de acesso e cargos pré-definidos, e são inflexíveis. Isto resulta em decisões de controlo de acesso uniformes para diferentes pessoas, tipos de dispositivo, ambientes e condições situacionais, empresas, localizações e diferentes alturas no tempo. Apesar dos modelos existentes permitirem assegurar algumas necessidades dos sistemas de saúde, ainda há escassez de componentes para accesso dinâmico e proteção de privacidade , o que resultam em níveis de segurança não satisfatórios e em o paciente não ter controlo directo e total sobre a sua privacidade e documentos de saúde. Dentro desta tese de mestrado, depois da investigação e revisão intensiva do estado da arte, foi publicado um modelo inovador de controlo de acesso, chamado SoTRAACE, que molda as diferenças de acesso inerentes e requerimentos de segurança presentes nesta tese. Para isto, o SoTRAACE agrega atributos de vários ambientes e domínios que ajudam a executar uma avaliação de riscos, no momento em que os dados são requisitados. A avaliação dos fatores de risco identificados neste trabalho são baseados num estudo de Delphi. Um conjunto de peritos de segurança de vários domínios industriais foram selecionados, para classificar o impacto de cada atributo que o SoTRAACE agrega. O SoTRAACE foi integrado numa arquitectura para acesso a dados médicos, com requerimentos bem fundados, baseados nas melhores normas e recomendações (OWASP, NIST 800-53, NIST 800-57), e em revisões intensivas do estado da arte. Esta arquitectura é posteriormente alvo de uma análise de segurança e modelos de ataque. Como prova deste conceito, o modelo de controlo de acesso proposto é implementado juntamente com uma arquitetura focada no utilizador, com dois protótipos para aplicações móveis, que providênciam vários tipos de acesso de pacientes e profissionais de saúde. A arquitetura é constituída também por servidores web que tratam da gestão de dados, controlo de acesso e autenticação e gestão de identidade. O resultado final mostra que o modelo funciona como esperado, com transparência, assegurando a privacidade e o controlo de dados para o utilizador, sem ter impacto na sua interação e experiência. Consequentemente este modelo pode-se extender para outros setores industriais, e novos níveis de risco ou atributos podem ser adicionados a este mesmo, por ser modular. A arquitetura também funciona como esperado, assegurando uma autenticação segura com multi-fator, acesso e partilha de dados segura baseado em decisões do SoTRAACE. O canal de comunicação que o SoTRAACE usa foi também protegido com um certificado digital. A arquitectura foi testada em diferentes versões de Android, e foi alvo de análise estática, dinâmica e testes com ferramentas de segurança. Para trabalho futuro está planeado a integração de normas de dados de saúde e a avaliação do sistema proposto, através da recolha de opiniões de utilizadores no mundo real.

El estudio de las prácticas políticas transnacionales de los migrantes ha tenido diversos niveles de participación en el amplio campo de las migraciones internacionales, y ha sido una preocupación relativamente reciente en Europa y América Latina, donde está menos desarrollado que en Estados Unidos. En consecuencia, son escasos los trabajos que abordan el transnacionalismo político de colombianos, lo cual contrasta con el número de investigaciones que abordan el desplazamiento forzado y la migración colombiana.De los trabajos existentes, en Estados Unidos, resaltan especialmente las investigaciones comparativas entre grupos de inmigrantes, desde metodologías cuantitativas y bajo el enfoque analítico de las redes sociales; mientras que, en Europa, se destaca el estudio de casos específicos, que articulan la teoría de la acción colectiva y la teoría de los factores push-pull, bajo metodologías cualitativas. En todos los casos, las investigaciones que se preguntan por las prácticas políticas de los colombianos con respecto al contexto de salida, homeland politics, son aquellas que mayor atención han tenido a nivel general.El transnacionalismo político es un campo de estudios relativamente nuevo, y conviene resaltar su importancia en tanto que busca atender a la dimensión política de la migración, en este caso de colombianos, no solo como causa —pues al respecto existe un patrimonio importante de investigaciones—, sino como práctica política de participación de estos migrantes en otras latitudes.En este orden de ideas, el objetivo de esta investigación no es hacer teoría de las migraciones internacionales, sino aproximarme a describir las diferentes perspectivas desde las cuales ha sido abordado el transnacionalismo político de los colombianos. Para esto, trabajé desde el paradigma histórico hermenéutico, que me permitió hacer un rastreo comprensivo del fenómeno social a través del estado del arte; dicho paradigma se entiende como investigación de la investigación, en tanto que busca establecer un panorama del patrimonio investigativo existente sobre un tema, para derivar en nuevas reflexiones, preguntas y abordajes sobre este. Dicho esto mi objetivo en este trabajo no es hacer teoría de las migraciones internacionales, sino aproximarme a describir las diferentes perspectivas analíticas desde las que ha sido abordado el trasnacionalismo político de los colombianos, reconociendo que es un campo relativamente nuevo dentro de los estudios migratorios. En este sentido, organizaré la presentación así: primero, presentaré el abordaje metodológico que sustenta el estado de la cuestión; segundo daré cuenta de las investigaciones enfocadas a las prácticas de los inmigrantes con respecto al país de origen; tercero presentaré los trabajos que enfatizan en las prácticas políticas en el contexto de recepción con respecto a su situación de inmigrantes; cuarto presentaré los trabajos que triangulan "Inmigrant politics" y "homeland politics"; y quinto, daré mis conclusiones frente al campo de estudios y el panorama del transnacionalismo político de los colombianos.Para efectos de esta investigación trabajé desde el paradigma histórico hermenéutico, puesto que me permite hacer un rastreo comprensivo del fenómeno social bajo la perspectiva del estado del arte. Los estados del arte son entendidos como "investigación de la investigación". en tanto buscan establecer un panorama del patrimonio investigativo existente sobre un tema, para derivar en nuevas reflexiones, preguntas y abordajes del mismo.Palabras claves: transnacionalismo político, migración, colombianos, organizaciones sociales, participación política. ; The study of the transnational political practices of migrants has featured different levels of participation in the broad field of international migrations, and it is a relatively recent concern in Europe and Latin America, where it is less developed than in the United States. Consequently, there are few works that address the transnationalism of Colombians, a fact that contrasts with the number of research studies that address forced displacement and Colombian migration. The works that stand out in the United States are comparative studies of immigrant groups, using quantitative methodologies and social networks as an analytical approach. In Europe, on the other hand, those that stand out are study of specific cases, articulating the theory of collective action and that of push-pull factors and using qualitative methodologies. In all cases, the issue that has received the most attention in general is that of homeland politics, or the political practices of Colombians in their context of origin.Political transnationalism is a relatively new field of study, whose importance deserves to be highlighted since it deals with the political aspect of migration, in this case of Colombians, not merely as a cause —since there is abundant research in that respect—, but as a political practice of participation of the migrants in other geographies.In this order of ideas, the objective of this research is not to develop a theory of international migrations, but to describe the different perspectives from which the political transnationalism of Colombians has been addressed. To that effect, I based my work on the hermeneutic historical paradigm, which allowed me to comprehensively track that social phenomenon in the state of the art. This paradigm is understood as research of research, insofar as it seeks to provide an overview of the existing repertoire of research regarding a particular topic, in order to lay the ground for new reflections, questions, and approaches on the matter. Having said that, my objective in this work is not to make international migrations theory, but to approach to describe the different analytical perspectives from which the political transnationalism of Colombians has been addressed, recognizing that it is a relatively new field within the migratory studies. In this sense, I will organize the presentation as follows: first, I will present the methodological approach that supports the state of the question; second, I will give an account of the research focused on the practices of immigrants with respect to the country of origin; third, I will present the papers that emphasize the political practices in the context of reception with respect to their situation as immigrants; fourth I will present the works that triangulate "Inmigrant politics" and "homeland politics"; and fifth, I will give my conclusions in front of the field of studies and the panorama of the political transnationalism of the Colombians.For the purposes of this research, I worked from the historical hermeneutical paradigm, since it allows me to make a comprehensive tracking of the social phenomenon from the perspective of the state of the art. The states of art are understood as "research of the investigation". while they seek to establish a panorama of the existing research heritage on a topic, to derive new reflections, questions and approaches from it. ; O estudo das práticas políticas transnacionais dos migrantes vem tendo diversos níveis de participação no amplo campo das migrações internacionais, sendo uma preocupação relativamente recente na Europa e na América Latina, onde está menos desenvolvido do que nos Estados Unidos. Por consequência, são escassos os trabalhos que abordam o transnacionalismo político de colombianos, o que contrasta com o número de pesquisas que abordam o deslocamento forçado e a migração colombiana. Dos trabalhos existentes, nos Estados Unidos, ressaltam especialmente as pesquisas comparativas entre grupos de imigrantes, a partir de metodologias quantitativas e sob a abordagem analítica das redes sociais; enquanto, na Europa, é destacado o estudo de casos específicos que articulam a teoria da ação coletiva e a teoria dos fatores push-pull, com base em metodologias qualitativas. Em todos os casos, as pesquisas sobre as práticas políticas dos colombianos a respeito do contexto de saída, homeland politics, são as que mais atenção têm recebido em geral. O transnacionalismo político é um campo de estudos relativamente novo e convém ressaltar sua importância não somente como causa — visto que, a respeito, existe um patrimônio importante de pesquisas —, mas sim como prática política de participação desses migrantes em outras latitudes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa não é fazer teoria das migrações internacionais, mas sim se aproximar da descrição das diferentes perspectivas a partir das quais o transnacionalismo político dos colombianos vem sendo abordado. Para isso, trabalhei sob o paradigma histórico-hermenêutico, que me permitiu fazer um rastreamento compreensivo do fenômeno social por meio do estado da arte; esse paradigma é entendido como pesquisa da pesquisa, pois busca estabelecer um panorama do patrimônio de pesquisa existente sobre um tema para derivar em novas reflexões, perguntas e abordagens. Tendo dito que o meu objetivo neste papel não é teoria da migração internacional, mas para aproximar descrever as diferentes perspectivas de análise a partir do qual foi abordada transnacionalismo político dos colombianos, reconhecendo que é um campo relativamente novo nos estudos de migração. Nesse sentido, organizarei a apresentação da seguinte maneira: primeiro, apresentarei a abordagem metodológica que sustenta o estado da questão; em segundo lugar, apresentarei um relato da pesquisa centrada nas práticas dos imigrantes em relação ao país de origem; terceiro, apresentarei os artigos que enfatizam as práticas políticas no contexto da recepção com relação à sua situação como imigrantes; quarta, apresentarei as obras que triangulam "política imigrante" e "política interna"; e quinto, vou dar minhas conclusões diante do campo de estudos e do panorama do transnacionalismo político dos colombianos.Para os propósitos desta pesquisa, trabalhei a partir do paradigma hermenêutico histórico, uma vez que me permite fazer um acompanhamento abrangente do fenômeno social a partir da perspectiva do estado da arte. Os estados de arte são entendidos como "pesquisa da investigação". enquanto eles buscam estabelecer um panorama do patrimônio de pesquisa existente sobre um tópico, para derivar novas reflexões, questões e abordagens a partir dele.Palavras-chave: transnacionalismo político, migração, colombianos, organizações sociais, participação política.

Alternative agri-food networks (AFNs) build distribution schemes, in which, as the number of intermediaries is reduced, those who produce have greater decision-making capacity and autonomy towards their products, as they approach the final consumers. In these networks, in addition to the closeness between actors, another alternative logic is incorporated into production from the agro-ecological perspective and the social and solidarity economy. Likewise, networks require mechanisms in the configuration of rules and decision-making, to the extent that they arise as processes of collective action from actors and organizations of civil society. All these elements give a political character to the AFNs; at the same time, it represents a challenge to promote their growth and their potential for transformation towards food sovereignty and, derived from it, towards guaranteeing the right to food. AFNs are analysed as collective actions with heterarchical governance processes, evaluating how this operates in a case study. Thus, the development of the theoretical framework and the conceptualization of heterarchical governance for the AFNs were carried out together with the participant observation in the study of the experience of the Regional Integration Committee for food sovereignty and autonomy - SALSA, Bogotá - Cundinamarca. Likewise, the results obtained from the different methodologies used were interpreted in the light of a participatory exercise with actors from the Comité Salsa and by the reflections of the people interviewed and surveyed. The experience of this network was described, with emphasis on the markets advanced by the organizations that comprise it. Based on fieldwork and literature review on AFNs (theories and cases), governance, and the social and solidarity economy, conceptual bases were established for the application of heterarchy in AFN governance, which is generated through horizontal and dynamic relationships. Subsequently, the behaviour of the relational dynamics around AFNs was deepened from the case study. Four types of relationships (peers, informants, interlocutors and co-operators) and three attributes of the relationships (cohesion, trust and synergy) were considered. The analysis of social networks was used, for whose interpretation the contextualization of the case configured from the fieldwork and the application of the net-map tool was essential. From this tool, it was possible to incorporate the reading made by some delegates of the Comité Salsa in front of the networks designed by themselves in the participatory mapping. The low dimension of the mapped networks is accompanied by a low density, warning of flaws in the cohesion of the networks. This is confirmed with the analysis of the attributes considered, as well as with the cohesion analysis by identifying subgroups. Nine organizations were found more closely linked and part of a subgroup in the network of cooperation. Among these organizations, six appear recurrently as those with the highest level of centrality, intermediation, and closeness. These elements must be considered to seek rapprochement with peripheral actors and to stimulate interactions within the Comité Salsa. In addition, a multi-criteria model was built for the analysis of heterarchical governance, considering the dimensions of sustainability, effectiveness, participation, legitimacy, and efficiency of AFNs as collective actions. The Network Analytical Process was used to establish the weight of the criteria associated with such dimensions, incorporating the value judgment of academic experts and participants from organizations related to alternative agri-food systems; the participation criteria obtained a higher weight, evidencing the horizontal and reflective nature of AFNs. Through a questionnaire applied to leaders of 16 organizations of the Comité Salsa, information was constructed to assess the four markets articulated to the network from the criteria of the model for the analysis of governance. The fieldwork was decisive to contribute to the interpretation of the estimation of the variables identified in the model. Markets show considerable variability among them, but generally, they have strengths in the dimensions of legitimacy and efficiency. These areas can be exploited to improve performance in the dimensions of sustainability and participation. Finally, the markets articulated to the Salsa Committee can be understood as transformation niches that still require greater dynamism to link actors of different profiles and sectors. However, to date they have managed to build a base to give continuity to alternative production projects and favour the recognition of producers. In this sense, some lines of future research are suggested at the end of this thesis, in terms of concepts to be explored and methodological aspects to be considered. ; Las redes agroalimentarias alternativas (AFN, por sus siglas en inglés) construyen esquemas de distribución, en los que, al reducirse el número de intermediarios y aproximarse a los consumidores finales, quienes producen poseen mayor capacidad de decisión y autonomía frente a sus productos. En esas redes, además de la cercanía entre actores, acá contemplada desde la economía social y solidaria, se incorpora otra lógica alternativa en la producción desde la agroecológica. Así mismo, las redes precisan de mecanismos particulares en la configuración de reglas y toma decisiones, en la medida que surgen como procesos de acción colectiva desde actores y organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Todos estos elementos dan un carácter político a las AFN, a la vez que supone un reto para fomentar su crecimiento y su potencial de transformación hacia la soberanía alimentaria y, derivado de esta, hacia la garantía del derecho a la alimentación. Se analizan las AFN como acciones colectivas con procesos de gobernanza heterárquica, evaluando cómo esta opera en un caso de estudio. Así, el desarrollo del marco teórico y la conceptualización de la gobernanza heterárquica para las AFN se realizaron a la par que la observación participante en el estudio de la experiencia del Comité de Integración regional para la soberanía y las autonomías alimentarias – SALSA, Bogotá – Cundinamarca. Igualmente, los resultados obtenidos desde las diferentes metodologías empleadas fueron interpretados a la luz de un ejercicio participativo con actores del Comité Salsa y por las reflexiones de las personas entrevistadas y encuestadas. Se describió la experiencia de red del Comité Salsa, con énfasis en los mercados adelantados por las organizaciones que lo integran. A partir del trabajo de campo y la revisión de literatura sobre las AFN (teorías y casos), la gobernanza y la economía social y solidaria, se establecieron unas bases conceptuales para la aplicación de la heterarquía en la gobernanza de AFN, la cual se genera mediante relacionamientos horizontales y dinámicos. Seguidamente se profundizó en el comportamiento de las dinámicas relacionales en torno a las AFN desde el caso de estudio. Se consideraron cuatro tipos de relacionamientos (compañeros, informantes, interlocutores y cooperantes) y tres atributos de las relaciones (cohesión, confianza y sinergia). Se empleó el análisis de redes sociales, para cuya interpretación fue fundamental la contextualización del caso configurada desde el trabajo de campo y la aplicación de la herramienta de net-map. Desde esta herramienta fue posible incorporar la lectura que hicieron algunos delegados del Comité frente a las redes diseñadas por ellos mismos en el mapeo participativo. La baja dimensión de las redes mapeadas se acompaña de una baja densidad, alertando sobre falencias en la cohesión de las redes. Esto es confirmado con el análisis de los atributos considerados, al igual que con el análisis de cohesión mediante la identificación de subgrupos. Se encontraron nueve organizaciones del Comité que en la red de cooperación se encuentran más vinculadas y conforman un subgrupo en la red; entre estas organizaciones, seis aparecen recurrentemente como las de mayor nivel de centralidad, intermediación y cercanía. Estos elementos deben ser tenidos en cuenta para buscar acercamientos con actores periféricos y para dinamizar las interacciones al interior del Comité. Se construyó un modelo multicriterio para el análisis de la gobernanza heterárquica, contemplando las dimensiones de sostenibilidad, efectividad, participación, legitimidad y eficiencia de las AFN como acciones colectivas. Se empleó el Proceso analítico en red para establecer el peso de los criterios asociados a tales dimensiones, incorporando el juicio de valor de expertos académicos y participantes de organizaciones relacionadas con los sistemas agroalimentarios alternativos; los criterios de participación obtuvieron una ponderación mayor, evidenciando el carácter horizontal y reflexivo de las AFN. Mediante un cuestionario aplicado a líderes de 16 organizaciones del Comité Salsa, se construyó información para valorar los cuatro mercados articulados al Comité desde los criterios del modelo para el análisis de la gobernanza. El trabajo de campo resultó determinante para aportar a la interpretación de la estimación de las variables identificadas en el modelo. Los mercados presentan una variabilidad considerable entre ellos, pero de manera general poseen fortalezas en las dimensiones de legitimidad y eficiencia. Estas son áreas que pueden aprovecharse para mejorar el desempeño en las dimensiones de sostenibilidad y participación. Finalmente, los mercados articulados al Comité Salsa pueden entenderse como nichos de transformación que aún requieren de un mayor dinamismo para vincular actores de distintos perfiles y sectores; sin embargo, a la fecha han logrado construir una base para dar continuidad a los proyectos de producción alternativa y favorecer el reconocimiento de los productores. En ese sentido se sugieren algunas líneas de investigación futura al final de esta tesis, en términos de conceptos por profundizar y de aspectos metodológicos a considerar. ; Convocatoria de proyectos de investigación conjuntos entre la Universidad de Cundinamarca y la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá ; Evaluación de prácticas agroecológicas y el efecto de los procesos de gobernanza en la transformación de sistemas agrícolas de la provincia de Sumapaz ; Línea de Investigación: Desarrollo Rural. ; Maestría

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 기계항공공학부, 2020. 8. 민경덕. ; Abstract The Effect of Turbulent Flow on the Combustion Cyclic Variation in a Spark Ignition Engine using Large-Eddy Simulation Insuk Ko Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering The Graduate School Seoul National University At the present, the problem of worldwide air pollution has emerged as an important issue and many countries are trying to solve the problem. Emission regulations have been tightened around the world in an effort to reduce emissions from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. From 2014, Tier 3 emissions standards in the United States (U.S.) and EURO6 regulations in the European Union (EU) are adopted. Currently, CO2 is also being strongly enforced annually. To meet the tightened CO2 regulations, the development of high efficiency engines is actively being carried out by each vehicle manufacturer. In the development of high efficiency engines, the key point is the increase in thermal efficiency. Many technologies have been developed to increase thermal efficiency and are being applied to mass-production engines. However, there is currently a cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) of combustion as the biggest obstacle to engine development. Therefore, research on the CCV is also being actively carried out. Because the causes that affect the cycle deviation are various and complex, it is difficult to conduct detailed research on the source of the CCV through experimental studies. Therefore, the 3D simulation is actively carried out as an alternative. In the present study, the CCV phenomenon of combustion was reproduced using large-eddy simulation (LES) approach and the investigation on the source of CCV are conducted. Currently, the engine simulation using LES is immature. Therefore, it is necessary to consider each sub-model for accurate simulation. First, three Sub-grid scale (SGS) turbulence models were evaluated with particle image velocimetry (PIV) data from the single-cylinder transparent combustion chamber (TCC-III) engine. The dynamic structure model (DSM) was adopted for this study, based on the analysis of the flow field and the predicted SGS turbulent velocity compared to the PIV data. Secondly, the G-equation was employed as a combustion model. The model can be used in the corrugated flamelets regime and the thin reaction flamelets regime. The turbulent burning velocity of the model is quite complicated to simulate the turbulent flame included in the two regimes. Therefore, in this study, the combustion regime of the target engine operating condition was found by using Reynolds averaged navier-stokes equation (RANS) approach and was identified to the corrugated flamelets regime. Thus, the G-equation was modified for the corrugated flamelets regime. Thirdly, an ignition model reflecting the characteristics of LES was developed. The lagrangian particles were employed to realize the ignition channel and the secondary electric circuit model was implemented to predict the spark energy, restrikes phenomena and the end of ignition time. The one of the key features of the ignition model developed in this study is that a simplified empirical function is implemented to realize the thermal diffusion during arc phase. After ignition phase, the channel grows by chemical reaction and the flame propagation progresses. The turbulent flame brush thickness term is introduced to predict the transition state between the laminar flame propagation and the turbulent flame propagation. Finally, when the channel is grown sufficiently, flame is propagated in the 3D field by the G-equation Finally, 30 LES cycles were performed to identify the cause of the CCV and validated against the experimental data. The sources of the CCV are mainly from the small scale turbulent flow and the large scale turbulent flow. The small scale turbulent flow effect was investigated and the fact that the small scale turbulent flow is related to the tumble motion is identified. In terms of the large scale turbulent flow, the effect of the local vortex on the flame propagation was found through the detailed analysis of the flow field. In particular, the vortex produced by wall flow on the secondary tumble plane is an important factor. A new piston shape was designed to strengthen the vortex formation by wall flow. The result of new piston case shows the reduced combustion CCV than the base case. This research provides the guide how to investigate the sources of the combustion CCV and how to reduce the combustion CCV for the future engine development Keywords: SI engine, LES, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), CCV (Cycle-to-cycle variation), Ignition model, SGS model Student Number: 2013-20641 ; 국 문 초 록 현재 전 세계 대기오염 문제가 중요한 이슈로 떠오르고 많은 나라들이 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 내연기관 차량의 배기 가스 배출량을 줄이기 위해 전 세계적으로 배출가스 규제가 강화되었다. 2014년부터 미국은 Tier 3 배기배출물 규정을 유럽연합은 EURO 6 규정을 채택하고 있다. 현재 연비 규제인 CO2도 매년 강력하게 강화되고 있다. 강화된 CO2 규정을 충족시키기 위해, 고효율 엔진의 개발은 각 차량 제조사에 의해 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 고효율 엔진 개발에서 핵심은 열효율 증가이다. 열효율을 높이기 위해 많은 기술이 개발되어 양산 엔진에 적용되고 있다. 그러나 현재 엔진 개발에 가장 큰 장애물로 연소 사이클 간 편차가 있다. 따라서 사이클 편차에 대한 연구도 활발히 진행되고 있다. 사이클 편차에 영향을 미치는 원인은 다양하고 복잡하기 때문에, 실험 연구를 통해 사이클 편차의 근본 원인에 대한 상세한 연구를 실시하기 어렵다. 따라서 대안으로 3D 시뮬레이션을 활용한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 연소의 사이클 편차 현상을 Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) 유동 해석 방법을 이용하여 재현하고 사이클 편차의 원인에 대한 연구를 진행한다. 현재 LES를 이용한 엔진 시뮬레이션은 아직까지 미숙한 단계이다. 따라서 정확한 시뮬레이션을 위해 각 물리적 현상을 구현할 수 있는 모델을 구현해야 한다. 먼저, 3개의 sub-grid scale (SGS) 난류 모델을 단기통 광학 엔진의 (TCC-III) particle image velocimetry (PIV) 측정 결과로 평가하였다. PIV 데이터와 비교한 유동장 및 예측된 SGS 난류속도에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 dynamic structure model (DSM)이 채택되었다. 둘째로, G-equation 모델을 연소 모델로 선택하였다. G-equation 모델은 Pitsch[1]에 의해 LES 적용 가능 하도록 개발되었다. 이 모델은 corrugated flamelets regime과 thin reaction flamelets regime에서 사용될 수 있다. 연소 속도 모델은 두 연소 환경에 포함된 난류 연소를 모사하기 위해 상당히 복잡하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 RANS 를 이용하여 대상 엔진 작동 조건의 연소 환경을 찾아 내었고, 연소 환경은 corrugated flamelets regime에 속한 것을 확인 하였다. 따라서 기존의 G-equation 연소 모델을 corrugated flamelets regime에 맞도록 변경 하였다. 셋째로, LES의 특성을 반영한 점화 모델이 개발되었다. Lagrangian 개념을 이용하여 점화 채널을 구현하고, 2차 전기 회로 모델을 이용하여 점화 에너지, 리스트라이크, 점화 시간 종료 등을 예측하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 점화 모델의 주요 특징 중 하나는 아크 페이즈 중 열 팽창 현상을 구현을 위해 간단한 경험 함수를 이용한다는 것이다. 아크 페이즈 후, 점화 해널은 화학 반응에 성장하고 화염 전파가 진행된다. 난류 화염 두께는 층류 화염 전파와 난류 화염 전파 사이의 천이 상태를 예측하기 위해 도입되었다. 마지막으로 점화 채널이 충분히 커지면 G-equation 의해 3D 계산 영역에서 화염 전파가 구현된다. 마지막으로 30개의 LES 사이클을 수행하여 연소의 사이클 편차 원인을 분석하고 실험 데이터를 이용하여 시뮬레이션의 정확도를 검증하였다. 연소의 사이클 편차의 원인은 주로 작은 규모의 난류 유동과 큰 규모의 난류 유동에서 나온다. 난류 모델로 구현된 작은 규모의 난류 유동과 큰 규모의 난류 유동에 속한 텀블 값을 같이 분석 하였다. 작은 규모의 난류 유동은 텀블 값과 관계가 있다는 사실을 파악 하였다. 큰 규모 난류 유동 측면에서는 국부적인 유동의 소용돌이가 화염 전파에 미치는 영향을 유동장을 상세히 분석하여 확인되었다. 특히 2차 텀블면에서 벽면 유동에 의해 생성되는 소용돌이가 연소의 사이클 편차에 미치는 중요한 요인임을 밝혀 내었다. 벽면 유동에 의한 소용돌이 형성을 강화하기 위해 새로운 피스톤 현상을 설계 하였다. 새로운 피스톤 형상의 결과는 베이스 피스톤보다 연소의 CCV가 줄어들었다. 본 연구는 향후 엔진 개발을 위해 연소 CCV의 원인을 조사하는 방법과 연소 CCV를 줄이는 방법에 대한 방법론을 제시한다. 주요어: 전기점화 엔진, LES, 전산유체역학, 사이클 편차, 점화모델, 난류모델 학 번: 2013-20641 ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Literature Review 10 1.2.2 Turbulence Modeling 12 1.2.3 Combustion Modeling 16 1.3 Research Objective 20 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 22 Chapter 2. Sub-grid Scale Turbulence Model 24 2.1 The Fundamentals of Turbulent Flow 23 2.1.1 The Energy Cascade 23 2.1.2 The Energy Spectrum 27 2.2 Sub-grid Scale Turbulence Model 29 2.2.1 Zero-equation Model 31 2.2.1.1 Smagorinsky Model 31 2.2.1.2 Dynamic Smagorinsky Model 32 2.2.2 One-equation and Non-viscosity Model 34 2.2.2.1 Dynamic Structure Model 34 2.3 Evaluation of Turbulence Models 37 2.3.1 Numerical Configuration 40 2.3.2 Comparison of Sub-grid Scale Model 45 Chapter 3. Modeling of Gasoline Surrogate Fuel 59 3.1 Literature Review 55 3.2 Determination of Surrogate Component 56 Chapter 4. Combustion Model for LES 63 4.1 The Laminar Burning Velocity 59 4.1.1 Literature Review 59 4.1.2 The Correlation for the Laminar Flame Speed 62 4.2 G-equation Model for LES 69 4.3 Sub-filter Turbulent Burning Velocity 73 Chapter 5. Lagrangian Ignition Model 82 5.1 Literature Review 77 5.2 Modeling of Ignition 81 5.2.1 Initialization of Particles 82 5.2.2 Channel elongation 83 5.2.3 Electric circuit model 83 5.2.4 Plasma channel expansion. 88 5.2.5 Ignition channel development 94 5.2.6 Restrike 95 5.2.7 Transition between ignition and flame propagation 96 Chapter 6. Experimental and Numerical Setup 106 6.1 Experimental Setup 99 6.2 Numerical Setup 104 Chapter 7. Simulation Results of Combustion CCV 116 7.1 Validation of Simulation Results 109 7.2 Correlation between Combustion Phase and Peak Pressure 115 7.3 Investigation of turbulent flow effect on CCV 121 7.3.1 Small Scale Turbulent Flow Effect on CCV 121 7.3.2 Large Scale Turbulent Flow Effect on CCV 127 7.4 Method for Reduction of CCV 156 7.4.1 Investigation of the Controllable Source of CCV 156 7.4.2 Result of New Designed Piston 166 Chapter 8. Conclusions 182 Chapter 9. Bibliography 186 국 문 초 록 201 ; Doctor

ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa oleh kepolisian (studi di Kabupaten Sekadau tahun 2018). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif dan pendekatan sosiologis, adapun permasalahan yang diambil dalam penelitian tesis adalah : Bagaimana pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa oleh Polres Sekadau tahun 2018. Bagaimana model pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa yang ideal oleh Polres Sekadau. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa oleh Polres Sekadau tahun 2018. Dari hasil penelitian terdapat beberapa pembahasan yaitu Pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan Dana Desa oleh Polres Sekadau dilakukan berdasarkan sejumlah ketentuan normatif, yaitu Nota Kesepahaman tentang Pencegahan, Pengawasan, dan Penanganan Permasalahan Dana Desa antara Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, Kementerian Dalam Negeri dan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tanggal 20 Oktober 2017; Pedoman Kerja antara Kementerian Desa, Pembangunan Daerah Tertinggal dan Transmigrasi, Kementerian Dalam Negeri dan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tanggal 31 Januari 2018; Perjanjian Kerjasama antara Kementerian Dalam Negeri dengan Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia dan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Koordinasi Aparat Pengawas Internal (APIP) dengan Aparat Penegak Hukum (APH) dalam Penanganan Laporan atau Pengaduan Masyarakat yang Berindikasi Tindak Pidana Korupsi pada Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan tanggal 28 Februari 2018; dan Perjanjian Kerjasama antara Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Sekadau dengan Kejaksaan Negeri Sekadau dan Kepolisian Resor Sekadau tentang Koordinasi Aparat Pengawas Internal (APIP) dengan Aparat Penegak Hukum (APH) dalam Penanganan Laporan atau Pengaduan Masyarakat yang Berindikasi Tindak Pidana Korupsi pada Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah tanggal 3 Juli 2018. Model pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa yang ideal oleh Polres Sekadau dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah preemptif dan preventif baik secara internal maupun eksternal antara lain: memperkuat pengawasan dan supervisi ke tingkat desa khususnya dalam pelaksanaan anggaran/dana desa bekerjasama dengan inspektorat Kabupaten, dan atau Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa; berkoordinasi dengan APIP Kabupaten dan memberikan tindakan administrasi apabila ditemukan ada pelanggaran penggunaan dana desa; memberikan bimbingan pelatihan dan penyuluhan kepada para Bhabinkamtibmas, Kapolsek dan Kanit Bimmas sebagai pelaksana langsung pengawasan dana desa; melakukan penyidikan perkara penyelewengan anggaran desa setelah berkoordinasi dengan APIP, terutama terhadap korupsi yang sudah dinilai tidak bisa di tindak secara administrasi atau cukup besar nilainya; menghimbau agar Kades melakukan transparansi dana desa dengan menempelkan banner dana desa di desa; dan Kapolres telah memerintahkan para Bhabinkamtibmas untuk secara proaktif melakukan pengawasan terhadap penggunaan dan pengelolaan dana desa tersebut, untuk mengawasi tugas para Bhabinkamtibmas maka Kapolsek, Kanit Bimmas Polsek serta Kasat Bimmas dan jajarannya yang melaksanakan. Selain itu dalam perkembangan terbaru Kapolri telah mengeluarkan instruksi melalui Surat No. ST/2/3388/HUM.3.4/2019 yang diharapkan semakin memperjelas model ideal dari pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa, termasuk khususnya di Kabupaten Sekadau. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa oleh Polres Sekadau berasal dari pemahaman dan pengetahuan mengenai dana desa yang belum terlalu baik pada pihak-pihak yang terkait dengan hal tersebut. Para personel Polres Sekadau terutama para Bhabinkamtibmas umumnya sudah memahami mekanisme penyaluran/alokasi dana desa meskipun belum secara mendetail, namun mengakui bahwa pengawasan terhadap hal tersebut tidak bisa maksimal karena bukan tugas pokoknya dan juga kurang dukungan dari pihak lain seperti oleh perangkat desa, dan juga APIP. Selain itu, pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang belum memadai di tingkat Pemdes menyebabkan beberapa kelemahan, baik pada tingkat perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan juga pertanggungjawaban keuangan, dan bahkan ada yang berindikasi tindak pidana seperti yang terjadi di Desa Perongkan. Faktor-faktor lain seperti: geografis, ketiadaan anggaran untuk pengawasan Dana Desa, fasilitas seperti kendaraan yang minim, minimnya pengetahuan pengawas, kurangnya keingintahuan perangkat desa dalam mempelajari aturan-aturan tentang Dana Desa hingga konflik kepentingan dalam perencanaan dan penggunaan Dana Desa turut mempengaruhi pelaksanaan pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan Dana Desa oleh Polres Sekadau. Adapun salah satu rekomendasi yang ingin disampaikan adalah Mengadakan kegiatan rutin secara selektif prioritas dengan sasaran pencegahan, pengawasan dan penanganan permasalahan dana desa dan membentuk Satgas Mitra Desa untuk mempererat koordinasi baik dengan pihak Pemdes maupun Pemkab dan APIP serta mengedepankan keadilan restoratif terhadap permasalahan hukum dana desa dan penegakan hukum (keadilan retributive) sebagai upaya terakhir.Kata Kunci : Dana Desa , Kepolisian, Kewenangan, Pengawasan. AbstractThis thesis discusses the implementation of prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems by the police (study in Sekadau District in 2018). This research uses a normative approach and a sociological approach, while the problems taken in this thesis research are: How is the implementation of prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems by the Sekadau Police in 2018. What is the ideal model for implementing prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems by the Sekadau Police . Factors affecting the implementation of prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems by the Sekadau Police in 2018. From the results of the study, there were several discussions, namely the implementation of prevention, supervision and handling of Village Fund problems by the Sekadau Police carried out based on a number of normative provisions, namely the Memorandum of Understanding on Prevention, Supervision and Handling of Village Fund Problems between the Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Republic of Indonesia and the National Police on 20 October 2017; Work Guidelines between the Ministry of Villages, Development of Disadvantaged Areas and Transmigration, the Ministry of Home Affairs and the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia dated 31 January 2018; Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Indonesia National Police regarding the Coordination of Internal Supervisory Apparatus (APIP) with Law Enforcement Officials (APH) in Handling Reports or Public Complaints Indication of Corruption Crime in Government Administration on February 28 2018; and the Cooperation Agreement between the Sekadau Regency Government and the Sekadau District Attorney and the Sekadau Resort Police regarding the Coordination of Internal Supervisory Officers (APIP) with Law Enforcement Officials (APH) in Handling Reports or Public Complaints with Indication of Corruption in Regional Government Administration on July 3 2018 The ideal model for implementing prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems by the Sekadau Police is carried out with preemptive and preventive steps both internally and externally, among others: strengthening supervision and supervision to the village level, especially in implementing village budgets / funds in collaboration with the district inspectorate. , and or the Community and Village Empowerment Service; coordinate with the Regency APIP and provide administrative action if a violation of the use of village funds is found; provide training guidance and counseling to Bhabinkamtibmas, Kapolsek and Kanit Bimmas as direct executors of village fund supervision; carry out investigations into cases of misappropriation of village budgets after coordinating with APIP, especially against corruption that has been deemed unresponsive or of a large enough value; urged the village head to conduct transparency of village funds by posting village fund banners in the village; and the Kapolres has ordered Bhabinkamtibmas to proactively supervise the use and management of the village funds. To supervise the duties of Bhabinkamtibmas, the Kapolsek, the Head of Bimmas Polsek and the Head of Bimmas and their staffs carry it out. In addition, in the latest developments the Chief of Police has issued an instruction through Letter No. ST / 2/3388 / HUM.3.4 / 2019 which is expected to further clarify the ideal model of the implementation of prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems, including especially in Sekadau District. Several factors that influence the implementation of prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems by the Sekadau Police come from the insufficient understanding and knowledge of village funds for the parties related to this matter. Sekadau Police personnel, especially Bhabinkamtibmas, generally understand the mechanism for channeling/allocating village funds even though they are not in detail, but admit that supervision of this cannot be maximized because it is not their main task and also lacks support from other parties such as village officials, and also APIP. . In addition, inadequate knowledge and understanding at the Pemdes level causes several weaknesses, both at the planning, implementation and financial accountability levels, and some even indicate criminal acts such as those that occurred in Perongkan Village. Other factors such as: geography, lack of budget for Village Fund supervision, facilities such as minimal vehicles, lack of knowledge of supervisors, lack of curiosity of village officials in studying the rules regarding Village Funds to conflicts of interest in planning and use of Village Funds also influence the implementation of prevention. , supervision and handling of Village Fund problems by the Sekadau Police. One of the recommendations to be conveyed is to carry out routine selective priority activities with the target of prevention, supervision and handling of village fund problems and forming a Village Partner Task Force to strengthen coordination with both the Pemdes and Pemkab and APIP and prioritize restorative justice to village fund legal issues and law enforcement (retributive justice) as a last resort.Keywords: Village Fund, Police, Authority, Supervision.

One can note that the issue of children rights has always been topical and while there is still plenty of complex topics to be studied, the author yet invites to return to the basics of the child's rights, and in particularly, to the need to protect the child's identity as a legal value. The purpose of the article, therefore, is to clarify the meaning of the child's right to identity enshrined in the international, and in particularly, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, and according Latvian legislation. With the assistance of a descriptive method in conjunction with a historical method the article marks the historical events of the last quarter of the 20th century leading to formation and contemporary understanding of the right to identity. Historical remarks are followed with a smooth transition into the analysis of the international and Latvian legal framework. The used sources among others include a number of international, European and Latvian legal acts, as well as accessible interpretative manuals, monographs, comments, transcripts and other sources for a better understanding of the contents of the legislation. 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Convention on the Rights of the Child, "Family Law Quarterly" 1992-1993, Vol.26. ; van Bueren G., The International Law on the Rights of the Child, 1998. ; Wellisch E., Children Without Genealogy – A Problem of Adoption, "Mental Health" 1952, Vol. 13. ; Implementation Handbook For The Convention On The Rights Of The Child, United Nations Children's Fund 2007. ; Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights, edited by P. van Dijk, F. van Hoof, A. van Rijn, L. Zwaak and others, Antwerpen – Oxford Intersentia 2006. ; Judgement of ECHR of 29 April 2002 (Application no. 2346/02) in the case of Pretty v. 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Official Journal of the European Union, C 83/289, 30.3.2010. ; European Convention on the Adoption of Children (Revised): https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680084823 (access: 26.07.2020). ; Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted. OJ L 304, 30.9.2004. ; Latvijas Republikas Satversme : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 1993. 1.jūlijs, Nr. 43. English translation: The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia: https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/57980-the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-latvia (access: 26.07.2020). ; Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likums : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 1998. 19. jūlijs, Nr.199/200. English translation: Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights: https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/49096-law-on-the-protection-of-the-childrens-rights (access: 26.07.2020). ; Biometrijas datu apstrādes sistēmas likums : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2009. 10. jūnijs, Nr.90/4076. English translation: Biometric Data Processing System Law: https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/193111-biometric-data-processing-system-law (access: 26.07.2020). ; Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2000. 28. marts, Nr.11/112. English translation: Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights. ; Latvijas Republikas Civillikums : LR likums. Valdības Vēstnesis, 1937. gada 20. februāris, Nr. 41; Ziņotājs, 1993. 10. jūnijs, Nr. 22. English translation: The Civil law of the Republic of Latvia: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/90223-civillikums-pirma-dala-gimenes-tiesibas (access: 26.07.2020). ; Likuma "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā" 1. lasījums. Latvijas Republikas 7. Saeimas rudens sesijas vienpadsmitā sēde. Saeimas arhīvs: http://www.saeima.lv/steno/1999/st2810.html (access: 26.07.2020). English translation: The first of review of the law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights". Eleventh sitting of the autumn session of the 7th Parliament of the Republic of Latvia; ; Likuma "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā" 2. lasījums. Latvijas Republikas 7. Saeimas rudens sesijas deviņpadsmitā sēde. Saeimas arhīvs: http://www.saeima.lv/steno/1999/st1612.html (access: 26.07.2020). English translation: The second of review of the law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights". Nineteenth sitting of the autumn session of the 7th Saeima of the Republic of Latvia. ; Likuma "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā" 3. lasījums. Latvijas Republikas 7. Saeimas ziemas sesijas vienpadsmitā sēde. Saeimas arhīvs: http://www.saeima.lv/steno/2000/st0903.html (access: 26.07.2020). English translation: The third of review of the law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights". Eleventh Session of the 7th Saeima of the Republic of Latvia ; Saeimas Cilvēktiesību un sabiedrisko lietu komisijas 1999.gada 30. novembra projekts 2. lasījumam "Priekšlikumi likumprojektam "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā"": http://helios-web.saeima.lv/bin/lasa?LP0381_2 (access: 12.06.2019). English translation: Draft of the Human Rights and Public Affairs Commission of the Parliament of November 30, 1999 for the Second Review "Proposals for the draft law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child"". ; Explanatory Report on European Convention on the Adoption of Children, Treaty Office of Council of Europe: http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Reports/Html/058.htm (access: 26.07.2020). ; History of Argentina: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina (access: 25.07.2020). ; Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disappearances/Pages/DisappearancesIndex.aspx (access: 25.07.2020). ; 19 ; 1 ; 223 ; 244

[eng] This work examines the prospective viability of derivatives and financial contracts more generally under a strict application of Shariah law. The author adopts a cross-disciplinary approach in order to convey the idea that some of the most popular contracts and arrangements in Islamic finance law are deficient from a structural and Shariah-compliance perspective. The thesis argues that the investor protection issues arising from this conclusion are sufficiently serious to undermine the viability of these instruments not only in a radical but also in a more conservative environment. This conclusion is arrived at after an in-depth analysis of the fundamental Shariah principles, relevant to finance, placing them in a historical, jurisprudential and political context. The work endeavours to guide the reader through the many turns of Islamic law, breaking down established concepts and questioning their application in modern Islamic law. For example, the author unpacks the notion of wa'd (promise), arguing that its extensive use in Islamic contracts renders much of the resulting complex transactions deficient from a structural perspective. Furthermore, this work highlights technical and Shariah-related weaknesses in essential contract forms, with a particular focus on murabaha. Importantly, the author approaches the research question from the viewpoint of contracts – comparing constructs of Islamic Contract Law to those of its Common Law counterpart, without ignoring relevant influences and inspirations coming from the civil law tradition. The purpose of this comparison is to establish that some of the most popular financial arrangements, such as sukuk, are deficient in their investor protection provisions. What is more, the author underlines that due to the hybrid characteristics of the sukuk instrument and the lack of tailor-made regulation, investors are inadequately provisioned for the event of issuer's default. Starting with the idea that the sukuk instrument is structured on the basis of and resembles a number of conventional instruments, the thesis examines the possibility for a sukuk investor to obtain redress under US and UK law, as well as the comparable provisions in Malaysia and France. Alongside this, the author delves into the beginnings, inspirations, main strands and important political leaders of Islamic Revivalism. The aim of this inquiry is to arrive to a convincing explanation about the political and economic developments in established and aspired to Islamic States. To this end, this work offers a case study of Iran and ISIS, including an analysis of the Iranian Islamic finance system and a hypothesis about the possible approach of a jihadi-salafist government to the financial framework of their aspired to State. As a last point, the work considers how FinTech fits within the objectives of Shariah law and more specifically, its risk-management and social justice strategies. The thesis offers conclusions which draw on the extensive research and map out a possible view of the future of financial instruments in a radical Islamic environment. ; [cat] Aquest treball examina la viabilitat potencial de derivats i contractes financers més generalment sota una estricta aplicació de la llei de Sharia. L'autor adopta un enfocament interdisciplinari per tal de transmetre la idea que alguns dels contractes i arranjaments més populars en la legislació financera islàmica són deficients des d'una perspectiva estructural i de compliment de la xaria. La tesi argumenta que els problemes de protecció dels inversors derivats d'aquesta conclusió són prou greus per minar la viabilitat d'aquests instruments no només en un entorn radical, sinó també en un entorn més conservador. Aquesta conclusió s'arriba després d'una anàlisi en profunditat dels principis fonamentals de la Sharia, rellevants per al finançament, situant-los en un context històric, jurisprudencial i polític. L'obra s'esforça a guiar el lector per les múltiples voltes del dret islàmic, desglossant conceptes establerts i posant en dubte la seva aplicació en el dret islàmic modern. Per exemple, l'autor desaconsella la noció de wa'd (promesa), argumentant que el seu ús extensiu en contractes islàmics fa que gran part de les transaccions complexes resultants siguin deficients des d'una perspectiva estructural. A més, aquest treball posa de manifest les debilitats tècniques i relacionades amb la Sharia en les formes de contracte essencials, amb una particular atenció a la murabaha. És important destacar que l'autor aborda la qüestió de la investigació des del punt de vista dels contractes: comparant construccions de la llei de contractes islàmica amb les de la seva contrapartida de dret comú, sense obviar les influències i inspiracions rellevants que provenen de la tradició del dret civil. L'objectiu d'aquesta comparació és establir que algunes de les disposicions financeres més populars, com sukuk, són deficitàries en les seves disposicions de protecció dels inversors. A més, l'autor subratlla que, a causa de les característiques híbrides de l'instrument sukuk i la manca de regulació a mida, els inversors no es disposen de manera adequada en cas d'impagament de l'emissor. A partir de la idea que l'instrument sukuk està estructurat a partir i s'assembla a diversos instruments convencionals, la tesi examina la possibilitat que un inversor sukuk obtingui redreçament segons la legislació nord-americana i del Regne Unit, així com les disposicions comparables a Malàisia i França. . Paral·lelament, l'autor aprofundeix en els inicis, les inspiracions, les principals línies i importants líders polítics del revivalisme islàmic. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és arribar a una explicació convincent sobre els desenvolupaments polítics i econòmics dels Estats islàmics establerts i aspirants. Amb aquesta finalitat, aquest treball ofereix un estudi de cas d'Iran i ISIS, incloent-hi una anàlisi del sistema financer islàmic iranià i una hipòtesi sobre el possible enfocament d'un govern jihadi-salafista al marc financer dels seus aspirants a l'Estat. Com a últim punt, el treball planteja com FinTech s'encaixa dins dels objectius de la llei de Sharia i, més concretament, de les seves estratègies de gestió de riscos i de justícia social. La tesi ofereix conclusions que s'extreuen en les àmplies investigacions i mostren una possible visió del futur dels instruments financers en un entorn islàmic radical. ; [spa] Este trabajo examina la viabilidad prospectiva de derivados y contratos financieros de manera más general bajo una estricta aplicación de la ley Shariah. El autor adopta un enfoque interdisciplinario para transmitir la idea de que algunos de los contratos y arreglos más populares en la ley de finanzas islámica son deficientes desde una perspectiva estructural y de cumplimiento de la Shariah. La tesis argumenta que los problemas de protección de los inversores derivados de esta conclusión son lo suficientemente graves como para socavar la viabilidad de estos instrumentos no solo en un entorno radical sino también en un entorno más conservador. Se llega a esta conclusión después de un análisis en profundidad de los principios fundamentales de la Shariah, relevantes para las finanzas, colocándolos en un contexto histórico, jurisprudencial y político. El trabajo intenta guiar al lector a través de los muchos giros de la ley islámica, desglosando los conceptos establecidos y cuestionando su aplicación en la ley islámica moderna. Por ejemplo, el autor desempaqueta la noción de wa'd (promesa), argumentando que su uso extensivo en los contratos islámicos hace que muchas de las transacciones complejas resultantes sean deficientes desde una perspectiva estructural. Además, este trabajo resalta las debilidades técnicas y relacionadas con la Shariah en las formas de contrato esenciales, con un enfoque particular en murabaha. Es importante destacar que el autor aborda la cuestión de la investigación desde el punto de vista de los contratos, comparando las construcciones del derecho contractual islámico con las de su contraparte del derecho consuetudinario, sin ignorar las influencias e inspiraciones relevantes que provienen de la tradición del derecho civil. El propósito de esta comparación es establecer que algunos de los arreglos financieros más populares, como el sukuk, son deficientes en sus disposiciones de protección al inversionista. Además, el autor subraya que debido a las características híbridas del instrumento sukuk y la falta de una regulación a medida, los inversores no cuentan con una provisión adecuada para el caso de incumplimiento del emisor. Comenzando con la idea de que el instrumento sukuk está estructurado en base a una serie de instrumentos convencionales y se asemeja a él, la tesis examina la posibilidad de que un inversor sukuk obtenga una reparación bajo las leyes de EE. UU. Y el Reino Unido, así como las disposiciones comparables en Malasia y Francia . Junto a esto, el autor profundiza en los comienzos, inspiraciones, líneas principales e importantes líderes políticos del revivalismo islámico. El objetivo de esta investigación es llegar a una explicación convincente sobre los desarrollos políticos y económicos en los Estados islámicos establecidos y aspirantes. Con este fin, este trabajo ofrece un estudio de caso de Irán e ISIS, que incluye un análisis del sistema financiero islámico iraní y una hipótesis sobre el posible enfoque de un gobierno yihadista- salafista al marco financiero de sus aspirantes al Estado. Como último punto, el trabajo considera cómo FinTech se ajusta a los objetivos de la ley islámica y, más específicamente, a sus estrategias de gestión de riesgos y justicia social. La tesis ofrece conclusiones que se basan en la extensa investigación y trazan una posible visión del futuro de los instrumentos financieros en un entorno islámico radical.

This report maps and compares contrasting models for labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities in selected European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) and the United States. Building on a systematic review and reanalysis of the existing literature and statistics in the field, and assessments by national experts in the selected countries, the report discusses similarities and differences in the design and operation of national policies to promote labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities. The report examines the experience with different policy instruments, how they have been balanced and their relative impact for labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities in each country. By comparing overall policy packages to enhance labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities in the selected countries, the report identifies strengths and weaknesses in the existing approaches and clarifies the potential for policy learning in Norway. The report distinguishes three subsystems of the overall system to enhance labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities: An income maintenance system (e.g. cash transfers) A services system (e.g. mainly labour market measures; indirectly also services to enable independent living and transport) A social regulation system (e.g. legislation for the work environment, employment protection, non-discrimination and accessibility) A key concern in the report is the relative weight of and interaction between these subsystems within the overall national system. The findings confirm that different countries do not only use different policy instruments; their efforts to enhance employment for persons with disabilities do also have distinct overall profiles. Analysis of the diverse institutional contexts shows how these distinct policy profiles have been influenced by different national policy traditions, public-private divisions of labour and roles of social partners in the design and implementation of the labour market inclusion policy. The comparative analysis presented in the report concludes that the three Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) have been characterised by an imbalance among the three subsystems of disability protection (the income maintenance, services and social regulation system). Whereas policy-makers have intended and expected a mutually supportive and interdependent relationship between the three subsystems, the analysis found several indications that the income maintenance and services systems have been more strongly developed than social regulation measures for influencing the preferences and behaviour of the market actors. As a result of this imbalance Norway has achieved more equal standards of living and lower poverty risk for persons with disabilities than most OECD countries. On the other hand, Norway has not performed particularly well in promoting participation of persons with disabilities in the labour market (e.g. judged on the basis of available statistics from OECD), especially when taking into consideration the country's affluence, comparatively high spending on employment-oriented services and high overall employment rate. Of the Scandinavian countries Sweden appears to have adopted the broadest set of policy measures within all three subsystems of disability protection. Whereas Norway spent relatively more resources on income maintenance, Denmark and Sweden spent relatively more on services. Out of the total expenditures on active labour market measures (ALMM), Norway allocated relatively more resources to income maintenance for persons participating in ALMM, while Denmark and Sweden channelled more resources in the form of subsidies for employers and fees for service providers Also compared to the other countries in the sample (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom) and the United States), Sweden had developed a broader repertoire of policy measures in all three subsystems of disability protection. However, the Non-Scandinavian countries (except Belgium) had adopted stricter social obligations for employers than the Scandinavian countries: The Netherlands has introduced significant economic duties (negative economic incentives) for employers in the income maintenance and services system. The duties have contributed to a reduction in the number of recipients of income maintenance (except for youth claiming disability benefit). Yet, whether and to what extent the reforms have further an increase in the labour market participation for persons with disabilities is uncertain. Especially population groups falling outside the responsibilities of employers appear to have achieved few improvements in their opportunities to achieve paid work in the ordinary labour market. Germany has – in their social regulation system – operated an efficient quota system which imposes clear-cut duties on employers to include persons with disabilities in the labour force. United Kingdom and the United States have to a greater extent than the other countries adopted non-discrimination and preferential treatment obligations for employers in their legislation, but what practical effects the prominent role of such legal regulations have had is an issue of disagreement and controversy. Compared to the Non-Scandinavian countries, the Scandinavian countries have been more reluctant to strengthen the role of social – and especially legal – regulation of employers' behaviour. The report documents and discusses the differences in role played by social and especially legal regulation among the Scandinavian countries: Of the Scandinavian countries Sweden has adopted stronger legal obligations for employers and Sweden has been one of the OECD countries with the strongest legal protection against employment discrimination. By contrast, Denmark has been one the OECD countries with the weakest employment protection and obligations for employers. Together with the Netherlands, Denmark has been the most prominent examples of European countries which aim to combine a high level of social security (generous income maintenance during time spells without paid work) and flexibility for employers to employ and dismiss employees («flexicurity»). The contrasts between the Scandinavian countries in this respect should, however, not be exaggerated. Since 1999 the Scandinavian countries have adopted new social regulations, to a large extent in response to the emerging supranational rights regime to ensure equal opportunities for all, including persons with disabilities, and more specifically in response to the policy developments in the European Union, the Council of Europe and the United Nations, and through more direct policy learning from United Kingdom and the United States. How active labour market measures have been organized and their impact for labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities, depend on patterns of institutional relations in the countries, i.e. relatively enduring features in the interaction (rules, norms, procedures) between welfare policy actors of importance for deliberation, decision-making and implementation of the policies to promote labour market inclusion of persons with disabilities. The Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands have spent more resources on ALMM than other OECD countries. The main trend is that the countries covered in the study aim to develop ALMM that further inclusion in the ordinary labour market and – to the largest extent possible – employment on ordinary conditions. The use of sheltered employment varies extensively among the countries but the main trend is that national authorities aim to move away from permanent sheltered employment to ALMM that may further inclusion in the ordinary working life. The trend should be understood in light of the emerging understanding of persons with disabilities as subjects with rights and not objects of other people's concern, help and control. The use of wage subsidies has also caused concern that employees employed on a wage subsidy program will crowd out employment on ordinary conditions, e.g. by distorting competition in the market or cause the development of a secondary labour market with less favourable employment conditions and second-rate jobs (e.g. in terms of wages, job contents and career prospects) for persons with disabilities, and little transition to the primary and main labour market. All in all, a substantial challenge for the Scandinavian welfare states is to develop new and more fruitful ways of combining forms of social regulation policy with the most viable parts of their established income maintenance and services systems. The three countries still have a potential for intra-Scandinavian policy learning, as they have different profiles and priorities in their disability protection systems. For the new social regulation policy measures to be effective, the Scandinavian countries need innovative ways of diminishing the recurring fear that the costs associated with making workplaces fully accessible and accommodating them to the requirement of workers with disabilities will represent a disproportional burden for business and individual employers. With their strong tradition of public responsibility for compensating the personal disadvantages associated with having a disability, the Scandinavian countries ought to have a good point of departure for finding ways of socialising or sharing the costs related to ensuring accessibility and accommodation. The project was funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Labour 2010-11. ; Rapporten gir en systematisk framstilling av modellene for å fremme sysselsetting blant personer med nedsatt funksjonsevne som står utenfor det ordinære arbeidsmarkedet, og erfaringene med disse tilnærmingene i Belgia, Danmark, Nederland, Storbritannia, Sverige, Tyskland og USA. Funnene bekrefter at landene har forskjellige generelle tilnærminger til mulighetene for arbeidsmarkedsdeltakelse overfor personer med nedsatt funksjonsevne («pakker» av tiltak). Hvordan arbeidsrettede tiltak er organisert, og hvilken betydning slike tiltak har i landene beror på institusjonelle forhold i landene, det vil si varige trekk i samhandlingen mellom velferdspolitiske aktører (normer, verdier, arbeidsmåter) av betydningen for utformingen og iverksettingen av politikken for å fremme inkludering i og hindre utstøtning fra arbeidsmarkedet.

Mit der Einführung des "Green Deal" hat die Europäische Union das Ziel der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2050 formuliert. Die notwendigen Maßnahmen werden auch in Luxemburg zu einem massiven Ausbau der fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien, vor allem von Windkraft und Photovoltaik führen, aus dem sich ein zunehmender Bedarf für Flexibilität im Energiesystem ableiten lässt. Die Ausgestaltung des EU-Binnenmarktes für Strom sieht eine aktive Beteiligung des Verbrauchers vor, der auf Basis flexibler Strompreise seinen Verbrauch steuert und somit, unter Reduktion seiner Energiekosten, zum Flexibilitätsbereitstellung beiträgt. In Privathaushalten zielen solche Demand-Side-Management Maßnahmen vor allem auf Wärmepumpen ab. Diese Arbeit untersucht das Flexibilitätspotenzial von Wärmepumpen in Wohngebäuden stellvertretend für den luxemburgischen Kontext und analysiert Herausforderungen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang ergeben. Als Zeithorizont der Untersuchung gilt das Jahr 2030. Die hier vorgestellte Methodik ist dabei auf vergleichbare Regionen in Europa übertragbar. Die Aufgabenstellung wird anhand thermischer Simulationen in TRNSYS, die das Wohngebäude sowie das Heizungssystem darstellen, analysiert. Eine für diese Arbeit in MATLAB entwickelte Model-Predictive-Control steuert die Wärmepumpe auf Basis variabler Strompreise mit dem Ziel, die Energiekosten zu minimieren. Ein neuronales Netz bestimmt dabei die Wärmeentnahme aus dem Heizwärmespeicher, so dass die Model-Predictive-Control letztlich ohne integriertes Gebäudemodell funktioniert. Die Eignung dieses Ansatzes wird über die Simulationsergebnisse validiert. Aus den nationalen Entwicklungen im Gebäudebestand leitet sich ein theoretisches Wärmepumpenpotenzial von 236-353 MWel ab, das zur Flexibilitätsbereitstellungerschlossen werden kann. Die große Bandbreite entsteht aus unterschiedlichen Annahmen zur jährlichen Gebäudesanierungsrate. Das technisch erschließbare Potenzial ist bedeutend geringer und ergibt sich aus der Entwicklung des Wärmepumpenmarktes. Da die Datenlage zu Wärmepumpen in Luxemburg unzureichend ist, entstand im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine Wärmemarktstudie, die Verkaufszahlen von 2014-2018 analysiert und Entwicklungen des Wärmepumpenmarktes ableitet. Das technische Potenzial für 2030 beträgt demnach 30-73 MWel. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem nationalen Kontext fließen in die Simulationsmodelle ein. Das Konzept des Demand-Side-Management wird anhand zahlreicher Simulationsfälle getestet und im Hinblick auf Energieeffizienz, Wirtschaftlichkeit und Lastverschiebung evaluiert. Es werden drei Referenzgebäuden, je ein Einfamilienhaus und ein Mehrfamilienhaus gemäß Neubaustandard sowie ein Einfamilienhaus gemäß Mindeststandard für energetische Sanierungen in Luxemburg, erstellt. Die Unterscheidung von Luft/Wasser und Sole/Wasser Wärmepumpen in den Simulationsmodellen, demonstriert den Einfluss der Wärmequelle. Zusätzlich werden Heizwärmespeicher mit sechs unterschiedlichen Volumina berücksichtigt. Der Vergleich mit Referenzfällen demonstriert den Einfluss der prädiktiven Regelung. Als flexible Strompreise werden reale Marktdaten der EPEX-Spot Day-Ahead Auktion verwendet und mit Netzentgelten und steuerlichen Abgaben aus Luxemburg ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Eignung des gewählten Model-Predictive-Control Ansatzes ohne integriertes Gebäudemodell. Luft/Wasser Wärmepumpen erzielen bessere Effizienz und Kosteneinspareffekte als Sole/Wasser Wärmepumpen, da die Kostenreduktion neben der Reaktion auf Preissignale auch über eine Verbrauchsoptimierung erreicht werden kann. Bei Anwendung eines Preisprofils mit überwiegend statischen Komponenten ist letzterer Aspekt bedeutend. Gebäude mit höherem Dämmstandard zeigen eine trennschärfere Reaktion auf Preissignale als Gebäude mit niedrigerem Dämmstandard. Letztere haben aufgrund des höheren Energieverbrauchs allerdings absolut betrachtet höhere Kostenreduktionspotenziale. Bei niedrigen Kapazitäten des Heizwärmespeichers sind Effizienz und Kostenreduktion eingeschränkt, da die Reaktion auf Preissignale zu einem sofortigen Temperaturanstieg im Speicher führt, der den Verbrauch der Wärmepumpe erhöht und somit einen gegenläufigen Effekt darstellt. Mit zunehmender Kapazität verbessern sich daher der Stromverbrauch und das Einsparpotenzial. Bei sehr großen Speichern wird dieser positive Einfluss von steigenden Wärmespeicherverlusten kompensiert. Ein größerer Heizwärmespeicher bedeutet eine zusätzliche finanzielle Investition in das Heizungssystem, die über Kostenreduktionseffekte kompensiert werden muss. Diese Wirtschaftlichkeit ergibt sich für das Mehrfamilienhaus und das schwach gedämmte Einfamilienhaus, jeweils mit Luft/Wasser Wärmepumpe und kleinen bis mittelgroßen Heizwärmespeichern. Um den Einfluss des Preisprofils zu demonstrieren werden zwei Alternativen getestet. Im ersten Fall wird eine stärkere Preisschwankung, verursacht durch einen höheren Marktanteil der erneuerbaren Energien, angewendet. Im zweiten Fall sorgen variable Netzentgelte für eine zusätzliche Verstärkung der Preissignale. In allen Simulationen verbessert sich die Kostenreduktion, so dass auch stark gedämmte Gebäude mit Luft/Wasser Wärmepumpe und mittelgroßen Heizwärmespeichern wirtschaftlich sind. Dabei verändert sich das Verhalten des Reglers, da die Preissignale zunehmend attraktiver sind als die Verbrauchsoptimierung. Dementsprechend steigt der Stromverbrauch im Vergleich zum vorigen Strompreisprofil. Sole/Wasser Wärmepumpen erreichen lediglich im schwach gedämmten Einfamilienhaus die Wirtschaftlichkeit. Aus den Simulationen ergibt sich folglich ein nationales wirtschaftliches Potenzial von 22-53 MWel. Die zahlreichen Randbedingungen des Wärmepumpenbetriebs führen zu einer impliziten Lastverschiebung die schwierig zu bewerten ist. Ein systemischer Nutzen des Demand-Side-Management lässt sich dennoch vor allem aus der Verbrauchsreduktion der Luft/Wasser Wärmepumpen und der sehr wahrscheinlichen Reaktion auf extreme Preissignale ableiten. Für Stromnetzbetreiber erscheint das Erschließen von Wärmepumpen im Wohnbereich als Netzbetriebsmittel fraglich. Die wesentlichen Gegenargumente sind die eingeschränkte Zuverlässigkeit bei Beachtung der Randbedingungen und die geringe elektrische Leistung im Vergleich zu E-Fahrzeugen, die das Niederspannungsnetz in naher Zukunft vor größere Herausforderungen stellen werden. Interessanter sind Konzepte, bei denen Energieversorger oder Direktvermarkter die Flexibilität einer Vielzahl an Wärmepumpen erschließen und zur Optimierung der Strombeschaffung verwenden. In diesem Kontext stellen sich vor allem Fragen der Wirtschaftlichkeit, die auf Basis der hier gefundenen Potenziale insgesamt fraglich bleibt, es sein denn im Konzept finden Wertschöpfungen aus Synergieeffekten statt, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht berücksichtigt werden konnten. In Bezug auf die nationale Spitzenlast im Stromsystem wurde ein relevantes Wärmepumpenpotenzial für Demand-Side-Management festgestellt, so dass die Thematik unter der Berücksichtigung der hier aufgeführten Sensitivitäten weiterverfolgt werden sollte. ; In 2020 the European Union introduced the "Green Deal" and declared the target of climate neutrality until 2050. The necessary measures will lead to a massive roll-out of fluctuating renewable energies such as wind power and photovoltaic. This in turn will lead to an increasing need for flexibility in the energy system. The design of the future European internal market for electricity intends to let end-consumers actively participate by managing their consumption based on variable electricity prices and in that way contributing to the flexibility demand. For private households, these Demand-Side-Management measures target heat pumps in particular. This work analyzes the flexibility potential of heat pumps in residential buildings and addresses challenges in the Luxembourgish context. The time horizon for the evaluation is defined as 2030. The methodology presented in this work is applicable to similar regions in Europe. The research questions are investigated by the means of thermal simulation. The software TRNSYS is used for the building models and heating systems. A Model-Predictive-Control, developed in MATLAB, is sending control signals to the heat pump that are based on variable electricity tariffs. The heat extraction of the thermal energy storage tank is determined by a neural network, so that the Model-Predictive-Control in itself works without an integrated building model. The suitability of the approach is validated by the simulation results. Based on the national developments in the building stock, there is a theoretical heat pump potential of 236-353 MWel that can offer flexibility. The band with arises because of different suppositions for the yearly refurbishment rate. The technical potential is significantly lower and is determined by the developments of the national heat pump market. As the data availability for Luxemburg was insufficient, a heat market study was initiated that investigated sales numbers for the period of 2014-2018 and derived scenarios until 2030. The technical potential in conclusion amounts to 30-73 MWel. The insights of the national context are used for the design of the simulation models. The concept of Demand-Side-Management is tested with numerous simulation cases and is then evaluated on aspects of energy efficiency, profitability and load shifting. In total there are three reference buildings, one single-family and one multi-family house, each according to the energetic standard of a new construction, and one single-family house that meets the legal requirements for energetic refurbishment in Luxembourg. In order to demonstrate the influence of the heat source there are simulations with air-to-water as well as geothermal heat pumps. The analysis furthermore considers six different thermal energy storage capacities. The influence of the predictive control strategy is demonstrated by a comparison with reference cases that work with a common control. The flexible electricity tariffs are based on real market data of the EPEX-Spot Day-Ahead auction and is completed with grid fees and taxes in Luxembourg. The simulation results confirm the suitability of the Model-Predictive-Control approach without integrated building model. Air-to-water heat pumps achieve better efficiency and cost reduction than geothermal heat pumps, as they have two ways to reduce the costs: via the variable electricity tariffs and via a performance optimization of the heat pump itself. The performance optimization is the preferred choice of the control strategy if the price profile consists of mainly static components. Buildings with high insulation level show a sharper reaction to price signals than buildings with lower insulation standard. For the latter in return the absolute cost reduction potential is better as the overall energy demand is higher. With low capacity thermal energy storage, the energy efficiency and cost reduction potential are limited since the reaction to price signals immediately leads to a temperature rise in the tank counteracting the overall objective by increasing the heat pump consumption. With increasing tank capacity, this aspect improves. Nevertheless, there is a limit where the increasing heat losses of the tank compensate the positive aspects of bigger tanks. As the heating systems are usually not equipped with larger thermal energy storage tanks, there is an extra investment for the end-consumer that needs to be compensated by the cost reduction of the Demand-Side-Management. This profitability is only given for the multi-family house and the less insulated single-family house, equipped with an air-to-water heat pump and small to medium sized storage tanks. Two alternative price profiles are tested in order to demonstrate the influence of the price signals. In the first case, a higher volatility of the prices is presumed, to reflect a higher market share of renewable energies. In the second case variable grid fees are added to the volatile prices to further increase the incentive of Demand-Side-Management. In all simulation cases the cost reduction increases so that that buildings with high thermal insulation and air-to-water heat pump are profitable with medium sized thermal energy storage. At the same time a change of behavior of the predictive controller can be observed as the price signals become more attractive than the aspect of performance optimization, leading to an increased electricity consumption in comparison to the previous price profile. An overall economic potential of 22-53 MWel can be concluded. The numerous constraints for the heat pump operation lead to an implicit load management effect that is difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, there is a clear systemic benefit of Demand-Side-Management that result from the better performance of air-to-water heat pumps and the highly probable reaction to extreme price signals. The assessment of a high number of heat pumps by the grid operator in order to stabilize the electricity grid is questionable. The main counter arguments are the limited reliability considering the constraints and the low electric power compared to the e-mobility that will be the major challenge of the low voltage grids in the nearer future. Concepts, where energy providers or direct marketers assess the flexibility to optimize procurement strategies seems more interesting. In this context the profitability is the main question that cannot be verified based on the findings, except if there is added value stemming from synergy effects that were not considered in this work. In relation to the peak demand of the Luxembourgish energy system there is a relevant heat pump potential for Demand-Side-Management. In the nearer future the subject should be further investigated, keeping in mind the findings and sensitivities presented in this work.

WOS:000477924000056 ; A search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalar particles a(1) is performed under the hypothesis that one of the pseudoscalars decays to a pair of opposite sign muons and the other decays to b (b) over bar. Such signatures are predicted in a number of extensions of the standard model (SM), including next-to-minimal supersymmetry and two-Higgs-doublet models with an additional scalar singlet. The results are based on a data set of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), accumulated with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No statistically significant excess is observed with respect to the SM backgrounds in the search region for pseudoscalar masses from 20 GeV to half of the Higgs boson mass. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of the production cross section and branching fraction, sigma B-h(h -> a(1)a(1) -> mu (+)mu(-) b (b) over bar), ranging from 5 to 33 fb, depending on the pseudoscalar mass. Corresponding limits on the branching fraction, assuming the SM prediction for sigma(h), are (1-7) x 10(-4). (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. ; BMBWF (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPERGS (Brazil)Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MOST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; NKFIA (Hungary); DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM (Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); ROSATOM (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); MoSTR(Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); IPST (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie programme (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC) [675440]; Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union)European Union (EU) [675440]; Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be. h projectFonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS [30820817]; FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be. h projectFWO [30820817]; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary); New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary); NKFIA research grants (Hungary) [123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; National Science Center (Poland)National Science Centre, PolandNational Science Center, Poland [Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu [MDM-2015-0509]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; Thalis programme - EU-ESF; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship (Thailand); Chulalongkorn University (Thailand)Chulalongkorn University; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); Welch FoundationThe Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (USA); Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/K003542/1 GRID PP, ST/K003542/1, ST/N001273/1, ST/N000242/1, ST/M004775/1, ST/L005603/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, ROSATOM, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MoSTR(Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAKand TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science -EOS" -be. h project n. 30820817; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, and 125105 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

Cyanide (CN) is used in the gold mining industry to dissolve gold from free milling, complex and refractory gold containing ores. Processing sulphide containing refractory ores using biooxidation as a pre-treatment has become increasingly important due to the depletion of free milling ores. The reaction of CN with reduced sulphur species during the cyanidation process results in the formation of thiocyanate (SCN), often at relatively high concentrations (> 5 000 mg/L). The SCN and residual free CN are deported with the tailings as components of the liquid fraction. The concentration of SCN often exceeds the legislated discharge specification, necessitating on-site treatment, while water would also require treatment before on-site recycling and reuse. Biological degradation of CN and particularly SCN in these effluents provides an alternative to the more traditional processes such as SO2 treatment or UV destruction. The traditional destruction processes focus on breaking the chemical bonds, through physical or chemical means, thereby converting the toxic CN and SCN species to less toxic compounds. These processes generally suffer from high reagent cost, incomplete removal of CN and particularly SCN species and the generation of by-products which require further treatment. A number of microorganisms are capable of utilising CN and SCN as a source of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon, as well as generating energy from their oxidation. Additional removal of metal-CN complexes may be achieved by adsorption to the cell surface or extracellular polymeric substances secreted by the cells. The activated sludge tailings effluent remediation (ASTERTM) process was developed for the biological treatment of especially SCN, but also free CN and metal-cyanide complexes, such as CuCN and Zn(CN)2. The basic ASTERTM technology consists of an aerated reactor, in which SCN and CN species are oxidised and a settler to facilitate the recovery of water and potentially biomass. The desire to expand the commercial application of the technology necessitated a more complete, fundamental understanding of the ASTERTM process and required focused, in-depth research. This research aimed to define the viable operating window for SCN destruction, as well as optimising practical SCN and CN destruction process conditions. The ASTERTM process relies on a complex microbial community, so understanding the community structure and metabolic potential for SCN and CN destruction, further enhanced the fundamental and mechanistic understanding of this bioprocess. The research contributed to the fundamental understanding of this technology and enhanced the commercial application thereof. The first step in defining the operating window was to investigate the effect of feed SCN concentration on the SCN destruction ability of the mixed microbial community. Experiments were conducted at feed SCN concentrations ranging from 60- 1 800 mg/L. Complete SCN destruction was achieved across the range at ambient temperature. The maximum SCN destruction rate was 15.7 mg/L.h at an initial SCN concentration of 1 400 mg/L. Temperature was investigated in the range of 10-45°C with an initial SCN concentration range of 60-180 mg/L. A maximum SCN destruction rate of 17.4 mg/L.h was measured at 35°C, with an initial SCN concentration of 180 mg/L. A wide pH range (pH 5.0-10.0) was tolerated, with optimal performance recorded at pH 7.0. This evaluation identified not only the optimum operating pH, but also highlighted the negative impact of a sudden pH change on the efficiency of SCN destruction. Residual SCN concentrations below 1 mg/L were achieved in all cases, which would allow for discharge or recycling of treated water. Floc (sludge) formation was observed in experiments with high initial SCN concentrations and indicated a possible stress response during these batch experiments. Floc (sludge) formation were taken as microbial cells imbedded within extracellular polymeric substances and not only an aggregate of cells. Evaluating the maximum potential for SCN destruction and optimising the operating conditions and system configuration was investigated using continuous reactor experiments. A maximum SCN destruction rate of 87.4 mg/L.h (2 098 mg/L.d) was achieved at a feed SCN concentration of 1 000 mg/L and eight hour hydraulic retention time (HRT) during these experiments. The formation of substantial amounts of sludge was observed, with attachment to the reactor surfaces. The maximum feed SCN concentration, where substantial destruction was measured, was at 2 500 mg/L, achieving a practical SCN destruction rate of 972 mg/L.d. Significant inhibition of microbial inactivity was observed beyond this feed SCN concentration. The microbial community was able recover performance, within six days, after an extended period (54 days) of inactivity when the feed concentration was reduced from 3 500 mg/L SCN to 1 000 mg/L. The nature of the accumulated biofilm did not appear to change during the period of limited SCN destruction activity. Calculation of specific SCN destruction rates was not possible due to the nature of the sludge and heterogeneous dispersion of microbial members. Biomass (cells embedded in the EPS sludge) loading experiments showed SCN destruction rates increased with an increase in biomass loading, but this relationship was not proportional. A 25-fold increased biomass concentration resulted in only a 2-fold increase in destruction rate, suggesting a mass transfer limitation. The sludge most likely offers protection against unfavourable conditions, such as high residual SCN concentrations, by presenting a mass transfer barrier, resulting in an SCN concentration gradient across the sludge matrix. This enhances the robustness of the process and would facilitate rapid recovery in the case of a system upset at commercial scale. This research is the first to demonstrate the effective removal of SCN in the presence of suspended tailing solids, under conditions well suited for commercial application. The maximum SCN destruction rate achieved was 57 mg/L.h in the presence of 5.5% (m/v) solids. Sludge formation was not observed in the reactors containing solids, despite substantial sludge formation under similar operating conditions in the absence of solids, most likely due to shear-related effects. Fluctuations in pH, due to the nature of the solid material, were identified to negatively impact reactor performance and pH control was required. Moreover, the type of solid particle was found to influence the SCN destruction rate showing a need for adaptation not only to the presence of solids but also to various types of solids that are to be treated. Treatment of residual CN in solution is critical to ensure safe disposal or recycling of water. Treatment of SCN and CN was successfully demonstrated at feed concentrations up to 2 000 and 50 mg/L, respectively. The presence of residual CN (0.5 mg/L) prevented complete destruction of SCN, while complete SCN destruction was measured in the absence of CN under identical conditions. A range of reactor configurations were investigated and the optimum system required biomass retention, by means of attached biomass and complete destruction of any residual CN prior to SCN destruction. Conversion of SCN-S to SO4-S was stoichiometrically proportional in solution, while the majority of the liberated nitrogen appeared to be assimilated. Pre-colonisation of the reactor with attached biomass is beneficial and removed the need for a solid-liquid separation unit, reducing the potential footprint of the process. Additional treatment capacity could be created by operation of reactors in series. The diversity of the microbial community responsible for destruction of especially SCN were shown to be far more extensive than initially expected. Initial molecular characterisation of the microbial community selected for 185 representatives of bacterial 16S rRNA genes, of which 106 non-identical genotypes were sequenced. In contrast, for the reactor containing solids, only 48 representatives were selected and 30 genotypes were sequenced. Bacteria implicated in SCN destruction in the reactor containing suspended solids were members from the genera Bosea, Microbacterium and Thiobacillus. In the absence of solids, members capable of SCN destruction were identified from genera including Thiobacillus and Fusarium. High-throughput genome sequencing, followed by sequence assembly confirmed the dominance of Thiobacillus spp. Metabolic predictions indicated the autotrophs, gaining energy from the oxidation of reduced sulphur intermediates produced during SCN destruction were the dominant community members. The potential for ammonium oxidation and denitrification within the microbial community was identified during analysis of the metabolic potential, based on the metagenomic sequence data. These would be required for complete remediation of wastewater. The data generated during the research led to the development of a conceptual model to describe the evolution of system performance. Following inoculation with planktonic culture the SCN destruction is performed by the planktonic microbial community. An increased residual SCN concentration results in floc formation and the colonisation of reactor surfaces by attached biofilm. A concomitant decrease in planktonic cell concentration was observed, while SCN destruction rates increased. The extracellular material provided a matrix for biomass retention, resulting in high cell concentrations, and provided some protection against high SCN concentrations by providing a barrier to mass transfer. The attached biofilm developed to the point where overall SCN degradation rates may become limited by reduced oxygen penetration. The research presented in this thesis has been used to inform the design and operation of the ASTERTM process at commercial scale, specifically with respect to the benefits of attached biomass and the demonstration that the process can be used in the presence of suspended solids. The latter has been particularly important in applications where the available footprint is constrained.

Background. With the onset of the hybrid war in the Donbas, the chemical terrorist threat in Ukraine has become a reality. Under such conditions, the discipline "Military Toxico­logy, Radiology and Medical Protection" became especially re­levant in the training of doctors of various specialties. The study aimed to substantiate the relevance of postgraduate training for doctors in the thematic improvement cycle "Medical protection from chemical agents during terrorist attacks" within the discipline "Military Toxicology, Radiology and Medical Protection". Material and methods. The sources of scientific information on issues of medical care in case of damage by toxicants used in contemporary military conflicts and terrorist acts were analysed. The recommendations of the World Health Organization, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (USA), the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the National Centre for Biotechnological Information (USA) on these issues were considered. The research methods applied were as follows: a system approach, historical, bibliosemantic methods, content analysis. Results. The necessity of expanding knowledge in the field of modern military toxicology led to the development of a new program of thematic improvement in the direction called "Medical protection from chemical agents during terrorist attacks". The current organization of the medical care in Ukraine, in the absence of the disaster medicine system, in case of a terrorist chemical incident, relies exclusively on the resour­ces of ambulance teams that can provide emergency assistance and evacuation to the territorial healthcare facilities, staffed by civilian medical staff. In the hybrid war, the specified level of medical care should be provided by highly trained personnel in the field of medical triage, definition and evaluation of the severity of specific toxidromes, emergency response, if necessary, for resuscitation measures, chemical protection measures, etc. However, today we have many problems in this area. Most of the WHO recommended antidotes are currently unavailab­le due to their absence in Ukraine, both in hospitals and in the planned equipment of the military units and brigades of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the main emphasis should be placed on intensive care, which can be carried out in the intensive care unit of any hospital. Firstly, it is necessary to specify the key conditions that can help to save the life of the victim, especially in cases when the toxic agent cannot be timely identified. In this article, we focus on the main problems that may arise in the treatment of patients affected by the chemical agents in the emergency departments and resuscitation and intensive care units of ordinary district and city hospitals. The experience of chemical attacks and catastrophes proves that in most chemical incidents with a large number of injured, up to 35 % of hospitalized patients need help in conditions of a resuscitation unit. The emergency doctor should be well acquainted with the list of modern chemical agents and their hazardous characteristics. In addition to the specific characteristics of chemical agents, the organizational features of the healing process should be taken into account. All patients are a potential source of contamination; the contact with them requires the protection of medical personnel. The patients delivered from a chemical focus may have various causes of health impairment, and other medical problems can be easily missed. Chemical injuries are often combined with traumatic ones; under such conditions, contaminated open wounds are an active source of poisoning. There is a high probability of a combination of biological and chemical agents, and since the action of biological agents tends to manifest later, this could potentially lead to erroneous diagnosis. During the terrorist attacks, victims may develop very different symptoms of a lesion, due to the characteristics of the chemical agent, routes of admission, dose and exposure, concomitant somatic diseases, sex, age, pregnancy, etc. The delayed toxic effects should be taken into account when entering the hospital; at an early stage of poisoning, the victims may appear to be stable, but with time decompensation develops (especially in case of pulmonary agents). In several cases, when they arrive in a hospital, the victims have a clinical picture of the terminal condition, which is confirmed by the signs of severe dysfunction of organs and systems; but under the influence of antidotes and timely integrated therapy, the lost functions of organs and systems can be fully restored. Therefore, for all critical cases without exception, the intensivists should be prepared to provide respiratory system dissection, tracheal intubation, oxygenation and infusion support. The chemical agents can interact with the medicines used in intensive care unit, and the physician should remember this interaction (nerve agents and neuromuscular blockers, respiratory analgesics and narcotic analgesics, fluorocarbon anaesthe­tics and adrenergic agents, and many others). It should be kept in mind that under conditions of alkalosis (against the backdrop of massive haemolysis, for example poisoning with arsenic hydrogen) or acidosis (when poisonings with methaemoglobin gene­rators, for example, salts of nitrous acid, aliphatic nitrites), the effects of many drugs are significantly changed. For any country, acts of chemical terro­rism are extremely costly events that can quickly eliminate operational and reserve resources and block the work of the healthcare system in a separate region, therefore, for the efficient planning of resources, the planned emergency and training activities must be mandatory. Besides medical care, psychological assistance is obligatory. Conclusions. Increasing the awareness of physicians about the peculiarities of the clinical actions of the most commonly used chemical agents is a gua­rantee of timely and effective medical care and preservation of health of medical personnel who are potentially exposed to the risk of chemical damage during their professional activity. ; Актуальность. С началом гибридной войны в Донбассе химическая террористическая угроза в Украине стала реальностью. В этих условиях военная дисциплина «токсикология, радиология и медицинская защита» приобрела особую актуальность в подготовке врачей различных специальностей. Цель исследования: обосновать актуальность последипломной подготовки врачей на цикле тематического усовершенствования «Медицинская защита от химических агентов во время террористических атак» в рамках учебной дисциплины «военная токсикология, радиология и медицинская защита». Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ источников научной информации, касающейся вопросов медицинского обеспечения пострадавших от токсических агентов, применяемых при современных военных конфликтах и террористических актах. Рассмотрены рекомендации Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ), Агентства по уменьшению угрозы министерства обороны США, Организации по запрещению химического оружия, Национального центра биотехнологической информации США по данным вопросам. Применены следующие методы исследования: системного подхода, исторический, библиосемантический и контент-анализа. Результаты. Необходимость расширения знаний в области современной военной токсикологии для врачей различных специальностей обусловила разработку новой программы тематического усовершенствования по теме «Медицинская защита от химических агентов во время террористических атак». В условиях гибридной войны медицинскую помощь должен предоставлять персонал с высоким уровнем подготовки в вопросах медицинской сортировки, оценки специфических токсических синдромов, противохимической защиты и т.д. Однако на сегодняшний день мы сталкиваемся со многими проблемами в этой сфере. Большая часть рекомендованных ВОЗ антидотов сегодня отсутствует в Украине, поэтому главный акцент следует делать на мероприятиях интенсивной терапии. В данной работе мы сосредоточили внимание на основных проблемных вопросах, которые могут возникнуть во время лечения пострадавших от различных химических агентов (легочных, кровяных, нервных, кожных) в условиях отделений реанимации и интенсивной терапии обычных районных и городских больниц. Выводы. Повышение осведомленности врачей об особенностях клинического действия наиболее распространенных химических агентов является условием предоставления своевременной и эффективной медицинской помощи и сохранения здоровья медицинского персонала, который потенциально подвергается риску химического поражения в процессе осуществления профессиональной деятельности. ; Актуальність. З початком гібридної війни на Донбасі хімічна терористична загроза в Україні стала реальністю. За таких умов військова дисципліна «токсикологія, радіологія та медичний захист» набула особливої актуальності в підготовці лікарів різних спеціальностей. Мета дослідження: обґрунтувати актуальність післядипломної підготовки лікарів на циклі тематичного вдосконалення «Медичний захист від хімічних агентів під час терористичних атак» в межах навчальної дисципліни «військова токсикологія, радіологія та медичний захист». Матеріали та методи. Проведено аналіз джерел наукової інформації з питань медичного забезпечення при ураженні токсикантами, що застосовуються при сучасних військових конфліктах і терористичних актах. Розглянуто рекомендації Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я (ВООЗ), Агентства зі скорочення військової загрози міністерства оборони США, Організації з заборони хімічної зброї, Національного центру біотехнологічної інформації США з цих питань. Застосовані методи дослідження: системного підходу, історичний, бібліосемантичний, контент-аналізу. Результати. Необхідність розширення знань у сфері сучасної військової токсикології для лікарів різних спеціальностей обумовила розробку нової програми тематичного удосконалення за напрямком «Медичний захист від хімічних агентів під час терористичних атак». В умовах гібридної війни медичну допомогу має надавати персонал з високим рівнем підготовки в питаннях медичного сортування, визначення специфічних токсичних синдромів, застосування заходів протихімічного захисту тощо. Однак сьогодні ми стикаємося з багатьма проблемами в цій сфері. Більша частина рекомендованих ВООЗ антидотів відсутня в Україні, тому головний акцент слід зробити на заходи інтенсивної терапії. В даній роботі ми зосередили увагу на основних проблемних питаннях, що можуть виникнути під час лікування постраждалих від різних хімічних агентів (легеневих, кров'яних, нервових, шкірних) в умовах відділень реанімації та інтенсивної терапії звичайних районних і міських лікарень. Висновки. Підвищення обізнаності лікарів про особливості клінічної дії найбільш поширених хімічних агентів є умовою надання своєчасної і ефективної медичної допомоги та збереження здоров'я медичного персоналу, який потенційно наражається на ризик хімічного ураження під час виконання професійної діяльності.

The dissertation is devoted to the substantiation of theoretical and methodological aspects of the study of the market of migration services and development of practical recommendations for its development through effective migration policy and increase of social protection of Ukrainian labour migrants.The dissertation deals with the theoretical and methodological aspects of the research for the market of migration services in Ukraine. The content of the terms 'market of migration services' and 'migration service' is clarified, the basic conceptual bases of market formation are substantiated. The basic functions of the market of migration services are systematized, among which are provided providing, informative, mediating, stimulating, balancing and protective. The author's approach to the classification of migration services is presented. The structure of the market of migration services is generalized by the subject-object approach and spatial attribute. The features of functioning and development of the cross-border market of migration services are determined. Three groups of actors (participants) in the market relations of the cross-border migration market are identified and substantiated: migrant customers, directly actual and potential migrants, and intermediaries (migration service providers).The factors of formation and development of the market of migration services are generalized. Depending on the possibilities of regulating their influence on the market, there are four groups: "permanent", "long-term", "variables" and "factors of rapid formation and development" of the migration services market. Factors are classified into general and specific factors. The specific is divided into formal and shadow sections by such groups - political, legal and administrative, geopolitical, institutional-informational, economic, social-protective, cultural-historical and ethnicdemographic. The peculiarities of the influence of these factors on the market of migration services in Ukraine with specifying features in other countries are revealed.The basic provisions of the theories that form the methodology of research for the market of migration services are studied. The algorithm of the research's the market of migration services is formulated, which includes: analysis of the volume (capacity) of the market within a specific territory; research of market structure; estimation of market demand and supply; analysis of migration services; assessment of the level of competition in the market. The structural and logical scheme of the stage of research for the market of migration services is generalized.Migration trends and environmental conditions of the market of migration services in Ukraine are analysed. Particular attention is focused on the problem of scientific-methodological and information support for the analysis of the market of migration services. Differences in expert estimates of external labour migration have led to their calculations of the number of Ukrainian labour migrants abroad. Based on the author's estimates, the minimum environment for the formation of the domestic market for migration services is about 5 million Ukrainian migrant workers each year.The results of the author's expert survey of Ukrainian labour migrants are presented, based on which the hypothesis about the existence of a dynamic market of migration services in Ukraine was confirmed. It is proved that labour migrants most often use the services of intermediaries to organize the migration process, which is dominated by the predominance of unlicensed entities-providers of migration services, as well as the low level of respondents' satisfaction with the services of intermediaries.The state bodies (main actors in the market) creating an institutional environment for the functioning of the market of migration services in Ukraine are defined. The activities of the State Migration Service, State Enterprise "Document", Administrative Service Centres, consulates and visa centres are analysed. In particular, a continuous monitoring of the situation has shown that there are significant differences in the functioning of these entities. An important feature of the quality of migration services provided by these institutions concerns different standards for direct services for the public. A comprehensive assessment of the problem has led to conclusion that the current rates of improvement in the functioning of the mentioned state entities do not meet the latest requirements of the market of migration services.The author's conceptual approach to regulation of the market of migration services in Ukraine with the regional specificity of its implementation is elaborated. The main priorities of the concept address four goals: 1) legalization of the market of migration services; 2) quality assurance of migration services; 3) development of a civil society's quality-control system for migration services; 4) decentralization and deregulation of the market in terms of achieving stability. It is stressed that the concept must correspond with other conceptual and strategic standards for a state's development.Practical recommendations for improving the functioning and regulation of the market of migration services in Ukraine are substantiated. The implementation of some of them implies the creation and provision (within the nearest time) of the information and material base for qualitative research of the processes in the market of migration services. Other proposals relate to improving the quality of the state migration services. Possible solution to legalization and licensing of existing unofficial intermediaries in the market of migration services is proposed. It is noted that it is extremely important for Ukraine to increase the attention of state authorities to the practice of concluding intergovernmental bilateral labor agreements. This aspect is particularly relevant in terms of enhancing the role of the state in protecting the rights of Ukrainian migrants.The introduction of the state migration bonds as a regulatory instrument aiming at effective attraction and use of migration capital for the national economy development is proposed. The conditions for successful launch of the tool are clarified. In addition to migration bonds, the government may offer a supplementary list of government investment projects. This envisages a greater involvement of the state into migration processes allowing organizing a better system of interaction between the state and its citizens, which are currently set up for transboundary movements. ; Дисертаційну роботу присвячено обґрунтуванню теоретикометодологічних засад дослідження РМП та розробці практичних рекомендацій щодо його розвитку шляхом проведення ефективної міграційної політики та підвищення соціальної захищеності українських трудових мігрантів.У дисертації розглянуто теоретико-методологічні аспекти дослідження ринку міграційних послуг в Україні. Уточнено зміст понять «ринок міграційних послуг» та «міграційна послуга», обґрунтовано основні концептуальні засади формування ринку. Систематизовано основні функції РМП, серед яких виділено забезпечуючу, інформаційну, посередницьку, стимулюючу, врівноважуючу та захисну. Представлено авторський підхід до класифікації міграційних послуг. Узагальнено структуру РМП за суб'єктно-об'єктним підходом та просторовою ознакою. Визначено особливості функціонування та розвитку транскордонного РМП. Виділено та обґрунтовано три групи суб'єктів (учасників) ринкових відносин транскордонного РМП: «замовники мігрантів», безпосередньо фактичні та потенційні мігранти, та посередники (надавачі міграційних послуг).Узагальнено чинники формування та розвитку РМП. Залежно від можливостей регламентації їх впливу на ринок виділено чотири групи: «постійно діючі», «довготривалі», «перемінні» та «чинники стрімкого формування та розвитку» РМП. Здійснено класифікацію чинників на загальні і специфічні. Специфічні поділено на формальні і тіньові у розрізі таких груп – політико-правових та адміністративних, геополітичних, інституційноінформаційних, економічних, соціально-захисних, культурно-історичних та етнодемографічних. Розкрито особливості впливу зазначених чинників на РМП в Україні з зазначенням особливостей в інших країнах.Вивчено основні положення теорій, що формують методологію дослідження РМП. Сформульовано алгоритм дослідження РМП, який включає: аналіз обсягу (місткості) ринку в межах конкретної території; дослідження структури ринку; оцінку попиту та пропозиції на ринку; аналіз міграційної послуги; оцінка рівня конкуренції на ринку. Узагальнено структурно-логічну схему етапності дослідження РМП.Проаналізовано міграційні тенденції та середовищні умови розвитку РМП в Україні. Особливу увагу зосереджено на проблемі науково-методологічного та інформаційного забезпечення аналізу РМП. Розходження в експертних оцінках зовнішньої трудової міграції зумовили проведення власних розрахунків кількості українських трудових мігрантів за кордоном. На основі авторських підрахунків мінімальним середовищем формування вітчизняного РМП є близько 5 млн українських трудових мігрантів щороку.Представлено результати авторського експертного опитування українських трудових мігрантів, на основі якого підтверджено гіпотезу про існування динамічного РМП в Україні. Відзначено поширену практику наших співвітчизників користування послугами посередників для організації міграційного процесу. При цьому домінує переважання неліцензованих суб'єктів-надавачів міграційних послуг, а також низький рівень задоволеності респондентів послугами посередників.Визначено категорію державних інститутів-суб'єктів, які формують інституційне середовище функціонування РМП в Україні. При цьому проаналізовано діяльність Державної міграційної служби, ДП «Документ», ЦНАПів, консульств та візових центрів. Зокрема, тривалий моніторинг ситуації засвідчив наявність значних розбіжностей функціонування цих структур. Суттєвою відмінністю в якості надання міграційних послуг зазначеними структурами є різні стандарти безпосереднього обслуговування громадян. Зрештою, всебічна оцінка проблеми дала підстави стверджувати, що сьогочасні темпи покращення функціонування відповідних державних структур не відповідають сучасним вимогам РМП.Запропоновано авторський концептуальний підхід до регулювання РМП України із врахуванням регіональної специфіки його реалізації. Головними пріоритетами ідейного документу «концепції» визначено чотири цілі: 1) легалізація РМП; 2) забезпечення якості міграційних послуг; 3) розвиток системи контролю якості міграційних послуг з боку громадянського суспільства; 4) децентралізація та дерегулювання ринку в умовах досягнення стабільності. Наголошено, що концепція має кореспондуватись з іншими концептуальними і стратегічними нормативами розвитку держави.Обґрунтовано практичні рекомендації щодо удосконалення функціонування і регулювання РМП в Україні. Виконання окремих з них передбачає створення та забезпечення впродовж найближчого часу інформаційно-матеріальної бази для якісного дослідження процесів на РМП. Інші пропозиції стосуються підвищення якості надання державних міграційних послуг.Запропоновано варіант легалізації та ліцензування існуючих неофіційних посередників на РМП. Відзначається, що в Україні вкрай важливо посилити увагу державних органів влади до практики укладання міжурядових двосторонніх трудових угод. Даний аспект особливо актуальний в контексті активізації позиції ролі держави в захисті прав українських мігрантів. Запропоновано впровадження регуляторного інструменту «державна міграційна облігація» з метою ефективізації залучення і використання міграційного капіталу на розвиток національної економіки. Сформульовані умови успішного запуску інструменту. Поруч з міграційними облігаціями уряд може запропонувати додатковий перелік державних інвестиційних проектів. Таким чином передбачається глибша інклюзія держави у міграційні процеси, що дозволить організувати кращу систему взаєморозуміння держави та її громадян, які наразі налаштовані на здійснення транскордонних переміщень.