We show that the clustering coefficient, a standard measure in network theory, when applied to flow networks, i.e., graph representations of fluid flows in which links between nodes represent fluid transport between spatial regions, identifies approximate locations of periodic trajectories in the flow system. This is true for steady flows and for periodic ones in which the time interval τ used to construct the network is the period of the flow or a multiple of it. In other situations, the clustering coefficient still identifies cyclic motion between regions of the fluid. Besides the fluid context, these ideas apply equally well to general dynamical systems. By varying the value of τ used to construct the network, a kind of spectroscopy can be performed so that the observation of high values of mean clustering at a value of τ reveals the presence of periodic orbits of period 3τ , which impact phase space significantly. These results are illustrated with examples of increasing complexity, namely, a steady and a periodically perturbed model two-dimensional fluid flow, the three-dimensional Lorenz system, and the turbulent surface flow obtained from a numerical model of circulation in the Mediterranean sea. The Lagrangian description of fluid dynamics, which focuses on the motion of the fluid particles as they are advected by the flow, provides a useful bridge between the theory of dynamical systems and the analysis of fluid transport and mixing, so that techniques and results can be transferred from one field to the other. Modern network theory has also been brought into contact with fluid dynamics and dynamical systems through the concept of flow networks, in which the motion of fluid particles between different regions is represented by links in a graph. In this paper, we use the flow network framework to show that the clustering coefficient, a standard measure in network theory, identifies periodic orbits, fundamental objects in the theory of dynamical systems, and is also of importance in the context of fluid motion. ; We acknowledge the financial support from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional under grants LAOP, CTM2015-66407-P (MINECO/FEDER) and ESOTECOS projects FIS2015-63628-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER), FIS2015-63628-C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER), and from the program "Investissements d'Avenir" launched by the French Government and implemented by ANR under grants ANR-10-LABX-54 MEMOLIFE and ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* Research University. ; No
Una de las tareas más urgentes de la filosofía de la educación contemporánea es determinar el sentido social de la educación en un mundo progresivamente dominado por las técnicas de gestión propias del ámbito empresarial. El presente artículo trata de llevar a cabo una reflexión en la que se pone a prueba si la educación ha de perseguir únicamente el desarrollo de capacidades o si, por el contrario, ha de implicar también un ejercicio de transformación del educando. Para ello, se define el concepto de educación poiética utilizando como marco teórico la obra del último Foucault, a partir de la cual se discute la potencia ethopolítica y ethopoiética de la educación. Desde esa perspectiva, se analizan los preámbulos de las últimas leyes educativas españolas con el fin de establecer qué concepto de educación han tratado de implementar los legisladores en las distintas reformas llevadas a cabo./n ; One of the most urgent tasks of contemporary philosophy of education is to establish the social meaning of education in a world gradually dominated by management techniques typical of the business field. This article intends to carry out a reflection testing if education must only pursue to develop capacities or if, on the contrary, it should imply a pupil's transformation process. In order to do that the concept of poiethic education is defined, employing as a theoretical framework Foucault's last work, and using it as departing point to discuss ethopolitic and ethopoiethic capacity of education. From this point of view, preambles of the last educational Spanish laws are analyzed to determine which concept of education legislators tried to implement through the different reforms they carried out. ; L'une des plus importantes tâches de l'actuelle philosophie de l'éducation est de déterminer le sens social de l'éducation dans un monde progressivement dominé par des techniques propres du milieu patronal. Cet article essaye de réaliser une réflexion grâce à laquelle mettre à l'épreuve si l'éducation doit poursuivre uniquement le développement de capacités ou si, bien au contraire, doit impliquer aussi un exercice de transformation de l'élève. Pour ce faire, on définit le concept d'éducation poïétique, employant comme cadre théorique l'ouvrage du dernier Foucault, à partir de lequel est discutée la puissance ethopolitique et ethopoïétique de l'éducation. De ce point de vue, on analyse les préambules des dernières lois espagnoles sur l'éducation pour déterminer quel concept d'éducation ont essayé d'instaurer les législateurs grâce à les différentes reformes menées à bien.
Background and Aims Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is currently used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, while insulin has been relegated to research. Both, however, may help understanding the metabolic syndrome and profiling patients. We examined the association of HbA1c and fasting insulin with clustering of metabolic syndrome criteria and insulin resistance as two essential characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Methods We used baseline data from 3200 non-diabetic male participants in the Aragon Workers' Health Study. We conducted analysis to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) across tertiles of HbA1c and insulin. Fasting glucose and Homeostatic model assessment - Insulin Resistance were used as reference. Here we report the uppermost-to-lowest tertile ORs (95\% CI). Results Mean age (SD) was 48.5 (8.8) years and 23\% of participants had metabolic syndrome. The ORs for metabolic syndrome criteria tended to be higher across HbA1c than across glucose, except for high blood pressure. Insulin was associated with the criteria more strongly than HbA1c and similarly to Homeostatic model assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). For metabolic syndrome, the OR of HbA1c was 2.68, of insulin, 11.36, of glucose, 7.03, and of HOMA-IR, 14.40. For the clustering of 2 or more non-glycemic criteria, the OR of HbA1c was 2.10, of insulin, 8.94, of glucose, 1.73, and of HOMA-IR, 7.83. All ORs were statistically significant. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves for metabolic syndrome were 0.670 (across HbA1c values) and 0.770 (across insulin values), and, for insulin resistance, 0.647 (HbA1c) and 0.995 (insulin). Among non-metabolic syndrome patients, a small insulin elevation identified risk factor clustering. Conclusions HbA1c and specially insulin levels were associated with metabolic syndrome criteria, their clustering, and insulin resistance. Insulin could provide early information in subjects prone to develop metabolic syndrome. ; M. Laclaustra was supported in part by grant FIS CP08/00112 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Y. Hurtado-Roca was supported by Scholarship No 088-FINCyT-BDE-2014 from Peruvian government. This study was supported in part by grants PI14/00009, PI12/01087, PI12/01703, PI10/00021 (Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III), co-funding by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER 2007-2013), and RETIC RIC RD12/0042/0055 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Sí
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al. ; [Background]: The leishmaniases are a complex of neglected tropical diseases caused by more than 20 Leishmania parasite species, for which available therapeutic arsenal is scarce and unsatisfactory. Pentavalent antimonials (SbV) are currently the first-line pharmacologic therapy for leishmaniasis worldwide, but resistance to these compounds is increasingly reported. Alkyl-lysophospoholipid analogs (ALPs) constitute a family of compounds with antileishmanial activity, and one of its members, miltefosine, has been approved as the first oral treatment for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, its clinical use can be challenged by less impressive efficiency in patients infected with some Leishmania species, including L. braziliensis and L. mexicana, and by proneness to develop drug resistance in vitro. [Methodology/Principal Findings]: We found that ALPs ranked edelfosine.perifosine.miltefosine.erucylphosphocholine for their antileishmanial activity and capacity to promote apoptosis-like parasitic cell death in promastigote and amastigote forms of distinct Leishmania spp., as assessed by proliferation and flow cytometry assays. Effective antileishmanial ALP concentrations were dependent on both the parasite species and their development stage. Edelfosine accumulated in and killed intracellular Leishmania parasites within macrophages. In vivo antileishmanial activity was demonstrated following oral treatment with edelfosine of mice and hamsters infected with L. major, L. panamensis or L. braziliensis, without any significant side-effect. Edelfosine also killed SbV-resistant Leishmania parasites in in vitro and in vivo assays, and required longer incubation times than miltefosine to generate drug resistance. [Conclusions/Significance]: Our data reveal that edelfosine is the most potent ALP in killing different Leishmania spp., and it is less prone to lead to drug resistance development than miltefosine. Edelfosine is effective in killing Leishmania in culture and within macrophages, as well as in animal models infected with different Leishmania spp. and SbV-resistant parasites. Our results indicate that edelfosine is a promising orally administered antileishmanial drug for clinical evaluation. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2008-02251; SAF2011-30518; RD06/0020/1037 from Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, cofunded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional of the European Union; and TRA2009-0275), European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7-2007-2013 (grant HEALTH-F2-2011-256986), Junta de Castilla y León (CSI052A11-2; GR15-Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program) and Spain-UK International Joint Project grant from The Royal Society-CSIC (2004GB0032). ; Peer reviewed
Results from several studies show that only obese, unfit subjects, but not obese, fit subjects, are at higher mortality risk than are normal-weight fit subjects. The aim of the study was two-fold: (1) to examine the differences in C-reactive protein levels across different metabolic phenotypes (healthy and unhealthy) of weight status and (2) ascertain whether high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) attenuate the association of C-reactive protein and metabolic phenotypes of weight status. This was a pooled study, which included data from three cross-sectional projects (1706 youth (921 girls) aged 12–18 years). We used a Shuttle run test to assess CRF. Adolescents were classified into six metabolic phenotypes (healthy and unhealthy) of weight status (non-overweight, overweight and obese), based on age-and sex-specific cutoff points for triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, glucose and body mass index. High-sensitivity assays were used to obtain the C-reactive protein as inflammatory biomarker. After adjustment for potential confounders (age, sex, pubertal stage and country), the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) shows that C-reactive protein is directly associated with metabolic phenotypes of weight status. Subjects with obesity, regardless of their metabolic profile, had higher levels of C-reactive protein Z-score. In addition, (after adjustments for potential confounders) a two-way ANCOVA showed that high levels of CRF attenuated the associations of C-reactive protein levels in metabolic healthy nonoverweight and in adolescents with obesity. In conclusion, higher CRF levels may attenuate the detrimental association between obesity and C-reactive protein independently of metabolic phenotype. Findings from this study are important for prevention, clinical practice on issues associated with adiposity and metabolic disorders. ; The Research Centre on Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL) is supported by UID/DTP/00617/2013 (FCT). R.S. has a Discovery Early Career Research Award from the Australian Research Council (DE150101921). The FUPRECOL Study was carried out with the financial support of Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 'Francisco José de Caldas' COLCIENCIAS (Contract Nº 671-2014 Code 122265743978). This study was funded by the Department of Education (Grand number: CENEDUCA1/2019) of the Government of Navarra (Spain). A.G.-H. is a Miguel Servet Fellow (Instituto de Salud Carlos III—CP18/0150). R.R.-V. is funded in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship Resolution ID 420/2019 of the Universidad Pública de Navarra.
Circulating microparticles (cMPs) are small phospholipid-rich microvesicles shed by activated cells that play a pivotal role in cell signalling related to the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of cMPs released from different vascular cells for cardiovascular event (CVE) presentation in asymptomatic patients at high cardiovascular risk factors under nutritional and pharmacologic treatment. This is a nested case-control study of 50 patients from the five-year follow-up prospective PREDIMED trial enrolled in the nuts arm of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet-nuts). We randomly selected 25 patients who had suffered a CVE during follow-up and pair-matched them for sex, age, and classical CV risk factors to 25 patients who remained asymptomatic (no-CVE). Total Annexin V-(AV)+ cMPs and cMPs from cells of the vascular compartment were quantified by flow cytometry at baseline and after one year follow-up. MedDiet-nuts and pharmacological treatment neither modified levels nor source of MP shedding in CVE patients. However, no-CVE patients showed 40-86 % decreased total AV+, PAC-1+/AV+, CD61+/AV+, CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD62P+/AV+, CD146+/AV+, CD63+/AV+ and CD11a+/AV+ cMPs at one year follow-up (p≤0.046, all). CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD146+/AV+ and CD45+/AV+ cMPs were decreased in no-CVE patients compared to CVE patients. A ROC-curve clustered model for CD142+/CD61+/AV+, CD45+/AV+ and CD146+/AV+ cMPs predicted a future CVE [p<0.0001, AUC=0.805 (0.672 to 0.938)]. In patients at high CV risk profile treated with a controlled MedDiet supplemented with nuts and receiving up-to-date CV drug treatment, reduced cMPs derived from activated platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells are predictive of protection against CVE within the next four years. ; GC-B is a Sara Borrell Postdoctoral Fellow (CD13/00023) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III. This work has been possible thanks to funding received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013-2016, SAF2013-42962-R, to LB), from the Cardiovascular Research Network of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RIC, RD12/0042/0027 to LB; SAF2012-40208 to GV) and from CIBER CB06/03 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, (CIBERobn, RD06/0045 to RE). All grants were co-financed by European Union Funds, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) "Una manera de hacer Europa."
Seafood consumption during pregnancy is thought to be beneficial for child neuropsychological development, but to our knowledge no large cohort studies with high fatty fish consumption have analyzed the association by seafood subtype. We evaluated 1,892 and 1,589 mother-child pairs at the ages of 14 months and 5 years, respectively, in a population-based Spanish birth cohort established during 2004-2008. Bayley and McCarthy scales and the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test were used to assess neuropsychological development. Results from multivariate linear regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and further adjusted for umbilical cord blood mercury or long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Overall, consumption of seafood above the recommended limit of 340 g/week was associated with 10-g/week increments in neuropsychological scores. By subtype, in addition to lean fish, consumption of large fatty fish showed a positive association; offspring of persons within the highest quantile (>238 g/week) had an adjusted increase of 2.29 points in McCarthy general cognitive score (95% confidence interval: 0.42, 4.16). Similar findings were observed for the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test. Beta coefficients diminished 15%-30% after adjustment for mercury or long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Consumption of large fatty fish during pregnancy presents moderate child neuropsychological benefits, including improvements in cognitive functioning and some protection from autism-spectrum traits. ; This study was funded by grants from the Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) (Infancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Network grants G03/176 and CB06/02/0041 and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS) grants FIS-PI041436, FIS-PI081151, FIS-PI042018, FIS-PI09/02311, FIS-PI06/0867, FIS-PS09/00090, FIS-PI03/1615, FIS-PI04/1509, FIS-PI04/1112, FIS-PI04/1931, FIS-PI05/1079, FIS-PI05/1052, FIS-PI06/1213, FIS-PI07/0314, FIS-PI09/02647, FIS-13/02429, FIS-PI13/1944, FIS-PI13/2032, and CP14/00108); the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional; the Generalitat de Catalunya-Consejo Interdepartamental de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (grant 1999SGR 00241); Juan de la Cierva (grant 2011-09771-MICINN); the Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana 1 (grants 048/2010 and 060/2010); the Universidad de Oviedo, Obra Social Cajastur, Department of Health of the Basque Government (grants 2005111093 and 2009111069); the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (grants DFG06/004 and DFG08/001); and the Fundación Roger Torné. Miguel Servet fellowships (MS13/00054 and MS14/00108) were awarded to M.G. and J.J. by the Spanish Institute of Health Carlos III.
The article traces the trajectory of the Movimiento pro Universidad del Norte (MUN) [Pro-Northern University Movement] founded in late 1968 in the city of Salto in northern Uruguay, with the aim of pushing for the establishment of a university in the region to serve as an alternative to that of Montevideo. With Uruguay mired in a grave economic, social and political crisis and a debate running between the Executive Office and the Universidad de la República on the future of higher education, the movement reconfigured one of Salto's long-standing demands. This demand had originally united various social and political sectors that lacked affiliation to a political party, as a banner for groups that ended up supporting the shift to authoritarianism over time. It also relied on the support of the department's driving forces, professional corporations, local administrators and representatives of the departmental government linked to conservative sectors of the traditional parties. Among its adherents, it is worth mentioning radical right-wing student organization Juventud Salteña de Pie (JSP), a direct antecedent of Juventud Uruguaya de Pie (JUP) created in October 1970, due to its subsequent relevance. National backing came from various political actors and groups as well as right-wing media entities. The MUN also inspired intense mobilization among regional and national bodies to the point that it gained the backing of Jorge Pacheco Areco's government. For these sectors, the founding of another state university constituted an opportunity to impose an institutional-political model different to that which prevailed in the Universidad de la República. ; El artículo que se presenta reconstruye la trayectoria del Movimiento pro Universidad del Norte (MUN) fundado, a fines de 1968, en la ciudad de Salto, al norte del país, con el objetivo de promover la instalación en esa región de una universidad concebida como alternativa a la de Montevideo. Mientras Uruguay atravesaba una grave crisis económica, social y política, y en el marco de las discusiones entre el Poder Ejecutivo y la Universidad de la República sobre el futuro de la educación superior, este movimiento reconvirtió una antigua reivindicación salteña, en la que originalmente habían confluido diversos sectores sociales y políticos y que carecía de adscripción político-partidaria, en una bandera de los grupos que terminaron apoyando el giro autoritario de los años. Se nutrió del apoyo de las 'fuerzas vivas" del departamento, corporaciones profesionales, dirigentes locales y representantes del gobierno departamental vinculados a los sectores conservadores de los partidos tradicionales. Entre sus adherentes cabe destacar, por su relevancia posterior, a la organización estudiantil de derecha radical, Juventud Salteña de Pie (JSP), antecedente directo de la Juventud Uruguaya de Pie (JUP) creada en octubre de 1970. A nivel nacional fue respaldado por diversos actores y grupos políticos así como órganos de prensa de derecha. El MUN, además, llevó adelante una intensa movilización de proyecciones regionales y nacionales al punto que obtuvo el respaldo del gobierno de Jorge Pacheco Areco. Para estos sectores la fundación de otra universidad pública constituyó una oportunidad de imponer un modelo político-institucional diferente al que prevalecía en la Universidad de la República. ; Cet article retrace la trajectoire du Movimiento pro Universidad del Norte (Mouvement pro Université du Nord - MUN), fondé fin 1968 dans la ville de Salto, dans le nord de l'Uruguay, dans le but de promouvoir l'installation dans cette région d'une université qui puisse représenter une alternative à celle de Montevideo. Tandis que le pays traversait une grave crise économique, sociale et politique, et à la suite de discussions entre le Pouvoir exécutif et l'Université de République sur le futur de l'enseignement supérieur, ce mouvement transformait une ancienne revendication locale, qui, à son origine, avait vu confluer hors du giron des partis divers secteurs sociaux et politiques, en mot d'ordre des groupes qui finirent par soutenir le virage autoritaire de cette période. Il se nourrit de l'appui des « forces vives » du département, des ordres professionnels, des dirigeants locaux et des représentants du gouvernement départemental liés aux secteurs conservateurs des partis traditionnels. Parmi ses adhérents, il convient de souligner, en raison de sa pertinence ultérieure, l'organisation étudiante de la droite radicale, Juventud Salteña de Pie (JSP), le prédécesseur direct de Juventud Uruguaya de Pie (JUP), créée en octobre 1970. Au niveau national, le mouvement était relayé par divers acteurs et groupes politiques, ainsi que par des organes de presse de droite. En outre, le MUN organisa une intense mobilisation régionale et nationale qui lui permit d'obtenir le soutien du gouvernement de Jorge Pacheco Areco. Pour tous ces secteurs, la fondation d'une autre université publique constituait une opportunité d'imposer un modèle politico-institutionnel différent que celui qui prévalait à l'Université de la République. ; O artigo reconstrói a trajetória do Movimiento pro Universidad del Norte (MUN), fundado no fim de 1968, na cidade de Salto, no norte do Uruguai, com o objetivo de promover, como alternativa à Universidade de Montevidéu, a instalação de uma universidade nessa região. Enquanto o Uruguai atravessava uma grave crise econômica, social e política, e no âmbito das discussões entre o Poder Executivo e a Universidad de la República sobre o futuro da educação superior, este movimento converteu uma antiga reivindicação saltenha, para a qual haviam originalmente convergido diversos setores sociais e políticos fora do âmbito político-partidário, em uma bandeira dos grupos que acabariam apoiando a virada autoritária da época. Nutriu-se do apoio das 'forças vivas" do departamento, de corporações profissionais, dirigentes locais e representantes do governo departamental vinculados aos setores conservadores dos partidos tradicionais. Entre os seus adeptos cabe destacar, por sua relevância posterior, a organização estudantil de direita radical Juventud Salteña de Pie (JSP), antecedente direta da Juventud Uruguaya de Pie (JUP) criada em outubro de 1970. Foi apoiado, em nível nacional, por diversos atores e grupos políticos, assim como por órgãos da imprensa de direita. Além disso, o MUN levou adiante uma intensa mobilização de projeção regional e nacional, a ponto de obter apoio do governo de Jorge Pacheco Areco. A fundação de outra universidade pública constituiu para estes setores uma oportunidade de impor um modelo político-institucional diferente daquele que prevalecia na Universidad de la República. ; 本文回顾了乌拉åœåœ°æ–¹æ°'众争å–æˆç«‹åŒ—索托大å¦ï¼ˆMUN)çš"ç»´æƒè¿åŠ¨ã€'在1968年底,在乌拉åœçš"北方城çš"索托å¸',æ°'众行动起æ¥ï¼Œäº‰å–在å½"地æˆç«‹åŒ—索托大å¦ï¼Œä½œä¸ºé™¤äº†ä½äºŽé¦–都çš"è'™ç‰¹ç»´å¾·æ¬§å¤§å¦ä¹‹å¤–çš"乌拉åœæ°'ä¼—çš"å¦å¤–一个选项ã€'é'£ä¸ªæ—¶å€™ä¹Œæ‹‰åœæ£åœ¨ç»åŽ†ä¸€åœºç»æµŽï¼Œç¤¾ä¼šå'Œæ"¿æ²»å±æœºï¼Œå›´ç»•è¡Œæ"¿æƒåŠ›æœºå…³å'Œå…±å'Œå›½å¤§å¦ï¼ˆUniversidad de la República)之间进行了一场关于高ç‰æ•™è'²å‰é€"çš"大讨论,这场讨论ç'¹ç‡ƒäº†ç´¢æ‰˜åœ°æ–¹æ°'众争å–æˆç«‹ä¸€ä¸ªåœ°æ–¹å¤§å¦çš"ç»´æƒè¿åŠ¨ï¼Œæ¤è¿åŠ¨æŠŠåŽŸæ¥äº'ä¸ç›¸å¹²çš"社会å'Œæ"¿æ²»å›¢ä½"è"系在一起,他们åŽæ¥æ"¯æŒäº†ä¸ƒåå¹´ä»£å‡ å±Šæƒå¨æ"¿åºœã€'æ¤è¿åŠ¨å¾—到了主è¦æ¥è‡ªäºŽåœ°æ–¹æ"¿åºœéƒ¨é—¨çš"èŒå'˜å'Œå®˜å'˜ï¼Œç¤¾ä¼šèŒä¸šå›¢ä½",地方绅士,地方ä¿å®ˆçš"æ"¿æ²»é¢†è¢–çš"æ"¯æŒã€'主è¦çš"å'与者是激进å¦ç"Ÿç»´æƒç»"织JSP-Juventud Salteña de Pie (JSP),其åŽæ¥å'展æˆä¸ºï¼ˆäºŽ1970å¹´æˆç«‹çš")乌拉åœé'å¹´ç»"织Juventud Uruguaya de Pie (JUP)ã€'在全国范围内,æ¤è¿åŠ¨å¾—到了å"ç•Œå"æ"¿æ²»å›¢ä½"å'Œç»´æƒåª'ä½"çš"æ"¯æŒã€' 争å–æˆç«‹MUNçš"è¿åŠ¨å'展æˆä¸ºå…¨å›½æ€§è¿åŠ¨ï¼Œå¾—到了阿å‹'ç§'总统çš"æ"¯æŒï¼ˆJorge Pacheco Areco)ã€' 对这些团ä½"å'Œä¸ªäººæ¥è¯´ï¼Œæˆç«‹å¦å¤–一所公立大å¦å¯ä»¥æž"建一个ä¸åŒäºŽå…±å'Œå›½å¤§å¦çš"高ç‰æ•™è'²çš"æ"¿æ²»å'Œæœºæž"模å¼ã€'å…³é"®è¯ï¼šå¤§å¦ï¼Œç»´æƒè¿åŠ¨ï¼Œæ"¿æ²»å²ï¼Œä¹Œæ‹‰åœ
Esta tesis presenta contribuciones en el campo de la planificación automática y la programación de tareas, la rama de la inteligencia artificial que se ocupa de la realización de estrategias o secuencias de acciones típicamente para su ejecución por parte de vehículos no tripulados, robots autónomos y/o agentes inteligentes. Cuando se intenta alcanzar un objetivo determinado, la cooperación puede ser un aspecto clave. La complejidad de algunas tareas requiere la cooperación entre varios agentes. Mas aún, incluso si una tarea es lo suficientemente simple para ser llevada a cabo por un único agente, puede usarse la cooperación para reducir el coste total de la misma. Para realizar tareas complejas que requieren interacción física con el mundo real, los vehículos no tripulados pueden ser usados como agentes. En los últimos años se han creado y utilizado una gran diversidad de plataformas no tripuladas, principalmente vehículos que pueden ser dirigidos sin un humano a bordo, tanto en misiones civiles como militares. En esta tesis se aborda la aplicación de planificación simbólica de redes jerárquicas de tareas (HTN planning, por sus siglas en inglés) en la resolución de problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos (VRP, por sus siglas en inglés) [18], en dominios que implican múltiples vehículos no tripulados de capacidades heterogéneas que deben cooperar para alcanzar una serie de objetivos específicos. La planificación con redes jerárquicas de tareas describe dominios utilizando una descripción que descompone conjuntos de tareas en subconjuntos más pequeños de subtareas gradualmente, hasta obtener tareas del más bajo nivel que no pueden ser descompuestas y se consideran directamente ejecutables. Esta jerarquía es similar al modo en que los humanos razonan sobre los problemas, descomponiéndolos en subproblemas según el contexto, y por lo tanto suelen ser fáciles de comprender y diseñar. Los problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos son una generalización del problema del viajante (TSP, por sus siglas en inglés). La resolución del problema del viajante consiste en encontrar la ruta más corta posible que permite visitar una lista de ciudades, partiendo y acabando en la misma ciudad. Su generalización, el problema de enrutamiento de vehículos, consiste en encontrar el conjunto de rutas de longitud mínima que permite cubrir todas las ciudades con un determinado número de vehículos. Ambos problemas cuentan con una fuerte componente combinatoria para su resolución, especialmente en el caso del VRP, por lo que su presencia en dominios que van a ser tratados con un planificador HTN clásico supone un gran reto. Para la aplicación de un planificador HTN en la resolución de problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos desarrollamos dos métodos. En el primero de ellos presentamos un sistema de optimización de soluciones basado en puntuaciones, que nos permite una nueva forma de conexión entre un software especializado en la resolución del VRP con el planificador HTN. Llamamos a este modo de conexión el método desacoplado, puesto que resolvemos la componente combinatoria del problema de enrutamiento de vehículos mediante un solucionador específico que se comunica con el planificador HTN y le suministra la información necesaria para continuar con la descomposición de tareas. El segundo método consiste en mejorar el planificador HTN utilizado para que sea capaz de resolver el problema de enrutamiento de vehículos de la mejor forma posible sin tener que depender de módulos de software externos. Llamamos a este modo el método acoplado. Con este motivo hemos desarrollado un nuevo planificador HTN que utiliza un algoritmo de búsqueda distinto del que se utiliza normalmente en planificadores de este tipo. Esta tesis presenta nuevas contribuciones en el campo de la planificación con redes jerárquicas de tareas para la resolución de problemas de enrutamiento de vehículos. Se aplica una nueva forma de conexión entre dos planificadores independientes basada en un sistema de cálculo de puntuaciones que les permite colaborar en la optimización de soluciones, y se presenta un nuevo planificador HTN con un algoritmo de búsqueda distinto al comúnmente utilizado. Se muestra la aplicación de estos dos métodos en misiones civiles dentro del entorno de los Proyectos ARCAS y AEROARMS financiados por la Comisión Europea y se presentan extensos resultados de simulación para comprobar la validez de los dos métodos propuestos. ; This thesis presents contributions in the field of automated planning and scheduling, the branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences typically for execution by unmanned vehicles, autonomous robots and/or intelligent agents. When trying to achieve certain goal, cooperation may be a key aspect. The complexity of some tasks requires the cooperation among several agents. Moreover, even if the task is simple enough to be carried out by a single agent, cooperation can be used to decrease the overall cost of the operation. To perform complex tasks that require physical interaction with the real world, unmanned vehicles can be used as agents. In the last years a great variety of unmanned platforms, mainly vehicles that can be driven without a human on board, have been developed and used both in civil and military missions. This thesis deals with the application of Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning in the resolution of vehicle routing problems (VRP) [18] in domains involving multiple heterogeneous unmanned vehicles that must cooperate to achieve specific goals. HTN planning describes problem domains using a description that decomposes set of tasks into subsets of smaller tasks and so on, obtaining low-level tasks that cannot be further decomposed and are supposed to be executable. The hierarchy resembles the way the humans reason about problems by decomposing them into sub-problems depending on the context and therefore tend to be easy to understand and design. Vehicle routing problems are a generalization of the travelling salesman problem (TSP). The TSP consists on finding the shortest path that connects all the cities from a list, starting and ending on the same city. The VRP consists on finding the set of minimal routes that cover all cities by using a specific number of vehicles. Both problems have a combinatorial nature, specially the VRP, that makes it very difficult to use a HTN planner in domains where these problems are present. Two approaches to use a HTN planner in domains involving the VRP have been tested. The first approach consists on a score-based optimization system that allows us to apply a new way of connecting a software specialized in the resolution of the VRP with the HTN planner. We call this the decoupled approach, as we tackle the combinatorial nature of the VRP by using a specialized solver that communicates with the HTN planner and provides all the required information to do the task decomposition. The second approach consists on improving and enhancing the HTN planner to be capable of solving the VRP without needing the use of an external software. We call this the coupled approach. For this reason, a new HTN planner that uses a different search algorithm from these commonly used in that type of planners has been developed and is presented in this work. This thesis presents new contributions in the field of hierarchical task network planning for the resolution of vehicle routing problem domains. A new way of connecting two independent planning systems based on a score calculation system that lets them cooperate in the optimization of the solutions is applied, and a new HTN planner that uses a different search algorithm from that usually used in other HTN planners is presented. These two methods are applied in civil missions in the framework of the ARCAS and AEROARMS Projects funded by the European Commission. Extensive simulation results are presented to test the validity of the two approaches.
Jean-Michel Belorgey nos presenta, en una excelente obra monográfica de excepcional valor bibliográfico y literario, un testimonio privilegiado de su experiencia como miembro, presidente y ponente general del Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales durante más de una década (concretamente, doce años).Estructurado en doce capítulos, su estudio monográfico nos ofrece un análisis crítico del estatuto actual de los derechos sociales en Europa a través de una trama que se desarrolla en la sede del Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales en Estrasburgo, el edificio "Agora". El título, "Agorafobia", es revelador de la crítica efectuada por el autor; el subtítulo, "la compleja construcción de la casa común europea de los derechos sociales" (que hemos incorporado con la amable autorización del autor) es exponente de los desafíos a los que se enfrenta la protección efectiva de los derechos sociales en Europa en el actual contexto de crisis.En efecto, el autor examina los avatares de la construcción de dicho edificio, el traslado a él del Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales (tras ser "desgajado" del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos junto al que se encontraba en la sede actual de la jurisdicción europea de los derechos civiles y políticos, en detrimento "estético" o "cosmético" del principio de indivisibilidad de todos los derechos humanos que proclama explícitamente en su Preámbulo la Carta Social Europea revisada de 1996) y, sobre todo, los complejas relaciones humanas, políticas, diplomáticas y burocráticas que se desarrollan en el "Ágora".En particular, el hilo argumental del autor consiste en presentar su compromiso a favor de los derechos sociales y de la dignidad humana a través de una compleja construcción en la que influyen factores diversos que sitúan al Consejo de Europa como el edificio que alberga una gran empresa común europea (a veces subversiva, a veces acertada, en el modo de seleccionar a sus dirigentes políticos, a sus burócratas, a su personal administrativo y a los miembros de sus numerosos órganos de monitoreo, entre los que destaca justamente el Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales), es decir, la Organización paneuropea por excelencia.En este sentido, "Agorafobia" tiene un marcado carácter biográfico y autobiográfico, que narra con tono crítico e irónico la vida cotidiana en el "Ágora" (en sus salas de reuniones, en sus pasillos, en sus despachos, en la cafetería, etc.) alrededor del funcionamiento interno del Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales y sus miembros, así como del personal del Servicio de la Carta Social Europea, en el contexto de unas relaciones humanas complejas (con numerosas reuniones, celebraciones, conspiraciones, contradicciones -"no hay reuniones públicas en el Ágora"- conflictos de competencia e incompetencia, espacios de inmunidad, opresión burocrática, pausas-café, etc.) en las que están implicados desde el Secretario General del Consejo de Europa hasta los camareros de la cafetería del "Ágora", pasando por los servicios de seguridad o de traducción e interpretación. Jean-Michel Belorgey somete a escrutinio interesantes paradojas como el hecho de que la política de personal del Consejo de Europa no esté sometida a los estándares de la Carta Social Europea, o que los recursos dedicados a la defensa de los derechos sociales sean deficitarios.En fin, "Agorafobia" permite entender mejor los retos a los que se enfrenta la efectividad cotidiana de los derechos sociales en beneficio de los ochocientos millones de personas que viven en Europa. La obra de Jean-Michel Belorgey es una apuesta para superar las "fobias" que afectan a los derechos sociales, de tal suerte que el "Ágora" debe erigirse en la verdadera "Casa común europea de los derechos sociales" y, en paralelo, la Carta Social Europea (y la jurisprudencia del Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales) ha de considerarse como la real "Constitución Social de Europa", sin perjuicio de las sinergias con la Unión Europea que se promueven en el marco del denominado "Proceso de Turín". En suma, la Carta Social Europea debe ser asumida como el auténtico pilar europeo de los derechos sociales. --- Jean-Michel Belorgey presents us, through an excellent monographic study of exceptional bibliographic and literary value, a privileged testimony of his experience as a member, president and general rapporteur of the European Committee of Social Rights for well over a decade (specifically, twelve years). Structured in twelve chapters, its monographic study offers us a critical analysis of the current status of social rights in Europe through a plot that takes place at the headquarters of the European Committee of Social Rights in Strasbourg, the "Agora" building. The title, "Agoraphobia", reveals the criticism made by the author; the subtitle, "the complex construction of the common European house of social rights" (which we have incorporated with the kind permission of the author) is an example of the challenges facing the effective protection of social rights in Europe in the current context of an ongoing crisis. Indeed, the author examines the ups and downs of the construction of said building, the European Committee of Social Rights' transfer to it (after being "drastically separated" from the European Court of Social Rights in the current headquarters of the European jurisdiction of civil and political rights). This transfer was unfortunately done through a negative "aesthetic" or "cosmetic" operation breaching the principle of indivisibility of all human rights which is explicitly proclaimed in the Preamble of the 1996 Revised European Social Charter). Above all, the author examines the complex human, political, diplomatic and bureaucratic relations that take place in the "Agora". In particular, the author's central focus consists of presenting his commitment to social rights and human dignity through a complex construction which is determined by various factors, placing the Council of Europe as the building that houses a European joint undertaking (sometimes subversive, sometimes right, in with regard to the selection its political leaders, its bureaucrats, its administrative staff and the members of its numerous monitoring bodies, among which the European Committee of Social Rights stands out); in other words, the pan-European Organization par excellence. In this sense, "Agoraphobia" is strongly biographical and autobiographical in nature. It narrates with a critical and ironic tone the daily life in the "Agora" (in its meeting rooms, in its corridors, in its offices, in the cafeteria, etc.). It also describes the internal functioning of the European Committee of Social Rights and its members, as well as the staff of the Department of the European Social Charter, through the lens of a context of complex human relations (with numerous meetings, celebrations, conspiracies, contradictions -"there are no public meetings in the Agora"-, conflicts of competence and incompetence, areas of immunity, bureaucratic oppression, coffee breaks, etc.) where, among others, the General Secretary of the Council of Europe, the civil servants, the waiters of the "Agora" cafeteria, security staff, or translation and interpretation services, are involved. Jean-Michel Belorgey scrutinizes interesting paradoxes, such as the fact that the personnel policy of the Council of Europe is not subject to the standards of the European Social Charter, or that the resources dedicated to the defense of social rights are insufficient.In short, "Agoraphobia" allows us to better understand the challenges faced by the daily effectiveness of social rights for the benefit of the eight hundred million people living in Europe. The monographic work of Jean-Michel Belorgey is key to overcome the "phobias" that affect social rights, in such a way that the "Agora" must be erected in the real "Common European House of Social Rights" and, at the same time, the European Social Charter (and the case-law from the European Committee of Social Rights) has to be considered as the real "Social Constitution for Europe", without prejudice to the synergies with the European Union that are promoted in the framework of the so-called "Turin Process". To sum up, the European Social Charter must be undertaken as the true European pillar of social rights.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et auxEnergies Alternatives / CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ; World Class University program of NRF, Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of ScienceS ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K. ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste) ; MIUR project (Italy) ; Thalis and Aristeia programmes ; EU-ESF ; NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT236 ; MIUR project (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; In searches for new physics in the energy regime of the LHC, it is becoming increasingly important to distinguish single-jet objects that originate from the merging of the decay products of W bosons produced with high transverse momenta from jets initiated by single partons. Algorithms are defined to identify such W jets for different signals of interest, using techniques that are also applicable to other decays of bosons to hadrons that result in a single jet, such as those from highly boosted Z and Higgs bosons. The efficiency for tagging W jets is measured in data collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 8TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). The performance of W tagging in data is compared with predictions from several Monte Carlo simulators.
Asia and the Pacific has traditionally been the big forgotten of Spanish foreign policy. However, over the last 20 years the Spanish Government has shown new interest in this area, resulting in the drawing up of several action plans, the creation of various bilateral fora and the strengthening of political, economic, cultural and cooperation relations. In this context, in addition to China, India, Korea and Japan, it has highlighted the new importance given to the Philippines, a Spanish colony for more than 300 years. It is not easy to re-establish relations with a former colonial territory with which ties broke many decades ago. However, a remarkable effort has been made to define new bases on which relations should be based, to enhance the issues that still unite us and to identify the strong areas for collaboration. From this perspective, this work carries out an analysis of new relations with Asia in general and with the Philippines in particular during democracy governments. ; Peer reviewed ; Asia and the Pacific has traditionally been the big forgotten of Spanish foreign policy. However, over the last 20 years the Spanish Government has shown new interest in this area, resulting in the drawing up of several action plans, the creation of various bilateral fora and the strengthening of political, economic, cultural and cooperation relations. In this context, in addition to China, India, Korea and Japan, it has highlighted the new importance given to the Philippines, a Spanish colony for more than 300 years. It is not easy to re-establish relations with a former colonial territory with which ties broke many decades ago. However, a remarkable effort has been made to define new bases on which relations should be based, to enhance the issues that still unite us and to identify the strong areas for collaboration. From this perspective, this work carries out an analysis of new relations with Asia in general and with the Philippines in particular during democracy governments. ; Asia y el Pacífico tradicionalmente ...
El sector agroalimentario presenta con carácter general una situación bastante complicada en lo que se refiere a la inestabilidad de los precios en origen. No sucede lo mismo con el último eslabón de la cadena, el de la comercialización, que normalmente obtiene beneficios por la venta de dichos productos. El sector del aceite de oliva en España sufre este tipo de desequilibrios y, además, lo hace de forma recurrente. Ante estas circunstancias el legislador español ha optado por aprobar mediante Real Decreto, el establecimiento de las normas básicas que permitan de forma ordenada retirar la producción del mercado al objeto de paliar la situación precaria sobre todo en los precios y lo ha hecho basándose en la aplicación de un Reglamento europeo. En este artículo nos planteamos si esta norma puede provocar la falta de competencia en el mercado o, si bien, consigue estabilizar los precios en origen del sector oleícola y, a su vez, no genera un perjuicio al consumidor. ; Sytuacja w sektorze rolno-spożywczym jest dość skomplikowana z uwagi na niestabilność cen produktów na początku procesu ich wytwarzania. Inaczej jest na ostatnim jego etapie, jakim jest marketing, który zapewnia zysk ze sprzedaży tych produktów. W sektorze oliwy z oliwek w Hiszpanii ten brak równowagi istnieje już od dłuższego czasu. W tej sytuacji hiszpański ustawodawca zdecydował się przyjąć, w drodze dekretu królewskiego, podstawowe zasady wycofania danej produkcji z rynku, aby złagodzić niepewną sytuację, zwłaszcza w zakresie cen, i uczynił to, bazując na rozporządzeniu Unii Europejskiej. W artykule postawiono pytanie, czy może to spowodować zakłócenia na wolnym rynku, czy raczej prowadzić do ustabilizowania cen na pierwszym etapie produkcji oliwek, a tym samym chronić konsumentów. ; The instability of prices of produce at the source of its production in the agri-food sector presents a rather complicated situation. However, regarding the last link in the chain, namely marketing, the situation is quite different and this sector usually makes a profit on the sale of agricultural products. In Spain, the olive oil sector repeatedly suffers from this type of imbalance. Given these circumstances, the legislator has chosen to adopt, by means of a Royal Decree, some basic regulations that allow withdrawal of a certain production from the market in an orderly manner to alleviate the precarious situation, especially in terms of prices. This was done based on the European Union Regulation. In this article, the question that is asked is whether the operation of this regulation might lead to the distortion of the free market competition, or whether, perhaps, it may help to stabilise the prices at the source (original) production in the olive sector and thus protect the consumers. ; Il settore agroalimentare presenta, in generale, una situazione piuttosto complicata per quanto riguarda l'instabilità dei prezzi alla fonte. Tuttavia, con l'ultimo anello della catena, ovvero il marketing, la situazione è completamente diversa: questo settore, di solito, trae profitto dalla vendita dei prodotti agricoli. In Spagna, il settore dell'olio d'oliva soffre ripetutamente di questo tipo di squilibrio. Per cui, viste le circostanze, il legislatore ha scelto di approvare, con Regio Decreto, delle regole di base che consentano il ritiro ordinato della produzione dal mercato, al fine di alleviare la situazione precaria, soprattutto in termini di prezzi, e lo ha fatto sulla base di un regolamento dell'UE. Nell'articolo ci poniamo la domanda se il regolamento in questione possa portare a creare una instabilità concorrenziale sul mercato oppure se possa, forse, aiutare a stabilizzare i prezzi "alla fonte" del settore olivicolo, e quindi di tutelare i consumatori.