Suchergebnisse

In psychoanalytischen Auseinandersetzungen mit dem 'Fremden' interessiert dieses in aller Regel in seiner Bedeutung, als auch in seinem Nutzen für das 'Eigene'. In seinem eigenen Recht wird dem, was das 'Fremde' genannt wird, meist keine Existenz gewährt. Solch eine Perspektive läuft Gefahr, das Machtverhältnis, welches dieser Situation zugrunde liegt, auszublenden und das 'Fremde' als gesetztes zu sehen anstatt nach der Geschichte der Bemächtigung zu fragen - danach, wie und wer jeweils zum Fremden, zum Anderen gemacht wird und warum. Abendländische Weiblichkeitskonstruktionen, in denen Frauen als das 'andere Geschlecht' zum Referenzpunkt des 'Eigenen' - dem männlichen Subjekt - gemacht werden, weisen seltsame Übereinstimmungen mit dem rassistisch konstruierten Fremden/Anderen als 'Außerhalb' der Grenzen des weißen, Eigenen auf. In einer Betrachtung der Schnittstelle von Rassismen und weißen Feminismen kann schließlich der Prozess der (Selbst)Ent-fremdung als auch der (Selbst)Entmächtigung verdeutlicht werden.

International audience ; How are the systemic constraints transformed through the transmission belt of leader's idiosyncrasies and domestic pressures in order to result in the outcome, which is the pursuance or non-pursuance of regime change policy by the United States? This study analyses the foreign policy decision making of President Bush vis-à-vis Iraq, President Obama vis-à-vis Libya, and President Trump vis-à-vis Iran. It raises the following questions: What is the US policy of regime change, and why and how has it pursued this policy? Why were the US policies different in Iraq, Libya, and Iran, and what have been the implications of these policies upon the region as a whole? While using neoclassical realism as the theoretical paradigm and using qualitative content analysis, this study hypothesizes that the interplay of systemic and domestic level variables results in the foreign policy outcomes in the form of action or inaction towards a particular issue. ; Comment les contraintes systémiques sont-elles transformées à travers la courroie de transmission des idiosyncrasies des dirigeants et des pressions internes pour aboutir au résultat, qui est la poursuite ou la non-poursuite de la politique de changement de régime par les États-Unis? Cette étude analyse la prise de décision en matière de politique étrangère du président Bush vis-à-vis de l'Irak, du président Obama vis-à-vis de la Libye et du président Trump vis-à-vis de l'Iran. Elle soulève les questions suivantes: Quelle est la politique américaine de changement de régime, pourquoi et comment a-t-elle poursuivi cette politique? Pourquoi les politiques américaines étaient-elles différentes en Irak, en Libye et en Iran, et quelles ont été les implications de ces politiques sur la région dans son ensemble? Tout en utilisant le réalisme néoclassique comme paradigme théorique et en utilisant une analyse de contenu qualitative, cette étude émet l'hypothèse que l'interaction des variables systémiques et nationales aboutit aux résultats de la politique ...

International audience ; This communication aims to demonstrate that the West African Economic and Monetary Union has all the assets to succeed in its energy transition, in the similar way as in its transition to mobile phones. It is about keeping the effort to capitalize on existing work, to coordinate public policies with research and action plans at Union level. The example of Morocco in terms of renewable energies and energy efficiency is presented. ; Cette communication veut démontrer que l'Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine a tous les atouts pour réussir sa transition énergétique, à l'image de la révolution qu'elle a connue pour le téléphone portable. Il s'agit de maintenir l'effort pour capitaliser sur les travaux existants, de coordonner les politiques publiques, la recherche et les plans d'action au niveau de l'Union. L'exemple du Maroc en matière d'énergies renouvelables et d'efficacité énergétique est présenté.

International audience ; This communication aims to demonstrate that the West African Economic and Monetary Union has all the assets to succeed in its energy transition, in the similar way as in its transition to mobile phones. It is about keeping the effort to capitalize on existing work, to coordinate public policies with research and action plans at Union level. The example of Morocco in terms of renewable energies and energy efficiency is presented. ; Cette communication veut démontrer que l'Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine a tous les atouts pour réussir sa transition énergétique, à l'image de la révolution qu'elle a connue pour le téléphone portable. Il s'agit de maintenir l'effort pour capitaliser sur les travaux existants, de coordonner les politiques publiques, la recherche et les plans d'action au niveau de l'Union. L'exemple du Maroc en matière d'énergies renouvelables et d'efficacité énergétique est présenté.

UID/CPO/04627/2013 SFRH/BD/87140/2012. ; Research about voter turnout has expanded rapidly in recent years. This article takes stock of this development by extending the meta-analysis of Geys (2006) in two main ways. First, we add 102 studies published between 2002 and 2015 to the initial sample of 83 studies. Overall, we document only minor changes to the original inferences. Second, since different processes might conceivably play at different levels of government, we exploit the larger sample to separately analyse the determinants of voter turnout in national versus subnational elections. We find that campaign expenditures, election closeness and registration requirements have more explanatory power in national elections, whereas population size and composition, concurrent elections, and the electoral system play a more important role for explaining turnout in subnational elections. ; authorsversion ; published

This article gives an account of an experimental research conducted on focus groups on the subject of delinquency. The analysis is based on a double distinction : between the dynamics of specialization and conflictualisation constituent of politicisation processes ; and within the field of specialization, between the knowledge of policy and politics. As a result, the conflictualisation of discussions appears as the result of intermingling collective and individual postures. Similarly, political involvement is the product of a hierarchical organization of identifications. The focus groups also disclose a « competitive habitus » based on political competence referred to the actors and codes of politics, which does not support involvement ; while political competence based on the experience of policies does enhance conflictualisation and involvement. ; Ce texte rend compte d'une analyse menée sur un corpus expérimental d'entretiens collectifs sur la délinquance, à partir d'une double distinction : entre les logiques de spécialisation et de conflictualisation fondatrices des phénomènes de politisation, et, dans l'étude de la spécialisation, entre la connaissance de l'action publique et de la compétition politique. Il montre comment la conflictualisation procède d'une imbrication forte de l'individuel et du collectif et comment l'implication politique procède d'une certaine hiérarchisation des identifications ou appartenances. Ces groupes conduisent aussi à identifier un habitus compétitif que génère une compétence nourrie de références aux acteurs et aux codes de la compétition politique et qui ne vient pas consolider l'implication, contrairement à la compétence fondée sur l'expérience de l'action publique.

Der Beitrag vergleicht die Positionen zweier Autoren (Joel Best und Heinz Steinert) zur Soziologie der sozialen Probleme. Beide sind der Auffassung, dass das Interesse an der Soziologie der sozialen Probleme schwindet. Während Best fordert, dass sie sich feinkörnigen Analysen zuwenden soll, behauptet Steinert, dass sie sich zu häufig mit Problemen untergeordneter Bedeutung befasse und das zu sehr im Einklang mit der populistischen Politik des Neoliberalismus. Der Beitrag versucht, Steinert bei seiner eigenen Kritik zu fassen, indem er verdeutlicht, dass ein großer Teil der Vertreter universitärer Soziologie sozialer Probleme eben gerade in kritischer Weise Zustände und Verhaltensweisen erfassen. (ICH)

International audience ; It is currently acknowledged that Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an increasing role in the implementation of environmental law. The ever-increasing presence of some organisations poses the challenge of "governance without government", specifically in marine areas because of the lack of State's jurisdiction on the high seas. The participation of NGOs can take on many forms, ranging from cooperation to confrontation with the States. In the first hypothesis, the NGOs may influence the process of environmental protection thanks to their participation in the international negotiation process in a lesser extent, or in the proceedings before International Courts and Tribunals. The second hypothesis refers to the activities of some NGOs which try to prevent States from acting in a way they believe do not conform with international norms. If the right to peaceful protest is guaranteed by Human rights norms, it must then remain peaceful. With regard to this, NGOs can promote a better partnership with State in order to address environmental problems on a global scale. ; Il est maintenant communément admis que les organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) jouent un rôle croissant dans l'élaboration et la mise en oeuvre du droit international de l'environnement. L'importance prise par certaines de ces ONG qui s'auto-proclament en charge de l'intérêt général conduit d'ailleurs à se poser la question d'une « gouvernance sans les gouvernements » et ceci avec d'autant plus d'acuité que sont concernés des espaces marins au-delà des juridictions nationales. La participation des ONG recouvre néanmoins une large variété de situations incluant des formes institutionnalisées de coopération avec les Etats jusqu'à des hypothèses de confrontation. En effet, si la plupart des ONG tentent d'influer sur la norme en participant à sa formulation ou en en surveillant l'application, d'autres ont adopté des mesures plus radicales et dénoncent les actes qu'elles estiment, sinon illicites, tout au moins ...

As one of the outstanding Iranian playwrights, Akbar Radi (1939-2007) is known to be influenced by Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekhov. Occasionally by his critics, he was called as "The Persian Chekhov" but they never expounded comprehensively the details of the given epithet which might be derived from similarities, influences and inspirations among Radi and Chekov. By analyzing these similarity cases, this essay attempts to figure out whether this resemblance is resulted from the conscious impressionability. Or otherwise, the similar life conditions of the authors -which caused their parallel worldviews- are displayed in the world of their plays. By analyzing the social, economical and geographical conditions of the authors' lives and also studying the resemblance of the content of their works which consist of different aspects of characterization in their plays and also examining the structure and diction of their plays; this essay is going to give a comprehensive view of the epithet of "The Persian Chekhov".

Victor T. Le Vine, professor emeritus of political science, analyst, and commentator, died on May 7, 2010, after a brief illness. Le Vine, an only son, was born in Berlin in 1928. His family fled Nazi Germany and lived in France until they immigrated to the United States in 1938. A polyglot, fluent in French, German, and Russian, he was a rigorous researcher, a dedicated teacher, and an encyclopedic repository of classical works in politics, history, literature, and music. He mentored hundreds of graduate and undergraduate students in his 47 years as an academic and was known for using his multilingual skills and photographic memory to make every class lecture come alive—at times accompanying them with his vivid newspaper clippings that he collected from his travels. In his classroom, the politics of the postcolonial world were peppered with vignettes of his experiences as a participant observer in the heyday of Africa's decolonization. He shared with his students the emergence of the political systems of diverse countries such as Benin, Cameroon, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Eritrea, Ghana, France, Israel, the PRC, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Zaire (DRC).

Known as the First Family of Paleontology, the Leakey family's fascinating archaeological and paleontological finds in Africa stunned the world and reset prevailing notions about human evolution. Featuring captivating text accompanied by striking images, this book explores the Leakey family's incredible journey from their early-twentieth-century discoveries to the work of their modern-day foundation. It helps learners understand the importance of scientific collaboration. A timeline of significant scientific events and Leakey finds will help learners grasp how valuable the Leakey legacy is. Informative sidebars will draw the readers' eyes toward some of the most interesting archaeological discoveries made by the Leakey family.

In the United States, the healthcare debate has swirled for decades as politicians, pundits, and citizens try to find a solution to the ongoing question of how best to meet the public's need for quality medical care at affordable prices. The introduction of new programs over the course of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries set a precedent for minimum levels of care. Despite these programs, millions remain uninsured across the country. This collection of essays will interrogate the debate on healthcare, providing students with a wide-ranging look at the competing ideas, policies, and viewpoints that intersect on this important issue.

Abstract. Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) is a EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) program, designed to deliver satellite products of hydrological interest (precipitation, soil moisture and snow parameters) over the European and Mediterranean region to research and operations users worldwide. Six satellite precipitation algorithms and concomitant precipitation products are the responsibility of various agencies in Italy. Two of these algorithms have been designed for maximum accuracy by restricting their inputs to measurements from conical and cross-track scanning passive microwave (PMW) radiometers mounted on various low Earth orbiting satellites. They have been developed at the Italian National Research Council/Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate in Rome (CNR/ISAC-Rome), and are providing operational retrievals of surface rain rate and its phase properties. Each of these algorithms is physically based, however, the first of these, referred to as the Cloud Dynamics and Radiation Database (CDRD) algorithm, uses a Bayesian-based solution solver, while the second, referred to as the PMW Neural-net Precipitation Retrieval (PNPR) algorithm, uses a neural network-based solution solver. Herein we first provide an overview of the two initial EU research and applications programs that motivated their initial development, EuroTRMM and EURAINSAT (European Satellite Rainfall Analysis and Monitoring at the Geostationary Scale), and the current H-SAF program that provides the framework for their operational use and continued development. We stress the relevance of the CDRD and PNPR algorithms and their precipitation products in helping secure the goals of H-SAF's scientific and operations agenda, the former helpful as a secondary calibration reference to other algorithms in H-SAF's complete mix of algorithms. Descriptions of the algorithms' designs are provided including a few examples of their performance. This aspect of the development of the two algorithms is placed in the context of what we refer to as the TRMM era, which is the era denoting the active and ongoing period of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) that helped inspire their original development. In 2015, the ISAC-Rome precipitation algorithms will undergo a transformation beginning with the upcoming Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, particularly the GPM Core Satellite technologies. A few years afterward, the first pair of imaging and sounding Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) satellites will be launched, providing additional technological advances. Various of the opportunities presented by the GPM Core and MTG satellites for improving the current CDRD and PNPR precipitation retrieval algorithms, as well as extending their product capability, are discussed.

Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words 'sport nutrition'. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.

Background Excessive consumption of sugar has a well-established link with obesity. Preliminary results show that a tax levied on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) by the Portuguese government in 2017 led to a drop in sales and reformulation of these products. This study models the impact the market changes triggered by the tax levied on SSBs had on obesity incidence across various age groups in Portugal. Methods and findings We performed a national market analysis and population-wide modelling study using market data for the years 2014-2018 from the Portuguese Association of Non-Alcoholic Drinks (GlobalData and Nielsen Consumer Panel), dietary data from a national survey (IAN-AF 2015-2016), and obesity incidence data from several cohort studies. Dietary energy density from SSBs was calculated by dividing the energy content (kcal/gram) of all SSBs by the total food consumption (in grams). We used the potential impact fraction (PIF) equation to model the projected impact of the tax-triggered change in sugar consumption on obesity incidence, through both volume reduction and reformulation. Results showed a reduction of 6.6 million litres of SSBs sold per year. Product reformulation led to a decrease in the average energy density of SSBs by 3.1 kcal/100 ml. This is estimated to have prevented around 40-78 cases of obesity per year between 2016 and 2018, with the biggest projected impact observed in adolescents 10 to <18 years old. The model shows that the implementation of this tax allowed for a 4 to 8 times larger projected impact against obesity than would be achieved though reformulation alone. The main limitation of this study is that the model we used includes data from various sources, which can result in biases-despite our efforts to mitigate them-related to the methodological differences between these sources. Conclusions The tax triggered both a reduction in demand and product reformulation. These, together, can reduce obesity levels among frequent consumers of SSBs. Such taxation is an effective population-wide intervention. Reformulation alone, without the decrease in sales, would have had a far smaller effect on obesity incidence in the Portuguese population.