Suchergebnisse

Après un pic de croissance en 2017, l'activité économiquemondiale donne des signes d'essoufflement. En 2018, le PIBmondial a progressé de 3,3 % contre 3,5 % un an plus tôt. Lesnuages ont continué à s'accumuler au cours du premiersemestre 2019 en lien avec des tensions géopolitiques accrues.En Europe, les conditions du Brexit restent incertaines et la situation politique en Italie connaît de nouveaux rebondissements.La guerre commerciale sino-américaine se poursuit et unnouveau front entre les États-Unis et l'Europe s'ouvre, élevant ledegré d'incertitude. Les enquêtes de confiance se sont dégradées, en particulier dans l'industrie, touchée également par unecrise du secteur automobile. Dans un contexte marqué par lapoursuite du changement de modèle de croissance chinois et laperspective de fin du cycle d'expansion en Allemagne ou auxÉtats-Unis, ces différents signaux laissent entrevoir la poursuiteet l'amplification du ralentissement en 2019 et 2020.La croissance a déjà perdu 1,8 point dans la zone euroentre la fin de l'année 2017 et mi-2019 avec une forte chute dela croissance allemande. Aux États-Unis, l'évolution récentereflète un atterrissage de la croissance mais à un niveau quireste supérieur à celui de la zone euro. La croissance a été plusvolatile au Royaume-Uni, alors que les conditions du Brexit nesont toujours pas éclaircies. Après un bon premier trimestre, lePIB a reculé au deuxième trimestre. Parmi les pays émergents,l'Inde et la Chine voient leur croissance diminuer. La situationsur le marché du travail ne reflète pas encore cette dégradationdu climat conjoncturel. Les taux de chômage ont baissé dans laplupart des pays, atteignant des points historiquement bascomme aux États-Unis ou en Allemagne ou retrouvant le niveaud'avant la Grande récession comme dans la zone euro.L'évolution de la croissance mondiale est donc suspendueà des accords politiques et commerciaux qui n'ont pu être finalisés jusqu'ici. Le risque de négociations rompues sur lecommerce ou d'un Brexit précipité provoquerait une récessionau Royaume-Uni et entraînerait la croissance mondiale dansune zone de turbulences bien plus fortes avec un risque derécession. Dans ce contexte se pose la question de la capacitédes autorités monétaires et budgétaires à amortir le ralentissement et une éventuelle récession. La baisse des taux redonnede fait des marges de manœuvre aux pays européens pourmener des politiques de soutien à la croissance.

America's foreign policy has always been a battleground between isolationist and internationalist forces, according to Charles Kupchan. The tussle continues to this very day, and could intensify if Donald Trump wins the next US Presidential election.

This article reports on a practice-led research project focusing on military attire as both a subject and an agent of change. An historical account situates the origins of modern military attire within the emergent modern state during the nineteenth century, and then examines its subsequent role as part of the project to create a 'new man' in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. This is followed by a critical discussion of the decoupling of military attire from its associations with the institutions of state and warfare during the Vietnam War – where fatigues entered the popular atmosphere as casual attire that was variously subversive, countercultural and aesthetic in nature. Employing the MA-1 bomber jacket and camouflage as illustrative examples, the article then highlights the continued repurposing of military attire and its concomitant commoditization. The practice-led research employs object-based research, speculative artistic methodologies and various garment-making techniques in the production of a novel 'military' garment that explores the symbolism of military uniforms and critiques their traditional concept as utilitarian combat wear. The material outcomes interrogate linkages between military attire and notions of masculinity, class and gender identity. The research project further attempts to speculate on how military attire may be repurposed within the atmosphere of the twenty-first century – one that contemplates new forms of identity and other challenges that are responsive to contemporary circumstances.

This article discusses the evolution of the energy security of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine since the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in terms of natural gas supplies. Instead of framing energy dependencies on Russia in a descriptive way, this article shows the empirical validation of the Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine, which includes the use of energy resources as tool in foreign policy. Therefore, the authors propose a three-element Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine indicator to measure the power of this doctrine using the yearly data for 1991–2021. Authors argue that the impact of this doctrine should be assessed through the lens of energy supply security and then measured by appropriate indicators. This approach might be seen as opposite to the mainstream publications which are mostly descriptive in this field. In the article, the authors provided clear evidence of the Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine existence until the end of 2021, which was applied during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Actions taken by Russia over the years were aimed at making Central European countries dependent on natural gas supply, which would then prompt these countries to limit their aid to Ukraine during the conflict that began in 2022. In conclusion, Russia is able to pursue its political goals in the manner suggested by the Falin–Kvitsinsky doctrine as long as each Central European country tries to ensure its own energy security. However, the Falin-Kvitsky doctrine did not fully meet its objectives, as Central European countries, as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war, were able to quickly take steps to diversify the sources and directions of natural gas supplies by taking comprehensive measures and strengthening cooperation.

The present work aims to present some geohistorical notes about the production of beach space in Northeast Brazil, based on bibliographic research. The Brazilian beach space results from different social practices, some of which emerged through the absorption of behaviors and lifestyles arising from modern westerns. The social appropriation of beaches on the coast of the Northeast took place in the mid-19th century, when local elites turned to the sea, in the context of the incorporation of the so-called "modern maritime practices" (therapeutic baths, vacations, etc.), colonizing an environment previously intended only for "traditional maritime practices" (fishing, defense, and port activity). The transformation and consumption of these spaces were based on the establishment of second homes and infrastructure aimed at the development of tourist activity. In the first part of this article, we characterize the environment and socially on the Northeastern coast, in order to demonstrate the predominance of the beach environment and its social and economic value. Then we seek to discuss the production of beach space in the Northeast, pointing out the geohistorical factors linked to its valorization. Finally, we briefly present the process of production of beach space in a large northeastern city, Recife, highlighting the historical process of appropriation and valorization of its beaches.