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Source at: http://doi.org/10.17238/issn2221-2698.2017.27.117 ; The article focuses on Sámi history and historical methods. The main results and central aspects of Sámi history, in its relational context, are gone through. What effects and consequences — regarding both methodology and narrative styles — these aspects have had, and ought to have, for the processes of doing research on and writing Sámi history? The focus is on the politics of Sámi history and research. The issues, who is "allowed" to write Sámi history and the way Sámi research is demanded to stand in the service of different societal-cultural needs of the Sámi is dealt with. This expectation of applicability concerns Sámi history in general, and the more delimited efforts of presenting situated accounts of Sámi cultural practices, traditions and experience with relations to other folk groups. Finally, methodological considerations and recommendations of Sámi history are presented, in which a number of methodological competences and in-depth usage of numerous source categories are called for.

Acknowledgments: Possession by Three Spirits -- Introduction: The Dialogic Enterprise of Women in Changing Social Contexts -- pt. 1. Women in the Market. Ch. 1. In the Place of the Market. Ch. 2. Shtara: Competence in Cleverness. Ch. 3. Words of Possession, Possession of Words: The Majduba. Ch. 4. Words About Herbs: Feminine Performance of Oratory in the Marketplace. Ch. 5. Reporting the New, Revoicing the Past: Marketplace Oratory and the Carnivalesque -- pt. 2. Gender on the Market. Ch. 6. Women on the Market: The Subversive Bride. Ch. 7. Catering to the Sexual Market: Female Performers Defining the Social Body. Ch. 8. Property in the (Other) Person: Mothers-in-Law, Working Women, and Maids. Ch. 9. Terms of Talking Back: Women's Discourse on Magic. Ch. 10. Conclusion: Hybridization and the Marketplace -- Appendix 1: Discourse of the Majduba -- Appendix 2: Discourse of the 'Ashshaba

Abstract Background Little is known about the gains and losses associated with the implementation of undergraduate competency-based medical education. Therefore, we compared knowledge acquisition, clinical performance and perceived preparedness for practice of students from a competency-based active learning (CBAL) curriculum and a prior active learning (AL) curriculum. Methods We included two cohorts of both the AL curriculum (n = 453) and the CBAL curriculum (n = 372). Knowledge acquisition was determined by benchmarking each cohort on 24 interuniversity progress tests against parallel cohorts of two other medical schools. Differences in knowledge acquisition were determined comparing the number of times CBAL and AL cohorts scored significantly higher or lower on progress tests. Clinical performance was operationalized as students' mean clerkship grade. Perceived preparedness for practice was assessed using a survey. Results The CBAL cohorts demonstrated relatively lower knowledge acquisition than the AL cohorts during the first study years, but not at the end of their studies. We found no significant differences in clinical performance. Concerning perceived preparedness for practice we found no significant differences except that students from the CBAL curriculum felt better prepared for 'putting a patient problem in a broad context of political, sociological, cultural and economic factors' than students from the AL curriculum. Conclusions Our data do not support the assumption that competency-based education results in graduates who are better prepared for medical practice. More research is needed before we can draw generalizable conclusions on the potential of undergraduate competency-based medical education.

BACKGROUND: Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly recognized as an integral component of the health workforce needed to achieve public health goals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many factors intersect to influence CHW performance. A systematic review with a narrative analysis was conducted to identify contextual factors influencing performance of CHWs. METHODS: We searched six databases for quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that included CHWs working in promotional, preventive or curative primary health care services in LMICs. We differentiated CHW performance outcome measures at two levels: CHW level and end-user level. Ninety-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were double read to extract data relevant to the context of CHW programmes. Thematic coding was conducted and evidence on five main categories of contextual factors influencing CHW performance was synthesized. RESULTS: Few studies had the influence of contextual factors on CHW performance as their primary research focus. Contextual factors related to community (most prominently), economy, environment, and health system policy and practice were found to influence CHW performance. Socio-cultural factors (including gender norms and values and disease related stigma), safety and security and education and knowledge level of the target group were community factors that influenced CHW performance. Existence of a CHW policy, human resource policy legislation related to CHWs and political commitment were found to be influencing factors within the health system policy context. Health system practice factors included health service functionality, human resources provisions, level of decision-making, costs of health services, and the governance and coordination structure. All contextual factors can interact to shape CHW performance and affect the performance of CHW interventions or programmes. CONCLUSIONS: Research on CHW programmes often does not capture or explicitly discuss the context in which CHW interventions take place. This synthesis situates and discusses the influence of context on CHW and programme performance. Future health policy and systems research should better address the complexity of contextual influences on programmes. This insight can help policy makers and programme managers to develop CHW interventions that adequately address and respond to context to optimise performance.

This dissertation is based on ethnographic research in Florence, Italy. The primary focus of this research is based on a comparison of medical discourse from Italian State documents with women's experiences during pregnancy and childbirth in Italy. Mirroring trends throughout the developed world, Italy has maintained high rates of cesarean sections since the turn of the century. Italy's unique political and cultural history has made Tuscany one of the best regions for maternity care within a country with significant regional variability. This dissertation looks at historical and current cultural trends to understand the ways in which women experience high-quality maternity care in Florence. This dissertation interrogates women's experiences during pregnancy and childbirth through the theoretical lenses of political philosophy, agency and practice theory, and the medicalization of reproduction. This dissertation provides new avenues through which to draw connections between these three social theories. Medical discourse in the State documents demonstrates the ways in which women's subjectivities and experiences are erased in an effort create a population upon which it is (theoretically) easier to enact interventions. Discourse ignores women's agency in favor of implying that doctors and healthcare professionals are far more important actors in pregnancy and childbirth. But Italian women assert their own agency against medicalized birth through their reproductive socialities. By making connections with other mothers and midwives, women find support beyond medicalized models of maternity care. Local hospitals and healthcare clinics become sites that foster reproductive sociality. Women seek out care from healthcare professionals, primarily midwives, not due to their medical competence but due to their ability to create relationships with their patients. Midwives are part of what makes hospitals the ideal place for birth; a safe haven from the potential risk of birth. This idealization of birth, however, often gives way to less than desired care, demonstrating the fractures and inconsistencies in the way midwifery-based care is perceived. These fractures and inconsistencies are also seen in how women conceive of healthcare throughout the country. Women themselves simultaneously value and devalue their own socialities. Women's discussion of the Italian healthcare system demonstrates how deep-seated ideologies of rationalist medical behaviors and stereotypes about the South. Women afford flexibility in departing from ideal modes of birth in their own decisions, but do not afford women the same flexibility in the South. Medicalized rhetoric seeps into deep seated beliefs about the South, demonstrating that women's own positive experiences are not always valued as a means to achieving quality healthcare. Through analyzing the connection medical discourse and women's reproductive sociality, I demonstrate the tenuousness with which experience is valued.

"The End of American Childhood takes a sweeping look at the history of American childhood and parenting, from the nation's founding to the present day. Renowned historian Paula Fass shows how, since the beginning of the American republic, independence, self-definition, and individual success have informed Americans' attitudes toward children. But as parents today hover over every detail of their children's lives, are the qualities that once made American childhood special still desired or possible? Placing the experiences of children and parents against the backdrop of social, political, and cultural shifts, Fass challenges Americans to reconnect with the beliefs that set the American understanding of childhood apart from the rest of the world. Fass examines how freer relationships between American children and parents transformed the national culture, altered generational relationships among immigrants, helped create a new science of child development, and promoted a revolution in modern schooling. She looks at the childhoods of icons including Margaret Mead and Ulysses S. Grant--who as an eleven-year-old, was in charge of his father's fields and explored his rural Ohio countryside. Fass also features less well-known children like ten-year-old Rose Cohen, who worked in the drudgery of nineteenth-century factories. Bringing readers into the present, Fass argues that current American conditions and policies have made adolescence socially irrelevant and altered children's road to maturity, while parental oversight threatens children's competence and initiative. Showing how American parenting has been firmly linked to historical changes, The End of American Childhood considers what implications this might hold for the nation's future"--

"The Global Intercultural Communication Reader is the first anthology to take a distinctly non-Eurocentric approach to the study of culture and communication. In this expanded second edition, editors Molefi Kete Asante, Yoshitaka Miike, and Jing Yin bring together thirty-two essential readings for students of cross-cultural, intercultural, and international communication. This stand-out collection aims to broaden and deepen the scope of the field by placing an emphasis on diversity, including work from authors across the globe examining the processes and politics of intercultural communication from critical, historical, and indigenous perspectives. The collection covers a wide range of topics: the emergence and evolution of the field; issues and challenges in cross-cultural and intercultural inquiry; cultural wisdom and communication practices in context; identity and intercultural competence in a multicultural society; the effects of globalization; and ethical considerations. Many readings first appeared outside the mainstream Western academy and offer diverse theoretical lenses on culture and communication practices in the world community. Organized into five themed sections for easy classroom use, The Global Intercultural Communication Reader includes a detailed bibliography that will be a crucial resource for today's students of intercultural communication."--

The cardinal change of the technological and socio-economic paradigm all around the world makes investigations related to the problems of professional self-determination of the younger generation extremely topical. In the conditions of economic and cultural globalisation, an important component of the professional competence of university graduates is the ability to realise their professional skills and present developed projects in the English-language media space. The article reveals methodological possibilities of the project activity in the ESP course as a pedagogic support for the socio-professional self-determination of students in a non-linguistic university. It determines principles and methods of using specialised Internet resources for developing educational projects in English that contribute to students' professional self-determination and their social adaptation in the international professional community. The authors suggest a typological classification of practice-oriented projects that can be implemented in the ESP course – informational (abstract-review), analytical (historical, socio-cultural, cross-cultural and other research projects) and creative (creation of an original content – design, models, technological solutions, etc.). It is concluded that the project activity in the ESP course, the results of which can be included in the professional portfolio, is a significant element of socio-professional self-determination of students of a non-linguistic university.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine how the effectiveness of delegation as a management practice is impacted by various factors such as manager cognition, perceived subordinate competence, and cultural differences. This research may help global business leaders to better understand how cultural differences may impact managerial functions and how to manage culturally diverse employees.Design/methodology/approach– This paper is based upon a conceptual discussion of delegation as it has been studied in the past and a reflection on the ways in which past research can usefully inform current trends in the use of delegation as a management practice.Findings– A model is proposed that suggests that the effectiveness of delegation in a local context is a function of the global leader's cognitions and perceptions of their subordinates. Further, it suggests that this relationship is moderated by the local cultural context in that some cultures may be opposed to being delegated authority.Research limitations/implications– This paper presents a conceptual framework and therefore empirical applicability of this model must be proven.Originality/value– Delegation is an under-researched management practice. This paper contributes to the delegation literature by exploring its value to management in a global context.

[EN] For some time, it has been considered the need to approach the educational experience to the student sociocultural reality in the context of a classroom in Higher Education. This need is even more evident in the context of international exchange programs, in which the main objective is precisely to provide a space for mutual enrichment between the student's culture of origin and the host culture. In this sense, the "Grup d'Acompanyament Lingüístic" (GRUPal) works to promote the intercultural dialogue that inevitably and spontaneously takes place in and outside the classroom. The purpose of this paper is to present a didactic intervention based on inclusion and cooperative exchange as ways of bringing cultures together by reflecting on the euphemistic component of language and its politically correct dimension. ; [ES] De un tiempo a esta parte se viene considerando la necesidad de acercar la experiencia educativa a la realidad sociocultural del estudiante en el contexto del aula de Educación Superior. Esta necesidad se hace más evidente en el marco de los programas internacionales de intercambio, cuya razón de ser reside, precisamente, en conformarse como un espacio de enriquecimiento mutuo entre la cultura de origen del estudiante y la cultura que lo acoge. En este sentido, desde GRUPal (Grup d'Acompanyament Lingüístic) se trabaja para propiciar ese diálogo intercultural que, de forma inevitable y espontánea, se produce en el aula y fuera de ella. El propósito de esta comunicación es el de presentar una intervención didáctica basada en la inclusión y en el intercambio cooperativo como formas de aproximar culturas a partir de la reflexión sobre el componente eufemístico del lenguaje y de su dimensión políticamente correcta. ; Proyecto de Innovación Educativa con referencia UV-SFPIE_PID20-1353392, concedido por el Vicerectorat d'Ocupació i Programes Formatius de la Universitat de València. ; Vicente Llavata, S.; Carmona Rodríguez, C. (2021). La dimensión social del lenguaje como una oportunidad educativa para ...

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Table of Contents -- Body -- Introduction -- I. Social categories perspective in sectoral policy -- Izabela Kaźmierczak-Kałużna / Magdalena Pokrzyńska: The program "Family 500+" as an instrument of changing family policy in Poland -- Introduction -- Economic effects of the "Family 500+" program -- "Family 500+" as a pro-natalist program -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Beata Springer: Governmental religious administration in Poland. Local level -- Introduction -- The Voivode - powers in the field of religious matters -- Summary -- Bibliography -- Normative acts -- Beata Trzop / Maria Zielińska: Youth policy in Poland - the dispersion of competences in the context of complexity of contemporary youth problems -- Introduction -- Youth as a social category -- Youth policy, or what? -- Problems of contemporary youth in the light of social research - overview -- Youth policy - the dispersion of competences -- Instead of a summary -- Bibliography -- Legal acts, government strategies, references to websites of particular ministries -- Marzanna Farnicka: Educational institutions - their goals, organization and functioning. The Polish road of change -- Introduction -- The idea of network development of educational systems -- Cultural level: assumptions about the organization of educational institutions -- Changes in Poland: goals, organization and functioning of educational institutions -- Creating conditions for the functioning of educational institutions (institutional dimension) -- Creating conditions for the functioning of educational institutions - social dimension -- Creating conditions for the functioning of educational institutions - participation of non-governmental institutions -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Magdalena Zapotoczna: The entrepreneurship imperative in educational policy of Poland.

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1. The Survival of the Most Cultured -- 1.1 The nature of culture -- 1.2 Cultural diversity -- 1.3 Diversity pathways -- 1.4 Globalization -- 2. The Evolving Culture -- 2.1 The metaphorical tree of culture -- 2.2 The change in culture -- 2.3 The inverted pyramid model -- 2.4 Culture and international business -- 3. Stereotype - A Necessary Evil -- 3.1 Stereotype -- 3.2 Prejudice -- 3.3 Strategies for living with stereotypes and reducing prejudices -- 4. Non-Verbal Communication - How You Make Them Feel -- 4.1 The role of non-verbal communication -- 4.2 The role of context in non-verbal communication -- 4.3 Context in setting: time and space -- 4.4 Context from the body -- 4.5 The limitations of non-verbal communication -- 5. A Taxonomy Of Diversity -- 5.1 Group attachment -- 5.2 Hierarchy acceptance -- 5.3 Gender association -- 5.4 Uncertainty avoidance -- 5.5 Time orientation -- 6. Intercultural Competence - Creating Yourself -- 6.1 Seeking similarity -- 6.2 Acculturation -- 6.3 Intercultural competence -- 7. Diversity management and inclusion -- 7.1 The drivers and dimensions of workforce diversity -- 7.2 The benefits of a diverse workforce -- 7.3 The challenges of diversity -- 7.4 Strategies for diversity -- To the readers -- 7 takeaways from this book -- Up and coming book from the same author -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Geography, Culture and Religion.

The spiritual, scientific and cultural potential of society have always been the driving force of sustainable development, which determines the economic competitiveness of any state. Today we are witnessing a race of "digital armament", in which human rights are becoming less and less valuable, including intellectual property rights, which are systematically subjected to cyber-attacks by "data thieves". In this race, both IT giants and users with a high degree of digital literacy are driven by the maxim "purpose excuses the means", namely they admit that they may violate the limits of privacy, the limits of the principle of confidentiality, the limits of data integrity, the safety of persons, the limits of private property, including intellectual property, and all these in the name of profit. Under these conditions, the development of an efficient ecosystem for guaranteeing intellectual property rights, adapted to meet the challenges of the digital economy, requires both a strengthened regulatory environment and better competences. In this context, this article aims to address digital education, both as a mandatory requirement and objective to be achieved in the process of human adaptation to the challenges of the digital revolution, and as a strategy, whose concrete steps would ensure better protection of intellectual property rights, through the digital competences it forms.

Contemporary democracy requires rethinking on the normative level and certain changes in the institutional and cultural dimensions. To this end, we should start by revising our perception of the public sphere and the role that citizens have to play in it. First of all, it should be emphasized that the public sphere is composed of various citizens' forums, which should be effectively included in the political decision-making process. New institutional solutions must ensure the free flow of information between citizens and take into account different, even minority points of view, because democracy, if it is not to be exclusive, cannot be limited only to formal representation and closed, top-defined forms of discourse. In fact, people are unequal in terms of their civic competences, both in terms of their individual characteristics, as well as their social position, and democracy should neutralize these inequalities. These problems cannot be solved on purely theoretical grounds. Indeed, the clash of different views and arguments in the political debate is a constitutive element of politics, and therefore they have to be negotiated in practice by actual citizens. The lack of such solutions and, consequently, the experiences enabling the development of civic competences, not only result in a crisis of democracy, but also lead to the negation of the very essence of politics.

This research explores how global cosmetic players sense emerging market demand for new technologies and products, seize opportunities through the acquisition of core competencies that they needed, and transform their global value chain. The aim of this paper to assess the prerequisites of reciprocal synergies in merger and acquisition (M&A) deals pursuing global growth. To achieve this aim, the author asked a research question: what is the best way to measure the competence-based synergies as added market value in M&A deals? To answer this question, the author researched the latest theoretical findings on the antecedents of synergy in the merger and acquisition processes. The valuation of reciprocal synergies with real options was discussed with a focus on input variables' values. Based on in-depth content analysis, the ARCTIC (A—Advantage, R—Relatedness, C—Complexity of Competence, T—Time of Integration, I—Implementation Plan, C—Cultural Fit) framework was developed and tested. The author selected three case studies to test the methodology empirically, namely, L'Oréal's Body Shop acquisition in 2006 and divestiture in 2017, the acquisition of The Body Shop by Brazilian's Natura Group in 2017, and the acquisition of Avon Products by Natura that was announced in 2019. The model for the valuation of reciprocal synergies used and discussed real options with a special focus on input variables' values.